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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>APPLICATIONS OF ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC TURBULENCE MODELS TO SHIP FLOW COMPUTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/479808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the application of isotropic and anisotropic turbulence models in the computation of ship boundary-layer and wake flows.  The fully-elliptic Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and continuity equations are solved with several kinds of turbulence models, using a regular grid, finite-analytic discretization, and a PISO-type velocity-pressure coupling algorithm.  An overview is given of the numerical method, and results are presented and discussed for the SR196a tanker form, including detailed comparisons with available experimental data.  Finally, some conclusions are made concerning limitations, requirements and prognosis for improvements of the present turbulence models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/479808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CFD SIMULATION OF THE FLOW AROUND PLANING CRAFT AND TANDEM HYDROFOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two applications of computational fluid dynamics techniques are made to the hydrodynamical problems of high speed craft.  One is the stern flow of a planing craft advancing at high Froude number. The transient and steady flow and waves from the transom stern are simulated by a 3D finite-volume method.  The other is the flow about hydrofoils in tandem arrangement advancing in the vicinity of the free surface.  In the framework of 2D finite-volume method the moving grid system is employed for the operation of the flaps and some preliminary controlling motions are simulated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SCALE EFFECT ON SHIP STERN FLOW AND HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The variations of a ship stern flow field structure and its corresponding hydrodynamic performance under full scale Reynolds number (5*109) and model scale Reynolds number (5*106) are investigated numerically in this paper.  The governing equations for 3-D incompressible turbulent flow which consist of a Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes equation and  a K-  two equation turbulence model are solved by the finite difference scheme. Detailed computational results are presented graphically.  The calculations are compared with existing measurements and calculations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENTS OF STERN FLOW FIELD OF A SHIP IN OBLIQUE TOWING MOTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stern flow fields of three VLCC model ships in oblique towing motion and hydrodynamic forces acting on the models were measured.  The models have almost identical principal dimensions but different stern shapes.  There is not a big difference qualitatively between the stern flow fields of the models, the characteristics of which are represented by two groups of separation vortices and their associated wakes.  However, there are clear differences in strength, concentration and range of distribution of vorticity and wake.  With regard to hydrodynamic forces, for the sway force and yaw moment the difference is small in magnitude amongst these model ships, but there is a clear difference in the position of the centre of sway force that has a serious effect on a ships manoeuvrability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOLVING INCOMPRESSIBLE THREE-DIMENSIONAL RANS EQUATION BY USING FLUX-DIFFERENCE SPLITTING UPWIND DIFFERENCING SCHEME - A COMPUTATION OF THE FLOW AROUND HSVA TANKER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under the assumption of double model, after a careful treatment of the grids on the complicated profile of a ship stern, a computation for the flow around the afterbody of an HSVA tanker model and the wake by solving the incompressible RANS equations using the method of artificial-compressibility and flux-difference splitting upwind differencing scheme is presented.  The results are compared with experiments, the pressure coefficients Cp from the computation are in good agreement with the test results and the computed flow field qualitatively reflects the actual flow feature.  It will provide a useful tool for the further investigation of the interaction between viscosity and free surface, the interaction between hull and appendages, the correlations between full scale ship and models etc.  The effects of the different turbulence models, variation in Reynolds number Re and different order of upwind differencing scheme on the computed results are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467032</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF REYNOLDS-STRESS TRANSPORT MODELS TO STERN AND WAKE FLOWS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved to assess the importance of the turbulence model in the prediction of ship stern and wake flows.  Solutions are obtained with a two- equation scalar turbulence model and a seven-equation Reynolds- stress tensor model, both of which resolve the flow up to the wall, holding invariant all aspects of the numerical method, including solution domain, initial and boundary conditions, and grid topology and density.  Calculations are carried out for two tanker forms used as test cases at recent workshops, and solutions are compared with each other and with experimental data.  The comparisons reveal that the Reynolds-stress model accurately predicts most of the experimentally observed flow features in the stern and near-wake regions whereas the two-equation model predicts only the overall qualitative trends.  In particular, solutions with the Reynolds-stress model clarify the origin of the stern vortex.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF WATER DEPTH ON SHIP STERN FLOWS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456509</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method for computation of turbulent ship flow is applied to study the influence of shallow water on the flow around a slender ship hull.  The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Equations for incompressible flow are solved in a finite-volume approach on a nonorthogonal, body-fitted, structured grid.  Turbulent stresses are modified by an algebraic eddy viscosity model.  The free surface is replaced by a plane of symmetry.  Results for a Series-60 ship model with CB = 0.6 moving steadily ahead in shallow and deep water agree well with experiments in most respects.  Differences can be explained by the neglected free surface, dynamic sinkage and trim.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456509</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D STRUCTURE OF VORTICAL FLOW ABOUT A STERN OF A FULL SHIP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A finite-volume method with the curvilinear grid system fitted to the hull surface is applied to the elucidation of the 3D structure of the flow about a full hull form.  