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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Wide-Baseline Stereo-Based Obstacle Mapping for Unmanned Surface Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a wide-baseline stereo-based static obstacle mapping approach for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). The proposed approach eliminates the complicated calibration work and the bulky rig in the authors' previous binocular stereo system, and raises the ranging ability from 500 to 1000 m with a even larger baseline obtained from the motion of USVs. Integrating a monocular camera with GPS and compass information in this proposed system, the world locations of the detected static obstacles are reconstructed while the USV is traveling, and an obstacle map is then built. To achieve more accurate and robust performance, multiple pairs of frames are leveraged to synthesize the final reconstruction results in a weighting model. Experimental results based on the authors' own dataset demonstrate the high efficiency of their system. To the best of the authors' knowledge, they are the first to address the task of wide-baseline stereo-based obstacle mapping in a maritime environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2018 09:34:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification Needs in Developing, Documenting, and Indexing WSDOT Photographs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/917646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over time, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has accumulated image collections, which document important aspects of the transportation infrastructure in the Pacific Northwest, project status and construction details. These images range from paper photographs to extremely high resolution digital (or digitized) aerial photography, collected by many departments using film cameras, cell phone cameras, digital snapshot cameras, digital SLRs and special purpose geo-encoding stereographic cameras. Due to the diverse collection methods and technologies, as well as the growth of the use of imaging at WSDOT, there are many separate archives of images with multiple incompatible access methods. This assessment identifies the current state of archiving and indexing images at WSDOT, summarizes a survey of key stakeholders in the current system, and recommends next steps toward developing an agency-wide image documentation and access system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 May 2010 16:04:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/917646</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>VISUAL INSPECTION ENHANCEMENT VIA VIRTUAL REALITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/653322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stereo-graphic viewing through Virtual Reality (VR) is proposed as an enhancement technique for visual inspection of structures. By immersing the inspector into a VR environment, 3-D images of defects on structural components can be viewed without losing any depth-related information.  This visual enhancement can be implemented with automated imaging to remotely capture real-time images of the bridge components, and transmit to the Virtual Environment lab for viewing and data analysis.  This paper presents the preliminary study and discusses the potential application of this technique.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 May 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/653322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLAW DEPTH DETERMINATION IN RAILWAY FROGS VIA STEREO-RADIOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will document the use of stereoradiography in an initial feasibility study for frog examination.  Given that increasing demands would be placed on all track components with the use of higher axle loads, it follows that inspection techniques would need to be more reliable, as well as provide additional information about the component being inspected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL BRIDGING WITH THE KELSH STEREOSCOPIC PLOTTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/93398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SECOND ORDER STEREOSCOPIC PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS ARE CAPABLE OF OBTAINING A THEORETICALLY CORRECT SOLUTION OF DOUBLE POINT RESECTION UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS. IT IS POSSIBLE, HYPOTHETICALLY, TO ADAPT THE BASE-IN, BASE-OUT METHOD OF FIRST ORDER OPTICAL TRAIN AERIAL TRIANGULATION INSTRUMENTS TO A KELSH DOUBLE PROJECTION, STEREOSCOPIC PLOTTER AND TO ACHIEVE RESULTS FOR LIMITED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC OPERATIONS. THIS TECHNIQUE FOR TRANSFERRING THE EXTERNAL ORIENTATION