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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Behavior of double-edge-notched specimens made of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites subject to direct tensile loading with high strain rates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Strain rate effects on the tensile strength and fracture energies, including specific work-to-fracture, fracture energy and the entire fracture energy, of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) were investigated. The tensile strength and entire fracture energy of HPFRCCs were clearly affected by loading rates: HPFRCCs produced enhanced tensile strength and entire fracture energy at higher strain rates, albeit the enhancements were different according to fiber type, fiber volume content and matrix type. Twisted fibers, except in the case of 1.5%, generally produced a higher tensile strength and entire fracture energy than hooked fibers. Twisted fibers also produced a higher rate of sensitivity on tensile strength, but lower sensitivity on entire fracture energy. The specific work-to-fracture was more sensitive to strain rates than the fracture energy. The different rates of sensitivity between specific work-to-fracture and fracture energy are based on the different fiber bridging mechanisms in the hardening and softening stages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2015 08:24:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373228</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tensile Rate Effects in High Strength-High Ductility Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1361951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers at the University of Michigan have recently developed a new class of concrete, named High Strength-High Ductility Concrete (HSHDC), which possesses exceptional combination of compressive strength (> 150 MPa) and tensile ductility (> 3%) under quasi-static loads. The structural applications of HSHDC for withstanding extreme events, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, impacts, and blasts, require an understanding of its dynamic behavior at high strain rates. This research experimentally investigates the effects of strain rate (from 10ˉ⁴/s to 10/s) on the composite tensile properties and the micro-scale fiber/matrix interaction properties of HSHDC. A micromechanics-based scale-linking model is used to analytically explain the composite-scale rate effects based on the micro-scale rate effects. Due to the unique interactions between the polyethylene fibers and densely packed ultra-high strength matrix of HSHDC, novel rate effects are revealed, which are expected to be foundational for the future development of this class of material for improving infrastructure resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2015 21:44:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1361951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acquisition of Uniaxial Shaking Table for Dynamic Testing of Structural Elements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims at the acquisition of a uniaxial shaking table for the dynamic testing of structural elements. The new shaking table has a 5 x 5 platform, +/- 6 in. stroke, and 10 ton payload. Several on-going projects will benefit from using the new shaking table. These projects were planned to be carried out using static cyclic testing. However, static cyclic testing does not necessarily reflect the true behavior of a structural element under earthquake ground motion. Static cyclic testing has several limitations including determination of damping characteristics and strain rate effects. Both of them are essential characteristics to investigate the dynamic behavior of structural elements. The on-going projects that will benefit from the new shaking table focus on the development of several types of innovative and sustainable structural elements that can sustain damage due to earthquake ground motions as well as accelerate bridge systems. Moreover, the tested elements will be monitored using innovative sensors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2014 11:00:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the Impact Force and Energy Transformation in Ship-Bridge Collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1136900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using ship-bridge collision as an example, this article studies how the wave propagation and the dynamic behavior of materials influence the impact force and energy transformation from the impact dynamics view-point. By using a new flexible, energy-dissipating crashworthy device developed by the authors, both the impact force and energy transformed can be markedly reduced to protect both bridge and ship. In the studies of dynamic response of structures under impact loading two dynamic effects should be taken into consideration. These two effects are inertia effect and the strain rate effect. The study of inertia effect results in analyses of wave propagation in various forms. The study of strain rate effect has prompted the research of all kinds of nonlinear rate-dependent constitutive relations and failure criteria. The two dynamic effects should be taken into the account in the analyses of impact force and dynamic energy absorption/transformation of structures under impact loading such as those that take place during ship-bridge collisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2012 07:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1136900</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Demand of Bridge Structure Subjected to Vessel Impact Using Simplified Interaction Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1088369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Assessing the dynamic demand using general-purpose finite-element codes is not only low in efficiency, but also unaccepted in practical application due to the complicated nonlinear dynamical behaviors of vessel-bridge collision. In this paper, an alternative simplified interaction model is presented to evaluate the dynamic demand of bridge structure under vessel impact efficiently. In this method, ship motion is regarded as the motion of single degree of freedom, and ship-bow is modeled by a nonlinear spring element (only compression) connected to bridge structure. A quasi-static method is employed to obtain the nonlinear static relationships between impact forces and crush depths of ship-bow, and the effect of the height of pile cap is discussed. Based on two different approaches, the influence of strain-rate effect on impact force is taken into account to obtain the corresponding dynamic crush curves, which are developed for the proposed interaction model. Results show that the dynamic responses of bridge structures using the simplified interaction models are in good agreement with the general-purpose collision analyses, while the former computation efficiency is improved obviously.