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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>A new tunnel fire detection and suppression system based on camera image processing and water mist jet fans</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1645887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several tunnel fire detection and fighting systems are currently available in the market, each with its own pros and cons. Although no single system is perfect, the water mist system is one of the top-performing conventional tunnel fire suppression systems available. The problem is that such system is expensive. More affordable equipment with similar performance would be a breakthrough in the field of tunnel safety. Accordingly, this study develop a new water mist system, in which ventilation jet fans are utilized in such a way to achieve economical feasibility. The system features monitoring cameras use to determine fire coordinates and mist-generating jet fans employed to suppress fire. The front of the ventilation jet fans is equipped with nozzles, which spray water frontward through the fans, thereby creating mist and propelling it toward the location of a fire. The mist that shoots out of the fans reduces ambient temperature, flushes oxygen, cools the surface of inflammable materials, and weakens radiative and convective effects. The simulation of the proposed system shows a low heat release rate, smoke and toxic fumes reduction, tunnel ventilation speed increases, and improved visibility. These improvements enhance tunnel safety and make tunnel conditions during a fire less threatening to human health. The cost of the system put forward in this work can be further reduced by optimizing the materials that constitute the pipes and fittings and removing the firefighting pumps.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 2019 15:07:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1645887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient water deluge nozzles arrangement on offshore installations for the suppression of pool fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542393</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Offshore installations that handle hydrocarbons are in serious danger of fires and/or explosions. Pool fires are a significant risk related to major fire accidents, and active protection systems such as water deluge systems are used to reduce the consequences of high temperature and radiation resulting from pool fires. Thus, it is important to decide on the locations of water deluge nozzles for effective fire suppression, and the aim of this study is to introduce an efficient methodology for selecting the locations of water deluge nozzles. The locations of water deluge nozzles are selected using a proposed water deluge location index based on the characteristics of pool fires. The methodology is based on probabilistic approaches associated with credible scenarios representing possible events on offshore topside structures. This methodology, applied to examples, is used to determine the efficient arrangement of water deluge nozzles on a hypothetical FLNG topside structure. The effectiveness of the new methodology is verified through comparison with uniformly distributed nozzles using a computational fluid dynamics simulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Sep 2018 11:20:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542393</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inductive Load Switching Suppression Methods: Increasing Military and Aerospace Applications Reliability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will illustrate how the increasing electrical demands of military and aerospace applications can successfully be met by high performance electromechanical relays. To meet these higher demands engineering compatibility between the intended application and relay switching performance parameters must be properly understood.         One of the critical parameters are inductive loads which generate transients that can adversely effect relays at the component level and the military or aerospace application at the higher systems levels. In this paper the impact of several methods of inductive suppression are explored.         Diode, zener diode, transient voltage suppressors all provide methods to control polarity and voltage levels generated by collapsing magnetic fields in deenergized inductive devices. Each has strengths and benefits that will be further understood by expanding upon their construction, functionality and electrical performance parameters during implementation in switching inductive relay coils in military and aerospace applications.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2017 16:12:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Suitable Method for Ecovehicles to Control Surge Voltage Occurring at Motor Terminals Connected to PWM Inverters and to Control Induced EMI Noise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method that is suitable for ecovehicles, which controls the surge voltage appearing at motor terminals that are connected to a pulsewidth modulation inverter with short leads that are less than the critical cable length (i.e., the shortest length at which full reflection may occur), is described here. Also, a method to control electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, which is induced by the surge voltage, is discussed. Ecovehicles have the problem where insulation degradation of motors occurs due to the surge voltage being repeatedly applied to motor terminals during long lifecycles. EMI noise such as the shaft current and the radiated noise, which are induced by the generated surge voltage, easily diffuse into other electric devices due to the high-density packaging structure. The diffused EMI noise may cause a malfunction of the vehicle controller. An EMI noise