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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF AIRPHOTO INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM COMPRISING SEVEN UNITS IS DESCRIBED WITH RESPECT TO: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL, SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE CONDITIONS, FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY, SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS, RELIEF, EASE OF EXCAVATION, AND OTHER SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTICS. RECONNAISSANCE ENGINEERING SOIL MAPS FOR AN AREA OF ABOUT 4,000 SQ MI, AND HUNDREDS OF MILES OF SOIL STRIP MAPS, HAVE BEEN PREPARED. APPLICATION OF THE PROCEDURE IN SOIL AND MATERIALS STUDIES FOR A SPECIFIC ROUTE STUDY, AND ACCURACY OF THE SOIL MAPPING ARE DESCRIBED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:38:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN ROADWAY CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/474468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The installation of subsurface drainage systems has been a common practice in roadway construction for many years.  Until recently, however, the ability to inspect and report on the condition of these systems once they are in place has been limited.  The use of a high-tech, closed-circuit video monitoring system for the inspection of subsurface drainage systems has been developed and utilized with a high degree of success.  The use of this system is beneficial for maintenance and rehabilitation of existing systems and as a quality control measure for new highway systems.  In an ongoing project for FHWA, video monitoring has identified crushed mainline drainage pipes in new systems that have yet to be open to traffic.  All of the components of this monitoring system can be easily operated by one person in the field.  Substantial cost savings can be realized by accurately identifying the specific areas that need repair rather than assuming that an entire system needs to be replaced in highway rehabilitation projects. Results from use of this new technology to date are presented here.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/474468</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PAVEMENT SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/575487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This synthesis will be of interest to geologists; hydrologists; geotechnical, pavement, construction, and maintenance engineers; and researchers.  State department of transportation (DOT) program managers and administrators will also find it of interest.  The synthesis describes the current state of the practice for the design, construction, and maintenance of pavement subsurface drainage systems.  It provides information on the positive effects of good subsurface drainage and the negative effects of poor subsurface drainage on pavement surfaces.  This report of the Transportation Research Board presents data obtained from a review of the literature and a survey of the state DOTs.  It is a supplemental update to NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 96, "Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems" (1982).  The synthesis provides a supplement to design issues not found in Synthesis 96, but faced by current designers, e.g., type and quality of aggregate, compaction requirements for open-graded aggregates, asphalt and cement binders, and use of geosynthetics.  In addition, it describes the effects of design, construction, and maintenance decisions on the performance of pavement subsurface drainage systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/575487</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOCATING THE DRAINAGE LAYER FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/478012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement subsurface drainage and its effect on pavement performance has been a subject of interest since the 18th and 19th centuries.  With no doubt the detrimental effects of heavy wheel loads on pavements with saturated base material is a significant factor.  The consequence of subsurface water on pavement performance includes premature rutting, cracking, faulting, and increased roughness, all of which lead to a decrease in serviceability.  This research study involves the evaluation of the drainage performance of three section configurations.  The sections were built with a difference in the filter as well as the drainage layer.  Indiana #5D and #53 impermeable layers were used as a filter.  Indiana #2 and #5C base were used as drainage layer.  The study was carried out by field instrumentation, laboratory testing, field data collection, and numerical modeling.  The main objective of this study is to evaluate the subdrainage performance of three pavement sections adopted by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT).  Instruments were installed to monitor the air and pavement temperature, frost penetration, and pavement moisture conditions, and time and duration of rainfall and pavement outflow volumes.  Subgrade and asphalt core samples were obtained from the field.  Tests were performed on these samples to determine their hydraulic conductivity characteristics.  It was found that the permeability of the #5C drainage base layer material was higher than the #2 base by approximately 10 times.  