OF A CONTROLLED STEREOSCOPIC MODEL TO UNCONTROLLED STEREOSCOPIC MODELS IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SPATIAL RESECTION. TRULY RELIABLE INFORMATION ON COST IS UNAVAILABLE BUT THE MOST IMMEDIATE BENEFIT OF THIS PROCESS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC BRIDGING IN GEORGIA WAS DETERMINATION OF ERRONEOUS FIELD SURVEYED CONTROL. POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF THIS TECHNIQUE IN THE FIELD OF SMALL-SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING, PLANIMETRIC MAPPING, AND HORIZONTAL BRIDGING USING FIELD SURVEYED VERTICAL CONTROL ARE OUTLINED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/93398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISCUSSION OF GRAPHICAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SLOPES IN JOINTED ROCK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/127329</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AUTHOR PRESENTS A VALUABLE METHOD TO ASSESS THE STABILITY OF SLOPES IN JOINTED ROCK MASSES BY THE USE OF THE STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. MR. PANET PRESENTS A PRACTICAL METHOD TO STUDY THE POSSIBILITY AND THE DIRECTION OF SLIDING MOVEMENTS. MR. VORMERINGER PRESENTS RESULTS OF HIS STUDY IN THE CASE OF A ROCK MASSIF LIMITED BY TWO PLANES. THREE PARTICULARITIES OF PLANAR CONSTRUCTION IN A HORIZONTAL PLANE USED BY THE WRITER ARE: (1) WITH THE EXCEPTION OF CONIC SECTIONS MENTIONED AND THE EARTHQUAKE CIRCLES, ALL LINES TO BE PLOTTED ARE STRAIGHT LINES, (2) THE GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS CAN BE ACCOMPAINED BY VERY EASY CHECK COMPUTATIONS, AND (3) THE VECTOR COMPOSI- TIONS OR SOLUTIONS WHILE ADMITTEDLY ALWAYS POSSIBLE REGARDLESS OF THE PLANAR REPRESENTATION CHOSEN ARE IMMEDIATELY OBTAINABLE IN THIS CASE. LIKE THE AUTHOR, MR. VIGIER CONSIDERS THAT THE MAIN ADVANTAGE FOR ENGINEERS IS THAT ANGULAR RELATIONSHIPS, FORCES, ROCK PLANES AND PREJUDICIAL SLIDING DIRECTIONS CAN BE EASILY MATERIALIZED IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE. HE HAS DEVELOPED A METHOD OF ANALYSIS WHICH IS PRESENTED DEALING WITH STABILITY OF A TETRAHEDROL ROCK VOLUME. COMMENTS ARE MADE ON THE AUTHOR'S ASSUMPTION THAT THE COHESION AND TENSILE STRENGTH ALONG THE CONTACT PLANES ARE ASSUMED TO BE NIL. COMMENTS ARE MADE ALSO ON THE REPRESENTATION OF THE DIFFERENT ZONES OF STABILITY ON THE REFERENCE SPHERE. A FIGURE SHOWS THE STABILITY OF ROCK DIKEDRON IN STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. A PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED WHICH MAKES IT EASIER TO TRANSPOSE ALL THE PLOTS ON THE SPHERE TO THE POINT OF PROJECTION. IN REVIEWING AVAILABLE STABILITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR HARD ROCKS, THE WRITER DISCUSSED DETAILS OF THE COMMON SPECIAL CASE OF A FOUR-SIDED ROCK WEDGE DELIMITED BY TWO GEOLOGICAL PLANES, AND TWO FREE SURFACES. MR. GOODMAN DISCUSSES HOW THE STEROGRAPHIC PROJECTION METHOD OF SOLUTION RELATES TO THAT PROBLEM. JOHN SHOWED HOW THESE METHODS CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE HOW MUCH ADDITIONAL FORCE IN THE GIVEN DIRECTION CAN BE ADDED TO THE WEIGHT OF A GIVEN WEDGE. REFERENCES: GRAPHICAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SLOPES IN JOINT ROCK, KLAUS W. JOHN PROC. PAPER 5865, MARCH, 1968.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/127329</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SCREENING TESTS FOR RATING PHOTO INTERPRETERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/93453</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CAN INDIVIDUALS BE RATED ACCORDING TO PHOTO INTERPRETATION ABILITY PRIOR TO SPECIALIZED TRAINING? RESULTS OF A TWO- YEAR STUDY INVOLVING 99 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS INDICATE THAT SOME MEASURE OF PHOTO INTERPRETATION PERFORMANCE MAY BE RELIABLY PREDICTED BY SCORES ON TWO SPECIALIZED SCREENING TESTS ADMINISTERED AT THE ONSET OF TRAINING. ONE REQUIRED THE IDENTIFICATION OF 39 SKETCHES THAT DEPICT OVERHEAD VIEWS OF COMMON URBAN, RURAL, AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES. THE OTHER TEST CONSISTED OF 25 IMAGE IDENTIFICATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS MADE ON PREPARED STEREOGRAMS. IN COMBINATION, SCORES ON THESE SCREENING EXAMINATIONS ACCOUNTED FOR ABOUT ONE-HALF OF THE VARIABILITY IN FINAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION PERFORMANCE RATINGS. /PE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/93453</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/91357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CONTENTS: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY CONTROL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC WORK PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION APPLICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY PRACTICAL MAPPING METHODS STEREOCOMPARAGRAPH AND CONTOUR-FINDER TECHNIQUE PLANIMETRIC MAP COMPILATION BASED UPON RADICAL LINE PLOTTING MOSAICS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING WITH THE MULTIPLEX-PROJECTOR OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS TRI-METROGON METHOD FOR RECONNAISSANCE MAPPING]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/91357</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUPER-WIDE-ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION IN HIGHWAY MAPPING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/91330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SUPERWIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY HAS BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE MAPPING; THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO EVALUATE SUPERWIDE-ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING /HIGHWAY MAPPING/. ONE ASPECT OF THE EVALUATION WAS TO ESTABLISH TEST PROCEDURES AND THEN TEST THE PROCEDURES UTILIZING FIRST ORDER STEREOPLOTTERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER, AP/C. THE EVALUATION ALSO INCLUDED COMPARISON OF THE SUPERWIDE-ANGLE SYSTEM TO THE STANDARD WIDE-ANGLE SYSTEM. ESTABLISHED TEST PROCEDURES INVOLVED INTERIOR ORIENTATION, FILM DISTORTION, CALIBRATION OF FIDUCIAL SYSTEM, CORRECTION FOR FILM DISTORTION, LENS DISTORTION, EARTH CURVATURE, ATMOSPHORIC REFRACTION, CORRECTOR PLATES, RELATIVE ORIENTATION AND ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION. TESTING THE PROCEDURES INVOLVED PROCESSING AN AEROTRIANGULATION PROBLEM WITH PHOTOGRAPHS OF A CONTROLLED TEST AREA. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM AP/C WERE COMPARED WITH RESULTS FROM THE ANALOGUE STEREOPLOTTER /WILD A7/. DOCUMENTATION FOR THE CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FOR INTERIOR ORIENTATION, FORMULAS FOR ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION, LINEAR TRANSFORMATION OF STRIP COORDINATES, STRIP ADJUSTMENT, FORMULAS AND COMPUTER COEFFICIENTS FOR RELATIVE ORIENTATION ARE PRESENTED IN THE APPENDIX OF THE REPORT. THE CONCLUSIONS INDICATE THE TESTS EXCEEDED EXPECTATIONS. HOWEVER, BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED SCOPE AND SIZE OF THE TEST, THE RESULTS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR PLANNING PURPOSES. THE REPORT PRESENTS SEVERAL STRONG RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONTINUING STUDY OF THE SUBJECT MATTER. /BPR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/91330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROBLEMS WITH REPRESENTATION OF ROCK-FRACTURE CLUSTERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/360013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the representation of geological discontinuities by stereoplots, when the dip directions of discontinuities form a roughly circular cluster about the horizontal, bimodal pole distributions are observed.  This is a disadvantage in the interpretation of rock engineering or structural geology problems.  In this study, mathematical relations are developed that substantiate this unimodal-bimodal relationship.  The study also analytically develops a few other relationships between dip directions and poles. Examples from several practical cases illustrate the theoretical relationships.  This paper points out the possibility of making mistakes in using stereoplots, and shows how they may be avoided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/360013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPTIMIZATION OF THE DILATION CHARACTERISTIC ON THE CONTROL JURISDICTION OF AN AREA CONTROL FACILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/286377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an air traffic control environment such as the National Airspace System the control function is based on stereographic representations of aircraft positions in a plane tangent to a sphere with a center collocated with the center of an ellipsoidal model of the geoid.  The variation of the dilation (i.e., the discrepancy between the length of an infinitesimal arc on the model surface and the image of the arc in the plane) over the control jurisdiction of an air traffic control facility is one of many factors that adversely affect the ability of the facility to maintain separation standards.  Techniques are disclosed for selecting a tangency point and a radius for the spherical support of the stereographic plane that minimize the variation of the dilation over the control jurisdiction about a predetermined constant.  The constant can be viewed as a specification of the scale of the map that is the stereographic image in the plane of the portion of the surface of the earth model underlying controlled airspace.