controller is studied, which can meet the high-density packaging requirements for ecovehicles like electric vehicles. The EMI noise controller is attached on the motor terminals and simultaneously suppresses the surge voltage and the noise. After clarifying surge voltage characteristics and a circuit model for expressing the surge phenomenon through experiments and simulations, an EMI noise controller is proposed, which uses a multilayer printed power circuit technique. It is verified through simulations and experiments that the proposed controller has the ability to simultaneously control the surge voltage and the EMI noise, such as the radiated noise and the shaft current (the bearing current), which are induced by the surge voltage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2014 10:49:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324832</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Minimum Performance Standard for 
Aircraft Cargo Compartment Halon 
Replacement Fire Suppression 
Systems (2012 Update)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1223332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This technical note presents the 2012 update to the minimum performance standards that a Halon 1301 replacement or alternate system for aircraft cargo compartment must meet as part of the aircraft certification procedures. This document replaces report number DOT/FAA/AR-TN05/20. This standard considers gaseous and nongaseous fire suppression systems for full-scale fire testing. This report update includes the corrections made to the aerosol can simulator specifications, acceptance criteria section, and the new criteria for the aerosol can explosion test. In addition, some sections were added to the test requirements to clarify some testing procedures. This version corrects and clarifies data from the previous update.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Nov 2012 09:29:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1223332</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Suppression Effects on Aviation Fuel Fires Around an Aircraft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the details of a theoretical analysis of the firefighting agent amounts carried by aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) equipment. The report is a detailed heat transfer and suppression analysis of fuel spill fires on exposed aircraft. This analysis addressed various factors in assessing current ARFF agent requirements. The amount of firefighting agent necessary to prevent interior aircraft ignition and allow for safe egress is presented for representative fuel spill fire scenarios and ARFF arrival times. The scenarios consider wind conditions, aircraft and fuel spill sizes, aircraft skin thickness, and aircraft insulation/construction. For example, fires burning in wind conditions will have a different flame shape and flame length than a fire burning under calm conditions with all other parameters held constant. The analysis also found that the time required to melt the aluminum skin is strongly dependent on the exposure heat flux and on the skin thickness but not on the insulation thickness. The evaluation of the firefighting agent amount effect on the success of aircraft egress for a given fire scenario must address a number of elements, such as fire effects on egress, ARFF effects on the fire through the agent amount carried, and the relevant fire scenario parameters for the fire, aircraft, and passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Sep 2012 11:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1125692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze information from Government, industry, and media sources on the causes, frequency, and severity of motorcoach fires in the U.S., and to identify potential risk reduction measures. The Volpe Center created a database on reported motorcoach fire incidents between 1995 and 2008. Independent reference sources were used to verify that incidents were applicable, to address missing or unknown field values, and to derive non-reported elements. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that: (a) approximately 160 motorcoach fires are reported annually, with average damages of $65,000; (b) with the exception of a single catastrophic fire, which resulted in 23 fatalities and 15 injuries, approximately 95 percent of the reported fires resulted in no direct injuries or fatalities; (c) about 70 percent of fires originate in the engine compartment and wheel wells; (d) frequency of motorcoach fires for model years 1998–2002 compared to older models was disproportionately greater than their relative populations; (e) vehicle out-of-service (OOS) rates for fire-involved motorcoaches have exceeded rates for all buses, and the gap has widened in recent years; and (f) North American Standard (NAS) Motor Carrier Inspection and OOS criteria may not sufficiently identify all precursors of motorcoach fires.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 07:48:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1125692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFE in the Tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first of four firefighting points in the Eurotunnel designed to suppress fires on train shuttles has been completed. Located in Interval 3 of the south running portion of the tunnel, the prototype fire suppression station (Stations d'Attaque du Feu [SAFE]) is 18 km inside the Channel Tunnel.  The SAFE stations are a key element of Project Salamander, launched in response to a 2008 rail vehicle fire in the tunnel. In addition to vehicle damage in this and a 1996 fire, the concrete tunnel lining was seriously damaged when the air temperature reached 1,000 degrees Celsius. The SAFE system delivers smaller quantities of water at high pressure through nozzles high on both sides of the tunnel lining. These produce a micro droplet mist which turns into steam in a fire. The air temperature then should drop from 900 degrees Celsius to below 250 degrees Celsius in under three minutes. There are almost 900 mist nozzles on each side of the train spaced 2 meters apart in the 870 meter long SAFE station.