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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>SINGLE TRACK SYSTEM CONCEPTS STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A milestone report has been prepared under the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) project 'Ventilation and Environmental Control in Subway Rapid Transit Systems,' and is one of many such reports leading to the final product-- a subway environmental design handbook. The report describes the implementation of the single-track subway environment (ST-SES) computer program in an evaluation of the air flows and temperatures resulting from several single track subway geometries and train operations.  Geometric and operational parameters treated as variables include vent shaft location and flow impedance, tunnel cross-section, and train headway, dwell time, and maximum speed.  In addition, three environmental control system concepts were simulated: mechanical ventilation, underplatform exhaust, and track profile variation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10005</guid>
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      <title>DOUBLE TRACK POROSITY TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Subway Environmental Research Project (SERP) was undertaken in order to provide the subway design engineer with a basic understanding of the effects of various design parameters on subway aerodynamics and thermodynamics (and hence on the subway environment). Such understanding permits subway design with an eye toward efficient environmental control. In Phase II of the SERP, a test matrix designed to study the effects of center wall porosity (in a dual-track tunnel) on train drag and far-field air velocity was performed in the DSI SAT-DT facility. Additional testing in the SAT-DT facility was proposed (and conducted) in an attempt to discover the center wall porosity at which system performance nears that of a single tunnel (i.e., solid center wall). The purpose of this report is to describe the results of this additional testing, and to relate these results to those obtained during the original program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42634</guid>
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      <title>AERODYNAMIC AND THERMODYNAMIC VALIDATION TESTS IN THE BERKELEY HILLS TUNNEL. VOLUME II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes the validation of a subway environment simulation (SES) computer program. This validation was done by field test in the Berkeley Hills tunnel of BART. Volume 2 contains the detailed pressure measurements made inside the tunnel, on-board six-car trains and at the tunnel portal. Pressure measurements involve entry and exit transients and pressure fluctuation inside the tunnel caused by both train and emergency fan operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14643</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AERODYNAMIC AND THERMODYNAMIC VALIDATION TESTS IN BERKELEY HILLS TUNNEL. VOLUME I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A milestone report has been prepared on the project 'Ventilation and Environmental Control in Subway Rapid Transit Systems,' one of many such reports leading to the final product -- a 'Subway Environment Design Handbook.' The report describes a series of field tests conducted on the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in California for the purpose of validating analytical tools developed for the project. The document is the first volume in a two volume set.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14642</guid>
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      <title>SUMMARY OF PHASE II ACTIVITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report has been prepared under the Transit Development Corporation (TDC) project, 'Ventilation and Environmental Control in Subway Rapid Transit Systems' and is one of many such reports leading to the final product--a 'Subway Environmental Design Handbook.' The report describes the various task assignments that were undertaken by all participating contractors during the second year of the project. It includes highlights of these activities, and identifies the major accomplishments. A list of the project technical reports prepared during the year is included. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14253</guid>
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      <title>PHYSICAL AND GEOMETRICAL DATA FOR SUBWAY SYSTEM COMPONENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report has been prepared under the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) project, 'Ventilation and Environmental Control in Subway Rapid Transit Systems,' and is one of many such reports leading to the final product--a handbook on subway environmental criteria, analysis, and control.  The report contains the physical and geometric data that characterize the aerodynamic and thermodynamic aspects of subway rapid transit systems.  The range of values contained encompass the characteristics of existing and anticipated systems.  The use of this data is intended to provide the IRT and its research project with realistic ranges of parameters that must be included in their respective scale-model tests and basic theoretical developments. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 09 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7397</guid>
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      <title>DATA ACQUISITION FOR VEHICLES IN CONFINED SPACES (VICS-70) FACILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tests were conducted at the VICs-70 facility using scale models under a variety of simulated conditions.  Model test data reduction procedures for steady-state tube vehicle aerodynamics are described.  Sample calculations of equilibrium velocity, drag coefficients, tube pressure gradient, tube flow velocity ratio, effective tube length and effective friction factor in proximity to the model are included.  Results of the test program are presented with reference to: velocity history; effects of model nose and tail perturbations on drag; drag as a function of blockage ratio, vehicle length, tunnel length, Reynolds number, and vehicle roughness, drag coefficient sensitivity to blockage ratio; and tube length and tube flow velocity ratio as a function of blockage ratio, vehicle length and test section length.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 09 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7410</guid>
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      <title>INVESTIGATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN UNDERGROUND RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report has been prepared under the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) project, Ventilation and Environmental Control in Subway Rapid Transit Systems, and is one of many such reports leading to the final product--A 'Subway Environmental Design Handbook.'  The report describes the various task assignments that were undertaken by all participating contractors during the first year of the IRT project. It includes highlights of these activities and identifies the major accomplishments. A list of the total of 37 interim and milestone technical reports prepared during the year is included.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 09 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7428</guid>
