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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Strategic planning of photovoltaic noise barrier-integrated energy stations: A multi-criteria spatial optimization framework for sustainable transport infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a method to apply multi-source data to photovoltaic noise barrier-integrated energy station (PVNB-IES) deployment in cities. We systematically evaluate the supply-demand balance using multi-source spatial data: (1) Supply potential combines building development density, sound insulation requirements and solar radiation distribution maps to quantify photovoltaic generation capacity across road segments; (2) Demand forecasts characterize the built environment, points of interest, population and settlements, and are validated by fusion metrics from field observations and GPS trajectories of 385 road sections. An explainable GW-XGBoost model (test R² = 0.445) identifies residence, population, subway station, house price, and restaurant as key demand determinants; (3) Spatial matching via Voronoi diagrams reveals three supply-demand scenarios: resource-limited stable type (30.3%), high-potential balanced type (30.3%), and demand-dominant solar rich type (39.4%) zones. This data-driven approach advances sustainable urban planning by enabling co-location of noise control infrastructure with optimized renewable energy deployment, offering actionable insights for PVNB-IES site selection and operation strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 10:44:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A post-disaster emergency logistics location-routing optimization method considering road risks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sudden natural disasters pose significant threats to lives, property, and infrastructure, underscoring the critical need to determine optimal locations for emergency reserve depots and plan efficient transportation routes. Therefore, this paper focuses on the location-routing optimization in emergency logistics following a disaster. In addition to the traditional considerations of rescue time and cost, we propose a novel approach that incorporates risk factors of transportation routes. The aim is to avoid secondary disasters during transport and improve rescue efficiency. Using the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as a case, results show the hybrid machine learning CPSO-XGBoost approach employed as our road segment risk identification model achieves 0.9668 accuracy. Compared to NSGA-II, the improved ACONSGA-II algorithm shows superior optimization capability. Unlike traditional emergency location-routing models that overlook road risks, the proposed approach identifies safer location-routing solutions for material transport while maintaining rescue time and cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 17:04:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEEFO: A Lightweight Cryptographic Trinity for Robust UAV Communication Security</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) communication systems face significant security issues due to stringent computational limitations and real-time operational demands. Conventional cryptography methods such as RSA and standard Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) entail computing demands that are incompatible with resource-constrained UAV platforms. We introduce HEEFO, an innovative lightweight cryptographic system that seamlessly combines Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography (HECC), Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEFO), and Blockchain technology to mitigate these limitations. Our Hybrid AES-HECC method produces a 15 ×  faster key generation as compared to standard ECC with the same level of 80-bit security. The EEFO algorithm optimizes cryptographic key lengths with 7 ×  and 6.5 ×  speedup over Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), reducing memory consumption by 15%. Blockchain integration guarantees unalterable authentication records with the ability for dynamic key rotation. Thorough security validation by Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) formal verification and attack simulations demonstrates 100 % resistance against man-in-the-middle, tampering, counterfeiting, and brute-force assaults. The performance study indicates enhanced efficiency, with energy consumption at 20.3 mJ and communication overhead at 1472 bits, reflecting a 13–55% improvement compared to current authentication techniques. Real-world validation of the UAV testbed during a 5-hour test demonstrated that the system achieved success rates between 94 and 100 %, throughput of 17 to 23 messages per second, and optimal use of resources (CPU: 20–40 %, RAM: 25–35%) which resulted in only a 5.5 % loss of flight time. This research is intended to provide practical methods for using lightweight cryptography on resource-constrained UAV networks to enable secure communication in real-time without degrading operational performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 17:11:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coordinated thermal–energy management for battery energy storage systems in hybrid electric vehicles: Architecture, modeling, control strategies, and engineering validation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) can reduce fuel use and emissions, but coordinated thermal–energy management is increasingly constrained by the traction battery, whose feasibility depends on state-of-charge (SoC) bounds, temperature-dependent power capability, and charge acceptance under auxiliary thermal loads. Many studies still treat the thermal management system (TMS) and energy management system (EMS) separately, which weakens simultaneous achievement of fuel economy, emissions compliance, comfort, and storage durability under real-world variability. This review summarizes coordinated TMS–EMS strategies from a battery-energy-storage-centric perspective. Battery-relevant thermal paths and their interactions with power split and SoC regulation are first clarified, including links to power electronics, waste-heat utilization, and cabin HVAC or heat pumps that reshape recuperation effectiveness and operating margins. Representative control families are then compared in terms