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:25:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrical Engineering Research Support for FDOT Transportation Statistics Office</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/916333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this project was to provide electrical engineering support for the telemetered traffic monitoring sites (TTMSs) operated by the Statistics Office of the Florida Department of Transportation.  This project was a continuation of project BD-543-3.  The project consisted of four main efforts that are detailed in this report.  The first effort was to conduct lightning surge suppression field tests to characterize the lightning surge environment of TTMS in-pavement sensors.  The second effort was to develop segmented sensor interface electronics improvements for more accurate detection of segment closures on an extruded polymer segmented sensor.  This effort was reduced at the request of the FDOT and funding is being sought from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for continued development.  The third task was to provide support for use of the Sensys wireless traffic detection system for short-term traffic count applications.  The fourth effort was to monitor loop ground resistance and inductance, and piezoelectric sensor voltage outputs at 2 TTMSs.  The goal of this effort was to identify the effects of sealant degradation on the electrical characteristics of the in-pavement sensors. The results of the first task were improved characterization of the lightning surges and specification of surge suppressor requirements.  The second task resulted in improved modeling of the extruded sensor.  The third task resulted in an instruction manual for using the Sensys system in short-term traffic count applications.  The fourth task is ongoing but has already demonstrated differences in sealant performance and maintenance procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Apr 2010 16:32:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/916333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrical Engineering Support of Telemetered Traffic Monitoring Sites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this project was to provide electrical engineering support for the telemetered traffic monitoring sites (TTMS) operated by the Statistics Office of the Florida Department of Transportation.  This project was a companion to project BD-543-12, which provided civil engineering support for the same sites.  The project consisted of three main efforts that are detailed in this report.  The first task was to conduct efforts to improve modem communication with the TTMS sites.  The second task was to conduct field and laboratory testing to specify and identify lightning surge suppression devices to protect the TTMS's electronics (communications and classification) from lightning surges.  The third task was to develop interface electronics for and support field testing of a segmented sensor design to identify dual versus single tires.  This identification can lead to improved vehicle classification accuracy.  The results of the first task were verification of communication equipments used and development of refined modem strings.  This increased the reliability of the communication with the TTMS sites reducing the need for manual collection of traffic data.  The second task resulted in an initial characterization of the lightning surges, specification of surge suppressor requirements and identification of appropriate surge suppressors to protect the TTMS equipment.  The third task resulted in the development of a prototype electronics interface and a successful field test demonstrating the feasibility of the segmented sensor to improve classification.  This project has resulted in lower maintenance costs for the TTMS sites and potentially improved classification performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2009 10:42:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National Transportation Safety Board Safety Recommendation: H-07-4 through -8</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/855785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These safety recommendations, addressed to the Honorable Nicole R. Nason, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), concern the design of motorcoaches and buses.  These recommendations are derived from an investigation of the September 23, 2005, fire on a motorcoach on Interstate 45 near Wilmer, Texas, in which 23 passengers were fatally injured, 2 were seriously injured, and 19 received minor injuries.  The National Transportation Safety Board makes the following safety recommendations to NHTSA:  (H-07-4) Develop a Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) to provide enhanced fire protection of the fuel system in areas of motorcoaches and buses where the system may be exposed to the effects of a fire; (H-07-5) Develop a FMVSS to provide fire-hardening of exterior fire-prone materials, such as those in areas around wheel wells, to limit the potential for flame spread into a motorcoach or bus passenger compartment; (H-07-6) Develop detection systems to monitor the temperature of wheel well compartments in motorcoaches and buses to provide early warning of malfunctions that could lead to fires; (H-07-7) Evaluate the need for a FMVSS that would require installation of fire detection and suppression systems on motorcoaches; and (H-07-8) Evaluate current emergency evacuation designs of motorcoaches and buses by conducting simulation studies and evacuation drills that take into account, at