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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Dispersed ultra-fine bottom ash blended mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Replacing Portland cement with alternative sources of coal bottom ash can help supplement fly ash supply, have substantial benefits to the environment, and enhance the physical and mechanical concrete properties. The effectiveness and reactivity of the supplemental bottom ash powder will, however, depend largely on the ash particle fineness and dispersion within the cement matrix. In this study, a raw sub-bituminous coal bottom ash was pulverized using a vibratory ball mill, dispersed in solution with a poly-carboxylate ether superplasticizer and homogenized with an ultrasonication treatment. The ultra-fine dispersed solution was then blended within a cement mortar mix to study the impacts on compressive strength activity, matrix microstructure, sedimentation, and rheological stability. Two different sonication energies and dispersed bottom ash solid:liquid solutions were studied. The results indicate that there is a significant increase in strength activity and a reduction in calcium hydroxide content in the mixes containing dispersed bottom-ash solution. ANOVA was then conducted using 190 data points from both the current experimental program and previously published studies empirically quantify the effects of fineness, cement replacement, sonication, bottom ash solution concentration, and age on strength activity. Overall, the sonicated pulverized bottom ash blended cement mortar yielded approximately 6 – 17% greater strength activity than the non-sonicated control cement mortar mix and 2-13% greater strength activity than the non-sonicated blended cement-bottom ash mortar mix.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Mar 2018 09:18:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495882</guid>
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      <title>Soil Stabilization and Pavement Recycling with Self-Cementing Coal Fly Ash</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1226911</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coal combustion products (CCPs) are created when coal is utilized to generate electricity.  One of the CCPs produced is fly ash.  The main objective of this manual is to describe methods of stabilizing the ash produced during the combustion of subbituminous coals, that meet the Class C fly ash classification as defined by ASTM C618.  Self-cementing fly ash that is in compliance with the Class C fly ash requirements of ASTM C618 is usually suitable for stabilization efforts.  The manual presents design data for self-cementing coal fly as as the only soil stabilizing agent for a variety of engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 10:17:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1226911</guid>
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      <title>OVERVIEW OF THE USE OF FLY ASH CONCRETE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/352846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An overview of opportunities and concerns on the use of fly ash as a pozzolan in hydraulic cement concrete in constructing highways and other transportation facilities is presented.  It is derived primarily from more detailed information given in NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 127.  Some of the early concerns related to the loss of entrained air in fly ash concrete, shipment-to-shipment uniformity of fly ash, and more careful selection of by-products marketed as pozzolans.  Significant differences between the by-products from burning bituminous coal and subbituminous coal have been identified, and more fundamental information is being developed.  The need to use a more rational method of proportioning ingredients for concretes containing fly ash based on performance characteristics is discussed.  A more rational approach can provide opportunities for more efficient utilization of fly ash as a pozzolan in hydraulic cement concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/352846</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SURVEY OF ELECTRIC UTILITY DEMAND FOR WESTERN COAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the results of a survey of electric utility demand for western coal. The sources of survey information are: (1) Federal Power Commission Form 423 data on utility coal purchases covering the period July 1972 through June 1976 and (2) direct survey data on utility coal-purchase intentions for power plants to be constructed by 1985. Price and quantity data for western coal consumed in existing plants have been assembled and presented to illustrate price and market-share trends in individual consuming regions over recent years. Coal source, quality, and quantity data are presented for existing and planned generating plants. (ERA citation 02:053819)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EXPERIENCES IN TRANSPORTATION OF DRIED LOW-RANK WESTERN COALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/63546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Grand Forks Energy Research Center and Commonwealth Edison of Chicago jointly conducted tests in which 400 tons each of subbituminous coal and lignite were dried in a commercial scale dryer, oil sprayed and cooled, then shipped in open-top rail cars from Pekin, IL to Grand Forks, ND and stockpiled. Cars containing raw coal and dried coal that had not been oil sprayed were also transported for comparative purposes. The subbituminous coal was dried from 26 to 16 pct moisture and the heating value was upgraded from 8,420 to 9,650 Btu/lb. The lignite was dried from 39 to 22 pct moisture and its heating value was increased from 6,420 to 8,300 Btu/lb. Before