of constraint enforcement and deployability, covering rule-based supervision, optimization-based methods (DP and ECMS), receding-horizon MPC, and learning-based control. Finally, engineering gaps and research needs are discussed, including electro–thermal–ageing modeling across time scales, online computational budgeting, and validation through model-in-the-loop (MiL), software-in-the-loop (SiL), hardware-in-the-loop (HiL), and vehicle–cloud co-simulation. Storage-centric benchmarking and charging-aware thermal preconditioning are highlighted as practical directions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694632</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of roof stability in ultra-large LNG storage tanks based on field measurements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To ensure an accurate assessment of the stability of the steel roof during construction of ultra-large LNG storage tanks, real-time monitoring throughout the entire concrete roof pouring process of the world's largest 270,000 cubic meter LNG storage tank was implemented. A computational model for the stability of the steel roof during construction course was established, and the influence of time interval between pours, the holding pressure, and the volume of concrete poured on the stability of the steel roof were studied. The results show that the stability of the steel roof can be enhanced significantly by increasing the time interval between pours within the first eight days after each pouring. Increasing the holding pressure can improve the stability of the steel roof, with more significant effects observed when the time interval between pours is shorter. The volume of concrete poured plays a critical role in structural stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 17:04:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing safety and resilience of ageing land-based LNG Tank structures through digital healthcare engineering: a feasibility assessment in seismic environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a critical energy source in modern times, with storage tanks strategically located in coastal regions for efficient sea transport. However, these vital infrastructures face dual threats: rare but severe natural disasters and age-related degradation. Such vulnerabilities can result in catastrophic events, including fires and explosions. To proactively address these challenges, digital healthcare engineering (DHE) provides a framework for continuous monitoring and maintenance. This paper offers a comprehensive review of key DHE technologies relevant to ageing land-based LNG storage tanks, with a particular focus on enhancing seismic resilience. Additionally, it presents a feasibility study on implementing a DHE system for a 160,000 m³ LNG storage tank during seismic events, underscoring the importance of proactive safety measures against evolving environmental and operational risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 17:04:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elucidating Internal Explosion Dynamics in Lithium-Ion Batteries: From Experimental Analysis to Theoretical Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The explosion risk inherent in high-energy-density and large-scale batteries remains a significant barrier to their widespread deployment in energy storage and transportation systems. Within an individual cell, thermal runaway generates both solid and gaseous reaction fronts, the dynamic behaviors of which have been partially characterized in prior studies. The rapid propagation of these thermal runaway fronts through narrow gas channels between electrodes can trigger internal explosions. This study develops a comprehensive mathematical model to describe the internal dynamics of batteries during thermal runaway, derived from experimental observations and quantitative data, to establish boundary conditions for explosion initiation. Explosion phenomena were systematically examined in various types of cells, with experimentally measured gas explosion limits ranging from approximately 5.39% to 47.5%. By drawing an analogy with the deflagration-to-detonation transition, a hypothesis of thermal runaway front-induced detonation was proposed and mathematically formulated. A velocity expression for the thermal runaway gas front was derived, showing that its propagation speed is material-dependent—directly proportional to the gas generation rate and the velocity of the solid front, and inversely proportional to the width of the gas channel. Based on this formulation, boundary conditions for internal detonation were established. For high-energy-density and large-format batteries, the calculated Mach numbers of the solid front, gas front, and exhaust gas at the safety valve may exceed 1, indicating the potential for detonation. These results confirm the feasibility of internal detonation and provide a quantitative criterion for evaluating explosion risks. The proposed framework is applicable to various battery chemistries and offers theoretical guidance for the safety design of next generation high energy batteries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Energy Efficient Solutions for Hydrogen Powered Vessels: RESHIP Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESHIP (Redefine energy Efficiency solutions for hydrogen powered SHIPs in maritime and inland transport) project funded under the Horizon Europe programme aims to redefine energy efficiency for using hydrogen for ships with disruptive technologies in Energy Saving Devices (ESDs) and onboard hydrogen system for a seamless transition towards zero-emission. The project focuses on two key technologies, the Tubercle Assisted Propulsors (TAPs) and the liquid inorganic hydrogen carrier, HydroSil. TAPs technology is based on a novel and generic biomimetic passive flow control mechanism inspired by humpback whales, which have small bumps on their pectoral fins known as leading-edge (LE) tubercles. The research shows an improvement in the propeller efficiency, constrain the cavitation development and reduce the underwater noise level. HydroSil is an innovative patented liquid inorganic hydrogen carrier with a long storage life, stable, non-toxic, non-explosive and non-dangerous. This highly energy-efficient hydrogen carrier makes the solution cost-effective, with up to 40% savings due to the reduction in capital and operational expenditure. Combining the features of the above two technologies, RESHIP aims to develop a prototype to be trialled at sea using the project target vessel, the Fortuna Crane, owned and operated by O.S. Energy. The project will analyse the results and reflect on the wider applications for sea-going and inland vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unleashing the Potential: Analyzing Modularity Aspects for a 40-Ton Fuel-Cell Powered Long Haul Truck</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This abstract presents a concise analysis of the modularity aspects associated with the 40-ton fuel-cell-powered long-haul truck. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential benefits and challenges of modular design in fuel cell-powered heavy-duty vehicles. The integration of fuel cell technology in heavy-duty trucks offers promising potential for decarbonizing the transportation sector and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. However, achieving efficient and cost-effective deployment of fuel cell-powered long-haul trucks require careful consideration of modularity aspects. This study examines the key modularity aspects specific to a 40-ton truck with a full fuel cell-driven propulsion system. The analysis encompasses various components, including the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell modules, hydrogen storage tanks, and battery system. Outlined high-level requirements, presented challenges, suggested strategies, and envisaged future directions are pinpointed as the principal outputs of this paper, establishing a coherent framework and pragmatic insights for fortifying the modularity and standardization in electric freight transport systems. The discoveries underscore the merits of a modular design in its scalability and adaptability, offering capabilities to modulate the power output of the fuel cell system and the hydrogen storage capacity, thus customizing the truck’s performance to adhere to particular operational demands, while also promoting simplified maintenance and component substitution, culminating in reduced downtime and elevated availability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies for Waterborne Transport Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrochemical energy storage technologies play a key role in wide adoption of electric waterborne transport systems. Currently, lithium-ion (Li-ion) is the leading battery technology in electric and hybrid maritime applications. However, specific operational requirements such as power peaks and long sailing distances remain a concern with respect to typical Li-ion batteries, mainly due to the limitations in terms of energy and power density as well as safety. While batteries used in most of marine applications are based on established Li-ion technologies, other mature storage technologies such as supercapacitors could be suitable for waterborne applications. Additionally, the next generation battery technologies such as solid-state batteries show promise for addressing some limitations of Li-ion batteries. These alternative technologies have the potential to transform the landscape of electric marine transport systems. Focusing on waterborne transport systems, this paper provides a review and a comparative analysis of common Li-ion batteries. Additionally, the alternative electrochemical energy storage technologies including supercapacitor and solid-state batteries are investigated and compared to Li-ion batteries. This research provides valuable insights into the advancements and prospects of electrochemical energy storage system for waterborne transport systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:11:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of environmental and operational impacts of a delivery system with parcel lockers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many local authorities have enforced vehicle access restrictions to improve air quality and liveability in urban areas, prompting changes in last-mile delivery to increase the sustainability of the system. This paper aims to quantify the environmental and operational efficiency of a delivery system with parcel lockers. We consider a company operating in the Municipality of Padova (Italy), with an heterogeneous fleet and a given subset of lockers. The lockers' demand is estimated, and a traffic simulation model is implemented to evaluate the traffic conditions in the road network. Pollutant emissions generated by freight vehicles were quantified. The distribution problem is modelled as a vehicle routing problem with or without split delivery. Multiple scenarios are tested, considering the quantitative and spatial changes in the lockers to be served. The results show that the split delivery system decreases the generalised cost for the company and the CO₂ emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel High-Efficiency Multisource Inverter for Integrating Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicle Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, a novel multisource inverter (MSI) topology for hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in electric vehicle (EV) applications is proposed. An HESS in EV applications combines battery packs with ultracapacitors (UCs) to enhance the overall performance. This integration leverages the complementary characteristics of both technologies in which batteries provide high energy density for long-range operation, while UCs offer high power density for rapid charging and discharging during acceleration, regenerative braking, and other high-power events. The proposed topology enables the combination of all possible dc sources with fewer semiconductor components, thereby optimizing cost, weight, complexity, and power density due to the elimination of the magnetic elements from the circuit. Hence, an energy management system (EMS) is necessary to manage the energy between dc sources. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MSI topology achieves high efficiency, and the proposed EMS can control the system properly under various operating conditions. The proposed MSI offers higher efficiency in all modes of operations up to 1.85% compared with those existing MSIs that can produce all dc source combinations. Furthermore, the proposed topology can enhance the performance and reliability of the ac side loads by utilizing multiple energy storage sources simultaneously, thus improving energy utilization and reducing the dependence on a single energy source aiming to optimize energy efficiency, extend battery life, improve vehicle performance, and potentially reduce the overall size and cost if the energy storage system in EVs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 14:04:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Necessity of Directional Cross-Linking of SBS in Asphalt Using Sulfur</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658629</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For highway maintenance projects, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt (SBSMA) often requires long-term high-temperature storage (typically 10–15 days at temperatures exceeding 150°C), which imposes stringent demands on its thermal storage stability. The limitations of current improvement strategies necessitate the exploration of new approaches to enhance the compatibility of SBS with asphalt. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed for the first time to investigate the influence of SBS cross-linking patterns on compatibility under high-temperature storage conditions. The study emphasizes the critical role of SBS directional cross-linking, with difference in solubility parameters ranging from –12.4% to 33.8% and interaction energy ranging from –10.2% to 23.7%. Second, this study elucidates the compatibility mechanism through a systematic evaluation of nonbonded energy in asphalt, combined with molecular morphological dynamics and the spatial distribution characteristics of directional cross-linked SBS. Self-cross-linked SBS concentrated in the asphaltene region, increasing the agglomeration of SBS, while SBS cross-linked with asphalt localized in the aggregation region of the aromatic, leading to better stretching of SBS within the asphalt and, consequently, improved compatibility. Among these, SBS cross-linked with the aromatic achieves optimal compatibility, making it a key component for future SBS directional cross-linking. Finally, the validity of the simulation indices and results was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. This study, for the first time to our best knowledge, reveals the compatibility mechanism between SBS and asphalt under multiple cross-linking modes during high-temperature storage, providing a new direction for the directional regulation of SBS cross-linking modes and the improvement of high-temperature storage stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658629</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decentralized off-grid vehicle-to-building (V2B) operation: A reinforcement learning approach for optimal charge–discharge control of energy storage systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660172</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology position electric-vehicle (EV) batteries as mobile energy-storage systems (ESSs), promising a new paradigm for power supply flexibility. However, prevailing centralized V2X operation scenarios and dynamic compensation schemes offer limited economic incentives for EV owners, hindering large-scale adoption. This study proposes a decentralized V2X scenario that treats EV owners as independent economic agents. It introduces a predetermined discharge tariff set at 70% of the contemporaneous time-of-use (ToU) electricity price, thereby offering clear, ex-ante profit expectations for all participants. Participations in V2X transactions are modeled as a time-dependent Poisson process. Within the proposed framework, we formulate an optimal ESS scheduling problem that minimizes the sum of electricity costs and ESS degradation costs for a commercial building equipped with photovoltaic (PV) generation, stationary ESS, and vehicle-to-building (V2B) interfaces. To solve this problem, we develop a world models-based reinforcement learning framework that performs multi-horizon forecasting of PV output and building load, using these forecasts as states to learn an optimal control policy. Compared with benchmark strategies, the proposed approach achieves a total cost reduction of up to 9.65% and attains near-global performance—within 1.57% of the optimality gap from the ideal strategy derived from perfect foresight data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2026 09:24:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660172</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Railway Virtual Power Plant: Synergistic Integration of Grid-Friendly Traction Power System and Markets Into a Sustainable Development Path for Green Railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The relatively poor power quality and low capacity utilization in the existing railway traction power supply systems (TPSSs) are the pain points for the power system and railway sectors. To address this issue, this article proposes a railway virtual power plant (VPP) based on a multiphase flexibly interconnected TPSS (FITPSS) integrated with multiple photovoltaics (PVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). First, the concept of railway VPP is introduced. Then, carbon emission reduction (CER), peak load shifting (PLS), and frequency modulation (FM) regulation modes tailored for this railway VPP are proposed, in order to effectively achieve the multifunctional demand response of an ac electrified railway to the electricity and carbon markets. To adapt to the real-time dispatching requirements of the railway VPP, a rolling scheduling approach is designed, incorporating a composite prediction error (PE) in the system and an adaptive sliding window. To achieve real-time determination of each reference power for controllable devices, the railway VPP scheduling models are developed for the optimal power flow control of the FITPSS. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are verified based on data from an actual electrified railway. A comparative assessment highlights the technical-economic advantages of the proposed strategy over literature methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 13:54:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659169</guid>
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