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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>The Solent Strait: Water quality trends within a heavily trafficked marine environment, 2000 to 2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents an important long-term historical analysis of water quality in an internationally crucial waterway (the Solent, Hampshire, UK), in the context of increasing adoption of open-loop Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems by shipping. The pollutants studied were acidification (pH), zinc, and benzo [a] pyrene, alongside temperature. The authors compared baseline sites to locations likely to be impacted by pollution. The Solent's average water temperature is slightly increasing, with temperatures at wastewater sites significantly higher. Acidification suggests a complex story, with a highly significant small overall increase in pH during the study period but significantly different values at wastewater and port sites. Zn concentrations have significantly reduced but increased in enclosed waters such as marinas. BaP showed no long-term trend with values at marinas significantly and consistently higher. The findings provide valuable long-term background data and insights that can feed into the upcoming review of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive and ongoing discussions about the regulation of, and future monitoring and management strategies for coastal/marine waterways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 14:46:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementation Challenges for Marine Strategy
Framework Directive in the Republic of Croatia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1719467</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Marine Strategy Framework Directive adopted in 2008 aims to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of the EU’s marine waters by 2020 and to protect the resource base upon which marinerelated economic and social activities depend. To that end each Member State is required to develop its Marine Strategy, keep it up-to-date and have it reviewed every 6 years. The Republic of Croatia has by mid-2019 not adopted its national strategic document. The paper analyses the chronology, content of EU official country reports on marine environment, possible obstacles in adoption procedure and presents proposal for more efficient approach to protecting the Adriatic Sea. Marine spatial planning is also considered key instrument for managing the conflicts resulting from the increasing utilization and industrialization of the world’s seas and oceans. The process of national marine policy adoption should be made more clear and transparent to general public which is at the same time the public concerned, and to expert community. Strategic vision can only be built on knowledge, education and awareness of wider public.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2020 09:19:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1719467</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Maritime security strategies from a Gender Perspective: Implications for United Nations SDG 5 implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672792</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime security strategies and their associated action plans are instruments that guide the policies and directives of states and international organizations in the maritime sector. This directly impacts the empowerment of women and how the discriminations they are subject to, including violence and exploitation, are addressed. However, a gender perspective of such instruments has not yet been used to analyse these policies.Within this context, this paper looks at the Spanish National Maritime Security Strategy and the European Union Maritime Security Strategy from a gender perspective as a case study. Both are examined from a three-pronged approach that aims to determine the implications for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5.1, 5.2 and 5 C. The first analysis concentrates on their texts and action plans. Since both are sectoral strategies focused specifically on maritime security, but interplay with security strategies of a more generalized scope, the relationship with the Spanish National Security Strategy and the Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy is also assessed. Furthermore, the gender dimension of additional maritime security strategies is considered within the European Union and other regional areas in order to have a comparative vision. This work concludes by offering a means of incorporating or improving a gendered perspective in future versions of the Spanish and European maritime security strategies, which can also be applied across different maritime security strategies worldwide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2020 09:25:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672792</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ambient noise dynamics in a heavy shipping area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524204</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The management of underwater noise within the European Union's waters is a significant component (Descriptor 11) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The indicator related to continuous noise, is the noise levels in two one-third octave bands centered at 63Hz and 125Hz. This paper presents an analysis of underwater noise in the Celtic Sea, a heavy shipping area which also hosts the seasonal Ushant thermal front. In addition to the MSFD recommended frequency bands, the analysis was extended to lower and upper frequency bands. Temporal and spatial variations as well as the influence of the properties of the water column on the noise levels were assessed. The noise levels in the area had a high dynamic range and generally exceeded 100dB re 1muPa. Finally, the results highlighted that oceanic mooring must be designed to minimize the pseudo-noise and consider the water column physical properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:04:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524204</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative Analysis of Bus Holding Control Strategies with the Effect of Schedule Recovery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the absence of control strategies, headway fluctuation and bus bunching are commonly observed in transit operation due to the stochastic attributes such as travel time and passenger demand. Existing research on real-time control largely focused on developing operational tactics to maintain bus arrival regularity at stops without fully considering driving behaviour. This paper investigates the effect of the commonly employed but so far neglected characteristic of driving behaviour, i.e., schedule recovery, on bus holding control strategies, in which drivers would devote their efforts to catch up with schedule in case of delay. To this end, this paper first propose a bus propagation model with capacity constraint to calculate the evolution of bus trajectories along a fixed route. It proceeds to explicitly incorporate both holding control actions and schedule recovery effect into the bus propagation model. Schedule- (SH) and headway-based holding (HH) control strategies are compared under various operating settings in the context of schedule recovery. Results show that HH outperforms SH when the slack ratio is larger than a threshold, and SH generally benefits more from schedule recovery than HH.