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jan 2011 13:03:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1088369</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Explosion and Fire Analysis of Steel Frames Using Mixed Element Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/757221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a mixed element approach for analyzing steel frame structures subjected to a localized explosion and followed by fire. Critical members that are subjected to direct action of explosion and fire are modeled using shell elements. Noncritical members that are away from the affected area are modeled using beam elements. The proposed approach is computationally efficient for modeling large-scale structures and accurate enough to capture detailed behavior of member inelasticity and instability associated with the effects of blast and fires. Section classification may change from static load to blast load because of the enhanced yield strength due to high strain rate. The beam element approach is found to overpredict the overall resistance of steel frame structures if local deformation of cross section occurred after the blast loads. Detailed finite element modeling of critical frame members is necessary to improve the accuracy of predicting the ultimate resistance of structures. The proposed approach is applied to study the ultimate behaviors of a steel column and a three-story steel frame under explosion and fire.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jun 2005 12:38:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/757221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling Bird Impacts on an Aircraft Wing - Part 1: Material Modeling of the Fibre Metal Laminate Leading Edge Material With Continuum Damage Mechanics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/756861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Glass-based FML may be a suitable material for aircraft parts likely to be subjected to high velocity impacts from objects such as runway debris or birds.  This article reports on a research study undertaken to examine the performance of a glass-based fiber metal laminates (FML) leading edge structure, and to develop analytical tools capable of predicting the structural response of such as structure to a bird strike.  This article is the first in a two-part series reporting on this research.  In this part, the authors describe the development of a material model for the FML, based on a recently implemented continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model and capturing its strain rate dependency.  Results from the model are compared with experimental results on FML at variable strain rates and the model is shown to be capable of capturing most of the complex strain rate dependent behavior exhibited by these materials.  The authors conclude that, considering the incomplete data available for the individual constituents of the FML (particularly the glass layers), the agreement between the simulations and experiments is very good.  They note particularly the capturing of the complex failure process in the quasi-static 0 degree FML tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2005 12:40:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/756861</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling Bird Impacts on an Aircraft Wing - Part 2: Modelling the Impact With an SPH Bird Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/756862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Glass-based FML may be a suitable material for aircraft parts likely to be subjected to high velocity impacts from objects such as runway debris or birds.  This article reports on a research study undertaken to examine the performance of a glass-based fiber metal laminates (FML) leading edge structure, and to develop analytical tools capable of predicting the structural response of such as structure to a bird strike.  This article is the second in a two-part series reporting on this research.  In this part, the authors report on the development of a finite element model, used to simulate the bird strike tests.  The model uses smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for modeling the bird and the material model developed in Part 1 of the paper for modeling the leading edge skin.  The authors conclude that the pre-test models were successful in providing predictive capability, with the strain-rate dependent continuum damage mechanics model used for the FML skin successfully predicting the behavior of the skins, despite the amount of input data that was not available (and thus had to be estimated).  However, the models incorrectly predicted that rivet failures occurred in the two outer ribs and also underestimated the amount of skin deformation.  The two FML leading edge structures performed well, successfully absorbing the energy of the bird impact without penetration of the skin.  In addition, the SPH method was very effective for modeling bird strikes on these structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2005 12:40:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/756862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TIME-DEPENDENT STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF SOFT HONG KONG MARINE DEPOSITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/677608</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In soils, time effects on their stress-strain behavior are common features, especially in clayey soils.  One type of time dependent phenomena is caused by the inherent viscous characteristics of the soil.  This paper reports the results of an investigation of the time-dependent stress-strain behavior of Hong Kong marine deposits.  Three types of triaxial tests were conducted under both compression and extension states.  The first was the conventional undrained shear test at different strain rates ranging from 0.0025 to 0.25% per minute.  The second type was the stress relaxation test.  The last type was the undrained creep test.  One order increment of logarithmic strain rate caused about a 5 to 9% increase of undrained shear strength.  In stress relaxation tests, the pore-water pressure increase was about 10% of the consolidation pressure under extension states.  A power law equation was presented to calculate the decay of the deviator stress in relaxation.  In multi-stage triaxial creep tests, the log (strain rate)-log (time) relationship of the lower stress level was linear.  The slopes of these lines were dependent on current deviator stress as well as stress history.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Apr 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/677608</guid>
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