Since most of the water source in the pavement was the surface infiltration, the filter layer plays a key role in controlling the moisture migration from the pavement into the subgrade.  The section with the #5D HMA impermeable layer showed the lowest moisture migration into the subgrade. The #5C base had the tendency to retain less water than the #2 base, making the stripping potential less of a problem. Contamination of the trench material from the #53 aggregate fines appears to have occurred.  In addition, the outlet pipe inlet capacity was found to be low.  Frost penetration was found to be about 1.0 m.  This result compared well with empirical methods.  From the field temperature measurements, the SHRP coldest surface pavement temperature was evaluated and found in good agreement.  A large amount of data was obtained about pavement and subgrade material hydraulic characteristics.  The finite element analysis showed good simulation of the actual pavement surface conditions.  A simulation of cracked surface pavement showed a full saturation condition of the pavement layers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/478012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN OF THE SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE INNER RING ROAD OF THE CITY OF ANTWERP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/123972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DESCIRBED HERE IS THE PROCEDURE ADOPTED FOR THE DESIGN OF A PERMANENT DEWATERING SYSTEM FOR THE DEPRESSED INNER RING ROAD OF THE CITY OF ANTWERP IN BELGIUM. THIS COSTLY UNDERTAKING NECESSITATED EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS TO ENABLE THE ARRIVAL AT A SATISFACTORY ENGINEERING SOLUTION. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF ALL THE STAGES IN THE HYDROLOGICAL DESIGN OF THE SOPHISTICATED SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM, INCLUDING THE EXECUTION AND ANALYSIS OF EXTENSIVE FIELD PUMPING TESTS, THE CALCULATION OF SEEPAGE QUANTITIES AND THE STUDY OF THE HYDRAULICS OF THE HORIZONTAL INTAKE PIPES ADOPTED TO EFFECT THE GROUND-WATER LOWERING. MUCH SPACE IS DEVOTED TO A DESCRIPTION OF THE ELECTRICAL MODEL TESTS CARRIED OUT TO MAP FLOW NETS FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF VALUES OF THE PARAMETERS WHICH DETERMINED THE CRITICAL PIPE ELEVATIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/123972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF COMPACTION METHODS IN NARROW SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE TRENCHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/390793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Field investigation results of narrow-trench compaction methods with granular materials are presented.  To determine what levels of compaction energy would produce target densities of at least 95% of standard Proctor, thus minimizing shoulder settlement above pavement edge drain trenches, a 200-mm (8-in.)-wide trench was excavated to four different depths:  300, 600, 900, and 1200 mm (12, 24, 36, and 48 in.).  Fine filter aggregate was backfilled above a 75-mm (3-in.) inside diameter corrugated polyethylene pipe.  Four compaction methods were evaluated:  (a) one and two passes with a relatively low-energy modified plate compactor, (b) one and two passes with a high-energy vibratory wheel compactor, (c) one pass with a front-end loader tire, and (d) flooding with water.  Sand cone densities and dynamic cone penetrometer tests were taken in each test section to determine how well the backfill was compacted.  The high-energy wheel performed the best, producing satisfactory compaction to 300 mm (12 in.) with one pass and to 600 mm (24 in.) with two passes. It was the only method that actually achieved the desired target density.  Slight pipe distortion was noted after two vibratory wheel passes at 300 mm (12 in.) deep, but no crushing was found. The vibratory ski performed poorly; in fact, one pass of the front-end loader tire gave generally better results than two passes with the vibratory ski.  Water densification in the narrow trench was only slightly better than no compaction at all.  Dynamic cone penetrometer testing generally correlated well with percent of Proctor compaction data, thus showing promise for evaluating compaction in narrow, granular-backfilled trenches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/390793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GRAIN SIZE VS DOLLARS FOR DRAINAGE AGGREGATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/123722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ADEQUATE SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE IS RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES IN THE DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF MANY CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS, INCLUDING EARTH DAMS, SPILLWAYS, RETAINING WALLS, HIGHWAYS AND AIRPORTS. MONEY ALLOTTED TO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE USUALLY IS RETURNED MANY TIMES. HOWEVER, A TREND IN THE SELECTION OF TYPES OF AGGREGATES FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS HAS, IN SOME CASES, LED TO HIGHLY UNECONOMICAL DESIGNS. SEVERAL EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN. DESPITE THE LARGE SUM SPENT FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE, THE STRUCTURES SUFFERED DAMAGE FROM WATER BECAUSE OF INADEQUATE DRAINAGE CAPACITY. FREQUENTLY THE SOLUTION IS FOUND IN THE USE OF GRADED FILTERS, A TYPE OF SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION THAT UTILIZES A CORE OF CLEANED, WASHED AND SCREENED AGGREGATE OF ONE SIZE WITHIN PROTECTING ENVELOPES OF FINER, SELECTED FILTER MATERIALS. WHEN COARSE ONE-SIZE AGGREGATES ARE USED IN DRAINAGE LAYERS, IT IS USUALLY NECESSARY TO PLACE A SEPARATE FINE FILTER LAYER AGAINST THE SOIL. FINE AND COARSE FILTER MATERIALS GENERALLY CAN BE PLACED IN LAYERS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS IF THE WORK IS PLANNED TO PREVENT EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS THAT WILL CAUSE RUTTING OR SHOVING OF THESE LAYERS. A COST COMPARISON TABLE IS PRESENTED AS EVIDENCE THAT FINE-GRAINED SINGLE-LAYER AGGREGATE DRAINS ARE EXTREMELY UNECONOMICAL WHEN USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF APPRECIABLE QUANTITIES OF GROUND WATER AND SEEPAGE. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS SHOULD ALWAYS BE DESIGNED USING MODERN CRITERIA FOR FILTER MATERIALS THAT WILL ASSURE PERMANENT, ADEQUATE WATER REMOVAL WITHOUT CLOGGING. ECONOMIC STUDIES INDICATE THE NEED FOR EVALUATING EACH SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM ON THE BASIS OF THE BENEFITS POSSIBLE IN RELATION TO THE AMOUNT OF MONEY SPENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 06 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/123722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN AND DRAIN WATER QUALITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/377920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper illustrates the effects of drain spacing and depth on drain water quality based on numerical simulations for the field described by Tod (1989).  The study considers steady and transient simulations for steady recharge to the water table as an initial step toward broader future analyses.  Study results can be used to propose conceptual modifications of traditional drainage system design for water quality control in irrigated regions.  The study results suggest that water quality factors may be as important as other drainage system design parameters when considering construction of new drainage facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/377920</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES: CURRENT CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND INDUSTRY PRACTICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/361742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drainage of pavement structures is recognized as a key factor in improving the performance and extending the maintenance-free life of pavement systems.  The use of pavement drainage structures to remove water introduced to the pavement system by surface infiltration, melting of ice lenses formed during freeze-thaw cycles and groundwater sources has become more prevalent during the last decade. The components that make up a well-drained pavement section are commonly known:  adequate surface drainage, permeable base courses, filters, collector pipes, and edge drains. However, the details of the design of these components change with the agency constructing the pavement and the use of the pavement.  The criteria and specifications of Federal and State governments, and private industry, along with those currently used by the Corps of Engineers, will be presented in this document.  A comparison of the practices used in designing pavement drainage systems, among agencies, is presented to show where some design practices may benefit from technologies already accepted by others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Feb 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/361742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>KRIGING OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/359738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The high spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, especially in alluvial soils, presents 2 problems for designers: the identification of blocks with homogeneous hydraulic conductivity to which a single drain spacing can be assigned; and the determination of a design hydraulic conductivity value to be used for each block.  This paper examines the use of kriging for the analysis of hydraulic conductivity data of a 35,000 ha subsurface drainage project in the Nile delta of Egypt using 3,488 measurements, with a measurement taken every 300 m on a grid.  The study showed that variations of the hydraulic conductivity were isotropic.  The semivariagram was characterized by a high nugget effect, most likely due to the high variability of the hydraulic conductivity for these clay soils, and by a large range of influence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Oct 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/359738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYNTHESIS ON SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF WATER INFILTRATING A PAVEMENT STRUCTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/344423</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarizes current subsurface pavement drainage used by various state and local agencies.  