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/286377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSMENT OF THE STABILITY OF JOINTED ROCK SLOPES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, SAN FRANCISCO, 12-16 AUGUST 1985</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/284778</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geological structure plays a dominant role in determining the stability of most rock and certain soil slopes.  The analysis of geological structure by means of stereographic projection is an established technique, but one which tends to be confusing except to routine users.  The paper describes simple methods of stereographic projection for analysis of geological structure.  The techniques presented can assist in determining likely modes of failure and worst stability conditions (i.e. lowest factor of safety) for jointed rock slopes.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 287689.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/284778</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MASS OR MASSIVE: A TECHNIQUE FOR JOINTED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/270845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Simple techniques can be used to study the effects of individual soils weathered in place, and the performance of the soil mass as a whole.  A computerised data base of the discontinuities at joints can be built up by the use of purpose-designed discontinuity data cards. Stored data can be combined or segregated to identify relationships within and between different geological units.  Joint orientations can be analysed by plotting the dip angle and dip direction coordinates of each joint onto a master grid.  Two types of master grid are available for stereographic projection: an equatorial grid, viewed from the equator, and the polar grid, viewed from the pole.  A failure surface in fissured soil will be formed partially along the joints and partially through soil material.  The orientation of the slope pattern within the soil mass will dictate which joints can be incorporated into the model of the failure surface. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/270845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FACE INJURIES AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/213789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Facial injuries in accidents are mainly caused by the windscreen, the dashboard, the steering wheel, the bonnet and all other protruding components of the car interior. If the number and the severity of the facial injuries is to be decreased then it is neccessary that these components should not be touched.  If this is impossible then the distance between the face and the components should be as large as possible.  This means in detail (1) slanting, far forward located windscreens with laminated glass (2) a telescopic steering column (3) a steering wheel with the possibility of deformation at a low force (4) air bags (5) a bonnet which does not penetrate into the car in a head-on collision (6) a far forward located dashboard with padded material (7) no protruding instruments or any that there are to be padded (8) the use of three point safety belts.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/213789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPTOGRAPHIC TRACE RECORDING : A NEW METHOD OF STRAIN MEASUREMENT IN GEOTECHNICAL TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This technical note describes a new approach to measuring local deformations directly on the test specimen.  For deformation measurements on cylinders in uniaxial or triaxial tests, the surface of the sample is covered with fine luminous location points.  These points change their positions freely during the test and only in accordance with the behaviour of the sample.  By directing a camera towards the sample and using an open shutter, the change in position can be ascertained as a trace on a photographic plate.  By employing flashing illumination of the location points, dotted traces of movement appear, and from a known flash frequency, information is obtained on the velocity and acceleration of deformation as well as geometrical data. Using two cameras, it is possible to take stereographic measurements, which provide a three-dimensional recording. With the technique presented, a progressive failure mechanism for stiff fissured clays in uniaxial compression can be quantified.  Further work will allow the method to be extended to triaxial testing, and will include the use of another pair of stereo cameras to achieve a more conclusive picture of sample deformation.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210980</guid>
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