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      <title>SUBWAY ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY PORT AUTHORITY TRANS-HUDSON CORPORATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the report is to present all the subway environmental information gathered in an extensive interview with the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation. The information represents the state-of-the-art under actual operating conditions in the PATH subway system, of the various environmental areas included in the project--temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure, environmental equipment noise and vibration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 09 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7402</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PHOTOGRAMMETRY ASSESSMENT: NEW YORK CITY SUBWAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/381160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes an assessment of three photogrammeric techniques tested in subway tunnels of the New York City Transit Authority.  These techniques are: (1) METADAT, Close Range Photogrammetry, (2) SACT, System for Continuous Measuring of Tunnel, and (3) Videography.  These techniques, developed in recent years, have been used in documenting tunnels in Europe. One technique utilizes stereo photographs and can provide as-built dimensions, two-dimensional drawings or three dimensional drawings of any objects visible.  This can be used in the design process, animations and documenting damage.  A single camera technique quickly provides individual as-built tunnel sections at specified intervals for obtaining tunnel dimensions for use in structural analysis.  Videography provides very rapid tunnel documentation of significant lengths of tunnel.  This can be used for determining personnel safety clearances, determining and quantifying tunnel damage and basic dimensioning.  The assessment consisted of field tests, during which photographs and videos were taken of portion of the tunnel, and developing drawings, three dimensional models, animations and personnel clearance studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/381160</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>A METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON THE CREATION OF URBAN SPACE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/538929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The topic proposed is the study of the impacts of the subway transportation system on the urban space of the AMC (Metropolitan Area of Caracas).  The study deals with the changes in urban space following the implementation of the Caracas subway system.  The research delved deeply into the social factors and mechanisms whose effects are reflected in the creation of urban space as a result of the interaction between the increased value of land, the land use and teal estate dynamics.  The study was carried out in three stages: an analysis of the urban and transportation structure of Caracas; the development of a questionnaire and interviews with real estate agents involved in the dynamic under study; and, the combination of stages 1 and 2 by identifying and statistically correlating the strategic variables of the process.  Based on the perception of the agents interviewed, the subway has become a determining factor in the urban image of the area adjacent to the subway stations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/538929</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BURROWING BENEATH BANGKOK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thailand's first underground transportation project is breaking ground in Bangkok.  The Blue Line subway system for the Metropolitan Rapid Transit Authority will have 22 km of twin-tunnels and will serve as the downtown backbone to a much larger metropolitan transportation system being designed and constructed in the Thai capital.  The subway system will allow passengers to transfer to existing commuter and long-distance passenger services provided by the State Railway of Thailand and to an elevated light-rail transit line under construction.  In addition, the system could link to a proposed high-speed rail service running from Bangkok to the resort community of Pattaya. The area is underlain by a thick sequence of apparently unconsolidated, predominantly fine-grained deposits.  These deposits occur in a repeating stratigraphic sequence of gravel and sand beds alternating with clay strata.  The groundwater table is about 1-1.5 m below the natural ground surface. Low-lying areas are usually flooded during the rainy season. Along the underground route alignment, the stiff clay was found to occur between 15 m and 25 m below the surface.  The vertical alignments of tunnels and stations have been kept as far as possible within the upper stiff clay layer to satisfy tunneling and construction requirements, minimize settlement, and control ground movements during construction in developed areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WATERPROOFING AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WMATA SUBWAY TUNNELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/485785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The only type of waterproofing system used in the first tunnel sections built by WMATA, whether in rock or in soft ground, was a treatment of the construction joints.  Since no other parts of the tunnel structure was treated with anything, these materials used in the joints were the only deterrants to the intrusion of water into the tunnels.  Water leaks often exceeded allowable rates, requiring expensive repairs to and replacement of various embedded hardware used for electrical and mechanical items, and sometimes even created hazardous conditions in the tunnels.  This paper has been prepared to give a brief discussion of the recent changes in the method of treatment of ground water and to show how these changegs have effected the design of WMATA subway tunnel structures, both in rock and in soft ground.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 May 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/485785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBWAY VENTILATION SYSTEM UPGRADE: ICF KEISER'S TECHNICAL APPROACH AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION - METHODOLOGY TO MINIMIZE COSTS AND MEET DESIGN CRITERIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/485780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ICF Kaiser has developed a methodology to estimate the capital costs for ventilation system upgrades for specific local conditions, with implementation procedures which allow the subway to operate during the upgrade.  In evaluating the alternatives, the key issues are technical performance and economic viability.  The capital costs comprise much more than equipment, in effect the fans are often the least expensive cost elements.  Structural changes and opening new airways are the most expensive ones.  This paper presents the concepts in subway ventilation system upgrade, and an approach in evaluating various options  and the selection of the most attractive, cost-effective and feasible alternative to satisfy Fire-Life Safety criteria.  Examples of recent studies and ventilation systems design are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 May 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/485780</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR SAN FRANCISCO: MUNI METRO'S TURNBACK TUNNEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/485784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ventilation system design process for the San Francisco MUNI Metro Turnback (MMT) Tunnel demonstrates a successful approach to translating complex and conflicting design requirements into a viable operating system.  Design solutions were developed to address unique tunnel configurations.  The use of an air flow simulation program made the design process efficient and manageable.  The approach used to develop the MMT Tunnel ventilation design has resulted in the installation of a system which satisfies life/safety requirements.  By defining appropriate design criteria, identifying critical ventilation issues, and integrating system parameters using a computer simulation program, numerous constraints and conditions were managed in concert.  System operations tests show that actual airflow and pressures meet design requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 May 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/485784</guid>
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