The paper starts with a brief introduction on moisture in a pavement and the damage it can cause.  Following the introduction, the relative effectiveness of subsurface drainage is estimated based on environmental conditions, traffic levels, and physical characteristics of the pavement structure.  The next three sections of the paper discuss various components used in subsurface drainage, combinations of drainage components to perform specific drainage tasks, and maintenance required to keep drainage components functioning.  Next, results from a survey sent to Minnesota city and county agencies are given summarizing current drainage practices used on lower volume roads.  Finally, the last part of the paper gives cost and performance data on drainage systems used by various states.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/344423</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROCEEDINGS OF REMR WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND RELIEF WELL PROBLEMS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/298892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At a Corps of Engineers workshop on 16-17 April 1985, research needs for restoration of drainage systems and relief wells for earth and earth supported structures were discussed and prioritized.  Proceedings of the workshop are summarized.  The primary purpose of the workshop was to identify problems and obtain field input to the direction of future research.  The presentations and resulting discussions produced the following proposed research areas in descending order of priority:  A.  Drainage systems:  (1) Evaluation and rehabilitation of deep horizontal and vertical drains; (2) Geotextile guidance for drains; (3) New products information/technology transfer; and (4) Evaluation of subsurface problems; and B.  Relief wells:  (1) Maintenance procedures and use of chemicals; (2) Inspection and evaluation methods; and (3) Other more specific items (Iron bacteria, Check and flap valves, Wood stave replacements; Small flow meters, Exploration techniques, and Vandalism.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/298892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GOOD DRAINAGE EXTENDS PAVEMENT LIFE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/300235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[California studies show that using drained pavements can save more than $11 million for pavements constructed in any given year in that state.  In new construction, the most positive drainage systems use an open-graded drainage layer under the full width of the roadbed with adequate collector pipes and outlet pipes.  For existing pavements, retrofit edge drains are greatly reducing the rate of water-related damage.  Studies suggest that a drained system on flexible pavements gives a minimum increase of four years of service life.  For rigid pavements, studies suggest a minimum 50% extension of service life of PCC pavements with an efficient functioning edge drain system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/300235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY AND AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS (ORIGINAL EDITION 1974; REPRINT 1987 WITH UPDATING)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/285614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book shows engineers how to design and construct pavement drainage systems that will prolong pavement life and minimize maintenance costs.  It presents techniques for estimating inflows and designing systems for controlling them to prevent internal flooding and serious damages from: D-cracking, undermining, and other deteriorative effects of excess water.  The book also examines the high cost (long term) of building undrained pavements and gives step-by-step procedures for designing good systems.  The reprint edition updates the costs of building pavements and the enormous costs of the premature failure of poorly drained ones. Included are noteworthy airfield and highway pavements built in the U.S., Canada, and France using good drainage ideas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/285614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (DISCUSSIONS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/268265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Normally, a pavement performs well att the beginning of its life and then has a gradual decline in serviceability due mostly to cracking and roughness.  In time, the rate of deterioration increases due to many factors including agining; however, probably the greatest contribution to accelerated deterioration is made by the ingress of moisture through the surface, sometimes called "Moisture Accelerated Distress (MAD)."  Specific problems associated with water in pavement structures are discussed for flexible pavements, granular materials, subgrade soils, rigid pavements, and drainage vs. capillarity.  Methods for limiting damage to pavements due to entrapped water are pointed ouut and the rest of this paper briefly discusses drainage of pavement layers, some case studies of drainable systems constructed as experimental pavements, and the design of aggregate mixtures for a best compromise between stability and drainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/268265</guid>
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