After examining the grid effects with two different systems of which the number of grid points are 1X105 and 4X105, the simulated flow field is carefully examined using a variety of drawings of the simulated flow.  It is demonstrated that the grid dependency cannot be fully removed with these grid points and that the Reynolds stress by the simulation with the finer grid system qualitatively agrees with the measurement.  It is shown that the stern flow about a full hull form is composed of complicated 3D vortices. Both spanwise and streamwise vortices are included in the bilge vortices and the former plays an important role in the generation of the wake distortions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456066</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT OF STERN FLOW FIELD OF A SHIP IN OBLIQUE TOWING MOTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the results of an investigation on the stern flow field of a ship in oblique towing motion.  Three VLCC ship models were used with the same principal dimensions but different stern forms, a V shaped stern, a U shaped stern and a medium shape stern between the V and U shaped stern.  It was found that there was no qualitative difference between the stern flow field of the three model ships in oblique towing motions, the characteristics of which are represented by two groups of separating vortices. However, there are clear differences in strength, concentration and range of distribution of wake and vorticity among three model ships. There is little difference in the magnitude of hydrodynamic forces acting on the model ship in oblique towing motion, but there is a clear difference in the centre of pressure that has a serious effect on ship manoeuvrability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456077</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CALCULATION METHOD OF NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR SHIP STERN FLOW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the application of an improved separated-layers finite analytic method (FA method) is made in the three-dimensional body-fitted coordinate system of a ship hull, to solve numerically the complete Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. which are closed by the k-epsilon modelling.  The Poisson equations for the grid transformation are also discreted by the FA method, and the moving boundary conditions, the arc-length transformations and linear interpolation techniques are used to control the grid density near the ship surface and within its region.  In addition, under the unstaggered grids, a kink of SIMPLEM algorithm for coupling pressure and velocity is dealt with by the FA method.  A Wigley parabolic hull and a LFM mathematical hull are used as examples. The former examines the validation for the calculation, the latter discusses the influences on the ship stern flow fields on changing the block coefficient Cb and the degree of UV of the afterbody section with the unchanged forebody.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE TURBULENT FLOW AROUND THE STERN OF SHIP MODELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present work is concerned with the numerical calculation of the turbulent flow field around the stern of ship models.  The finite volume approximation is employed to solve the Reynolds equation in the physical domain using a body-fitted, locally orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate system.  The Reynolds stresses are modelled according to the standard k-epsilon turbulence model. Various numerical schemes (i.e. hybrid, skew upwind and central differencing) are examined and grid dependence tests have been performed to compare calculated with experimental results. Moreover, a direct solution of the momentum equations within the near-wall region is tried to avoid the disadvantages of the wall function approach.  Comparison between calculations and measurements are made for two ship models, i.e. the SSPA and HSVA model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SHIP STERN WAKE IN WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/431353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The studies on the ship stern wake in regular head waves were performed by three methods mentioned below: i) wake survey by using ring velocimeter; ii) wake survey by using 5 hole Pitot tube; and iii) visualisation of flow on the after body using surface tufts.  Pure car carrier models whose length are 4.5m and 6m were tested in the conditions as follows: Froude number: 0.180, wave height/model: length 1/66.7, wave length/model length: 0.67, 1.0 and 1.33.  The results are: i) from the measurements using ring velocimeter and 5 hole Pitot tube, it was found that the velocity in the propeller disk in waves is larger than that in still water; ii) time variation of the velocity distribution in the propeller disk was obtained in detail; and iii) the influence of the working propeller to the flow field in the after body was made clear by means of surface tufts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/431353</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOW VISUALIZATION AND PERFORMANCE ON RUDDER SURFACE: ON RUDDER WITH FLAP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/433419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/433419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE APPLICATION OF CIRCULATION THEORIES TO DUCTED PROPELLERS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE TRANSVERSE FORCES ACTING ON RUDDERS WITHIN A DUCT-PROPELLER-RUDDER SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/433595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/433595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A METHOD OF CALCULATING THE FLOW AROUND A RUDDER AND APPENDAGE RESISTANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/435810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper a procedure is described for calculating the characteristics of the flow around a rudder and its resistance. For these calculations, the rudder has been replaced by a distribution of bonded doublets and sources located on the surfaces of the rudder with the corresponding free doublets on the wake surface. The strength of the vortices used is obtained by the imposition of Kutta's condition and the boundary condition applied to the rudder surface. The kinds of solutions differ according to the condition applied. In this case, the Hess criterion has been adopted. To obtain the resistance, the parameters relating to the boundary layer had already been calculated, both for laminar and turbulent flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/435810</guid>
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