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2018 10:44:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aviation Market Development Prospects in Europe in light of the European Aviation Strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482930</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European aviation market is subject to serious transformations. There are extremely diffi cult tasks to be accomplished by the regulators, who have to constantly monitor changes occurring on the internal as well as external EU market and make their actions properly oriented so as to allow for the most optimal and sustainable development. The announcement of the European Aviation Strategy at the end of 2015 is undoubtedly an important event on the aviation market in Europe indicating the directions of regulatory policy of the EU institutions in the years to come. The article makes an attempt to analyse and evaluate the impact of the strategy regulations on the development of the EU aviation market entities and the competitiveness of the entire European aviation. The authors claim that the construction of a coherent strategy is a prerequisite for the implementation of the appropriate and adequate regulations stimulating the market development, and at the same time protecting all its participants against the activities which may lead to non-optimal allocation of resources and violation of safety and competition rules.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 2017 10:18:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482930</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximizing airborne delay at no extra fuel cost by means of linear holding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1473693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces a linear holding strategy based on prior works on cruise speed reduction, aimed at performing airborne delay at no extra fuel cost, as a complementary strategy to current ground and airborne holding strategies. Firstly, the equivalent speed concept is extended to climb and descent phases through an analysis of fuel consumption and speed from aircraft performance data. This gives an insight of the feasibility to implement the concept, differentiating the case where the cruise flight level initially requested is kept and the case where it can be changed before departure in order to maximize the linear holding time. Illustrative examples are given, where typical flights are simulated using an optimal trajectory generation tool where linear holding is maximized while keeping constant the initially planned fuel. Finally, the effects of linear holding are thoroughly assessed in terms of the vertical trajectory profiles, range of feasible speed intervals and trade-offs between fuel and time. Results show that the airborne delay increases significantly with nearly 3-fold time for short-haul flights and 2-fold for mid-hauls to the cases in prior works.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jul 2017 09:21:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1473693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Differential Evolution Approach to Calculate Optimal Ramp Metering Rates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ramp metering is a very popular and effective way to prevent traffic congestion on freeways. Many different control strategies depending on the traffic characteristics and/or features of the freeway were implemented. Whatever strategy is used, it must be effective not only in terms of preventing traffic breakdowns or supporting recovery from congestion, but also of the simplicity of solving the mathematical problem underlying the control strategy. The paper introduces DERMS – an approach for a coordinated ramp metering control strategy based on solving a non-linear optimization problem. The solution of the described problem was found using the Differential Evolution strategy giving a global optimum for non-linear and non-differentiable or multimodal functions. Numerical experiments were made using data from a freeway section in Germany operated by a ramp metering system. The results proved the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with local ramp metering strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jun 2017 11:40:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-Time Bus-Holding Control Strategy to Reduce Passenger Waiting Time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents research on a real-time bus-holding control strategy that minimizes passenger waiting time. This bus-holding strategy forces buses to hold at stations for a while after a passenger exchange is finished. A mathematical model is proposed to determine the optimal holding time. Both onboard and on-station passenger waiting times have been taken into account. Given the real-time nature of the problem, a heuristic method based on gradient descent algorithms was developed. The proposed control strategy was evaluated by using data derived from a shuttle bus rapid transit (BRT) line in the city of Mashhad, Iran. The BRT line was simulated and calibrated by available empirical and real-time data from the automatic vehicle location and automatic passenger counting systems. The results indicate that the proposed bus-holding strategy reduces total passenger waiting time by 8.65%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2017 15:31:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing robust schedule coordination scheme for transit networks with safety control margins</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1426809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors propose a robust schedule coordination scheme which combines timetable planning with a semi-flexible departure delayed control strategy in case of disruptions. The flexibility is provided by allowing holding for the late incoming bus within a safety control margin (SCM). In this way, the stochastic travel time is addressed by the integration of real-time control and slacks at the planning phase. The schedule coordination problem then jointly optimises the planning headways and slack times in the timetable subject to SCM. Analytical formulations of cost functions are derived for three types of operating modes: uncoordinated operation, departure punctual control and departure delayed control. The problem is formulated as a stochastic mixed integer programming model and solved by a branch-and-bound algorithm. Numerical results provide an insight into the interaction between SCM and slack times, and demonstrate that the proposed model leads to cost saving and higher efficiency when SCM is considered. Compared to the conventional operating modes, the proposed method also presents advantages in transfer reliability and robustness to delay and demand variation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Oct 2016 14:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1426809</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantification of biasing effects during fatigue tests on asphalt mixes: non-linearity, self-heating and thixotropy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various phenomena other than fatigue (so-called “biasing effects”) occur during laboratory fatigue tests on asphalt mixes because of cyclic loading applications, thus altering experimental results and leading to misleading conclusions. The purpose of the study is to isolate and quantify biasing effects, therefore isolating real fatigue damage. In particular, non-linearity, self-heating and thixotropy (defined