a minimum, acceptable egress times for various postaccident environments, including fire and smoke; unavailable exit situations; and the current above-ground height and design of window exits to be used in emergencies by all potential vehicle occupants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2008 11:25:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/855785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenges for use of fixed fire suppression systems in road tunnel fire protection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/849195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fixed fire suppression systems are used as an effective fire protection measure in many areas of the built environment. However, many countries have not considered them necessary or even acceptable for tunnel protection. There are concerns on the use of these systems in tunnel environments, such as the visibility reduction during evacuation caused by water discharge, the associated high cost for installation and maintenance, their performance in suppressing shielded fires, potential hazards presented by hot steam and deflagration generated in suppressing large flammable fuel fires, as well as limited knowledge on the most suitable suppression systems for tunnel protection. However, with a significant increase in the number and the scale of fire accidents in tunnels around the world over the last ten years there is renewed interest in the use of fixed fire suppression systems for tunnel protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2008 11:47:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/849195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Case Studies in Transient Pressure Monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/840288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Damage to pressure pipelines is often attributed to the occurrence of pressure transients and water hammer events, however the corroborating evidence is usually missing due to the impracticality of testing and detecting the occurrence of these events, particularly the water hammer events that accompany cavitations in the pipeline. Water hammer events are difficult to detect because they may occur without warning and have durations of less than 1/20th of a second. Recent innovations in digital technology have facilitated the development of a system capable of monitoring pipeline pressures in such a way that these most unexpected, short-duration events can be detected and accurately recorded. The paper discusses results of installations of this technology on water transmission lines, liquid petroleum pipeline booster stations, a reverse osmosis plant, water distribution lines, a wastewater treatment plant and a fire suppression sprinkler system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2007 11:31:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/840288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Methodology for Assessment of Visibility during Road Tunnel Fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/838784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a methodology is presented for evaluating life safety risks due to lack of visibility in road tunnel fires. The methodology considers 3 realistic fire scenarios that involve smoke spread, occupant evacuation, and the reliability of fire suppression systems. The 3 fire scenarios represent 3 variations of fire growth rates. The road tunnel, in this study, is assumed to have 2 traffic tubes, a longitudinal ventilation system, and emergency exits and escape routes. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software is used to model smoke spread and the time available for evacuation, based on a visibility limit when occupants cannot find their way to emergency exits. A simple evacuation model is used to estimate the time required for occupants upwind of the fire to egress through the emergency exits. Vehicles downwind of the fire are assumed to continue moving and exit the tunnel safely. In 2 of the 3 fire scenarios, conditions in the tunnel become rapidly untenable, not allowing sufficient time for occupants to egress safely. A simple risk assessment is used to estimate the number of fatalities, based on the number of occupants trapped in untenable conditions in the tunnel. The assessment shows a reliable fire suppression system can prevent heavy casualties in a tunnel fire.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2007 10:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/838784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will focus on the Orange County Transportation Authority’s (OCTA's) experience with bus fires, nature of typical incidents, cause, a variety of remedies implemented to enhance the integrity of the initiating systems and investigation into our newest remedy, fire resistant fluids. Traditionally the systems causing the fires included the electrical and hydraulic systems; so we initiated fleet campaigns to reroute cables, used isolators and clamps to prevent electrical shorts from rubbing cables, and we added additional after market optical fire suppression systems, to rapidly detect and respond to vehicle engine fires. Hydraulic fluid used by most transit buses is typically the same thing used in the bus transmissions (Dextron III, Transynd®, etc.); typical fluids are petroleum based with typical Flashpoints of about 450 degrees F. After looking into other industries, results from fire investigations and what is already being used, we came up with a polyol ester hydraulic fluid recommendation from the Aviation industry. We are now looking into compatibility issues with our current elastomer products and Polyol ester hydraulic fluids.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2006 07:28:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793104</guid>
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