loading, subbituminous coal was cooled at 115 exp 0 F and sprayed with oil at a rate of from 2 to 6 gal/ton. Similarly, lignite was cooled to 85 exp 0 F and oil sprayed at rates of from 1 to 2 gal/ton. The subbituminous coal was subjected to 2 inches of rain during transit with no change in average moisture content. The cars containing dried and oil treated coal had less material lost to wind than either cars containing raw or untreated dried coal. With both dried lignite and subbituminous shipments, a moderate increase in temperature was measured during transit. With the subbituminous shipments, ignition occurred near poorly fitted bottom dump doors, but was limited to a very small area. The dried lignite was shipped when ambient temperatures were below freezing, and frozen coal was noted around the edge of the car. At Grand Forks, the coal was stockpiled using proven techniques and has remained stable to this date. (ERA citation 01:022577)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/63546</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AVAILABILITY OF POTENTIAL COAL SUPPLY THROUGH 1985 BY QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/63411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to determine the availability of uncommitted low-sulfur coal in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness of production and uncommitted recoverable coal which is potentially available for production. The effects on coal availability of manpower, equipment, availability, economics, ownership, and regulations are considered implicitly by virtue of the responses received in the market survey.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/63411</guid>
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      <title>PERFORMANCE OF LIGNITE AND SUBBITUMINOUS FLY ASH IN CONCRETE - A PROGRESS REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vast reserves of subbituminous and lignite coal will be used in power production in the United States in the years to come. A byproduct, fly ash, collected from the flue gases of coal burning powerplants will be produced in large quantities. Since bituminous coal fly ash has been used in concrete to considerable advantage for several years now, it is quite likely that similar use could be made of lignite and subbituminous coal fly ashes. If so, this material could provide a plentiful supply of a potentially low cost cementing medium for use with portland cement in concrete. Fly ashes were obtained from five Western United States powerplants. A complete chemical and physical analysis of each lignite and subbituminous ash was made and none were found to meet all requirements for a Class F pozzolan according to Federal Specification SS-P-570B. Concrete mixes were made with 15 and 25 percent replacement of cement, by weight, with these fly ashes, and compared to a mix containing no fly ash and to mixes containing 15 and 25 percent replacement of fly ash meeting the requirements for a Class F pozzolan. The resulting hardened concrete was found to have adequate compressive strength, reduced drying shrinkage, and satisfactory freeze-thaw durability, but, in some cases, drastically reduced resistance to sulfate attack.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 04 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42678</guid>
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      <title>LOW SULPHUR COAL: A REVISION OF RESERVE AND SUPPLY ESTIMATES. APPENDIX C</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30708</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventionally, the definition of low sulfur coal, on which traditional reserve and supply estimates are based, depends only on the weight of sulfur in a ton of coal. The Btu content of the coal is not considered. Coal purchases and SO2 regulations are based on Btu content. A recalculation of reserve estimates of low sulfur coal on a utility average Btu basis reduces traditional U.S. estimates by over 75 percent and Western estimates by almost 85 percent. When calculated on a Btu basis, maximizing low sulfur coal production results in a supply shortage by 1985. The policy implications for an increased dependence on domestic coal include increased cleaning of high sulfur coal and export limitations on low sulfur coal in the short-term. In the mid-term, large capital expenditures in R and D and processes which reduce or eliminate the sulfur content are required. These include stack gas scrubbing, gasification and liquefication. For the consumer, some of these costs can be offset by the elimination of the transportation charge differential between local high sulfur coal and coal from Wyoming, Colorado and Montana.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30708</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SHORT-TERM COAL FORECAST, 1975-1980</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides estimates of bituminous coal and lignite production, consumption and end-of-year stocks for 1975 through 1980. The report discusses the approach and data base used to develop the projections of 1975-1980 production, consumption and stock levels; estimates the price impacts of these projections; and discusses the uncertainties and sensitivities inherent in the projections. Appendices contain regional breakdowns of the 1975-1980 supply and demand projections; an analysis of why increases in coal production capacity are likely to be insufficient to meet the requirements of new coal-fired electrical generation capacity; a list of coal quality characteristics of the supply regions developed for Project Independence; and an analysis of short-term coal production responses to any change in spot market coal prices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30738</guid>
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