as a recoverable viscosity reduction after shear application) were evaluated. Six different mixes were produced using three distinct asphalt binders. Tests were performed in tension/compression mode on cylindrical samples. A particular test procedure was followed, consisting of two parts. In the first part, complex modulus measurements were performed at temperatures from 8°C to 14°C and strain amplitudes from 50 to 110 µm/m, at 10 Hz. Regression equations were fitted in order to evaluate variations of norm of complex modulus and phase angle caused by temperature and strain-level changes around common fatigue test conditions (10°C, 100 µm/m). In the second part of the test, five partial fatigue tests (each one consisting of 100,000 cycles at a 100 µm/m strain amplitude) were performed at 10°C, 10 Hz. After each fatigue lag, a 24 hour rest period was imposed. During rest periods, short complex modulus measurements were performed (10°C, 10 Hz) in order to monitor the recovery of mechanical properties. Surface and internal temperature of samples were constantly measured throughout the entire test, in order to monitor self-heating due to repeated loading. A significant temperature increase was observed during each fatigue lag, while, during rest periods, temperature rapidly decreased to the initial value. Self-heating was observed to be correlated to viscoelastic energy dissipation. The procedure used in the study allowed quantitatively estimating biasing effects. Therefore, unrecovered mechanical properties, due to damage accumulation, were obtained. Ninety per cent of total complex modulus and phase angle variations observed during each fatigue lag were found to be completely reversible. Non-linearity and thixotropy appear to influence mechanical properties variations more importantly than self-heating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2016 15:05:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-time holding control for high-frequency transit with dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1378445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Operations control is an important means of improving service quality for high-frequency transit. Past research on real-time control has focused on developing and evaluating the effectiveness of different control strategies, largely relying on running times and demand which are assumed to be static. The authors formulate a mathematical model for holding control optimization that reflects dynamic running times and demand. The model can be used to produce a plan of holding times that accounts not only for the current state of the system, but also for expected changes in running times and demand. The authors evaluate the effectiveness of the model within a simulation environment. The results show that control based on dynamic inputs outperforms its static equivalent in high demand cases where passengers can be left behind at stops, and to a lesser extent in low to moderate demand cases with time-varying running times.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2016 15:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1378445</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimising energy consumption in urban rail systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The EU-funded Optimal Strategy to Innovate and Reduce energy consumption In urban Rail Systems (OSIRIS) is a three-year research and development project. They have been looking for operational and technical innovations that can help to cut urban railway operations' energy consumption between now and 2020 by 10%, as explained in this article.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2015 09:48:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing the number and location of time point stops</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport service is subject to multiple sources of uncertainty that impact its reliability. Holding control strategies are a common method to prevent the deterioration of service reliability along the route. This paper expands on previous studies by considering the general case of determining both the optimal number and optimal location of the time point stops (TPS) where holding takes place, and assessing their impacts on transit performance using simulation. Holding times are determined based on a real-time headway-based holding strategy designed to improve service regularity by seeking uniform headways along the route. The evaluation of the performance of alternative TPS layouts is simulation-based, using BusMezzo, a transit operations simulation model which models the dynamic performance of bus transit systems. The proposed framework also considers the multiple objectives incorporating passenger and operator points of view. The simulation-based optimization framework was applied in a case study with one of the premium bus lines in Stockholm, Sweden, using two solution methods—greedy and genetic algorithms. A multi-objective evaluation was conducted considering both passenger and operator perspectives. The results demonstrate that transit performance varies considerably with alternative TPS layouts. The best solution obtained by the proposed methodology reduces total weighted passenger journey times and cycle times compared to both the current layout and the case of no holding control. The proposed method could assist transit agencies and operators in evaluating and recommending alternative time point layouts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2014 15:49:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329415</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling Escort Travel in the West Midlands Region of the UK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1288948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most tour-based models do not represent escort travel separately. However, escort travel can account for 10% of trips, a fraction that has been growing in recent years. This paper describes how escort  travel can be reflected in a tour-based model; the authors illustrate this through an application in the updated  PRISM (Policy Responsive Integrated Strategy Model) model for the West Midlands region of the UK.  School escort and other escort travel were recorded separately in the household interviews  used to develop the new model, and interviewers were carefully briefed to ensure escort travel was  recorded properly. Analysis of the West Midlands data demonstrates that escort travel is dominated by  school escort travel, and consequently most escort travel is made at the start and end of the school  day. Adults in households with children are more likely to make two school escort tours on a given  school day than one, and this needs to be taken into account when modelling school escort frequency.  As well as tours made purely to escort another household member, escort movements made as a  detour during another tour are important, with more than half of outward detours made to escort. Thus  to model escort travel properly within a tour-based framework, both escort tours and escort detours  should be represented.  The tour-based modelling approach describes in this paper could be improved further by  moving fully to an activity-based approach. The paper reviews some of the literature in this area and  describes how these approaches would be applied to modelling escort travel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2014 10:13:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1288948</guid>
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