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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Unlocking the potential of cooperative staggered shifts in urban networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Staggered shifts strategies effectively alleviate traffic pressure and promote the rational allocation of traffic resources by dispersing peak-hour traffic demands. The development of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) platforms has facilitated the rapid transmission and precise delivery of traffic information. Current studies have combined ATIS platforms with staggered shifts strategies to propose cooperative staggered shifts (CSS) strategies, which can enhance the sophistication of staggered shifts strategies and, consequently, improve their effectiveness. However, current studies on CSS inadequately consider the heterogeneity in the willingness of travelers with different travel behaviors to adjust their departure times. Additionally, existing studies have used traffic state optimization as the sole objective function, without considering system costs. To fill this gap, this study integrates multi-source spatiotemporal big data and survey data to analyze the willingness of travelers with different travel behaviors to adjust their departure times. Based on this analysis, a modeling framework for CSS that considers system costs is constructed. The framework is designed with the dual objectives of optimizing traffic conditions and minimizing system costs. Using the fast-solving algorithm proposed in this study for large-scale scenarios, the Pareto front of the CSS framework is analyzed. Taking Hangzhou city, China as an example, the results indicates that an 11.1% optimization effect on the traffic state can be achieved with only 2.4% of the maximum system cost; As the system cost increases, the marginal benefits of CSS diminish. The research findings can provide effective support for the modeling and policy formulation of CSS strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Critical commuters and staggered working hours strategies: A two-stage framework integrating machine learning and social equity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Congestion remains one of the most prevalent transport problems in major cities, with social equity being a pivotal aspect in shaping solutions. This study presents a two-stage framework that combines machine learning with social justice principles to identify critical commuters who can adjust their workplace arrival times. This framework addresses both traffic management and social equity concerns, considering synchronisation needs at the employer, household, and individual levels. Our proposed framework can identify critical commuters based on their basic information collected by the employer. We benchmark multiple machine learning approaches to model and predict an individual’s ability to shift their workplace arrival times. Ultimately, we frame the problem as a classification task and select gradient boosting due to its superior performance. Using employee survey data from Rennes Metropole in France, we identify the key factors that influence individual’s flexibility in their arrival times. Regular school drop-offs are the most significant factor, followed by theoretical arrival time contracts with employers and, to a lesser extent, age and income. Building on these findings, we apply the Rawlsian “Min–Max” fairness principle rooted in social science to refine the subpopulation of commuters with theoretical shift abilities and assess their practical likelihood of shifting within a socially equitable framework.By integrating machine learning insights with social equity considerations, this framework offers an interdisciplinary approach to potentially mitigate congestion, ensuring that policies not only address traffic demand management but also promote fairness and inclusion, supporting their long-term effectiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:53:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614594</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Investigation of the Feasibility of Improving Freeway Operation by Staggering Working Hours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research was primarily designed for two purposes. The first objective was to investigate the feasibility of staggering working hours in Houston, Texas. The second objective was to evaluate the impact that staggered working hours of selected traffic generators would have on the morning peak period operation of the Gulf Freeway in Houston. In order to investigate if it is feasible to stagger working hours in Houston the following three areas were selected for study: 1. The reaction of management to working hours changes; 2. Magnitude of change required in Metropolitan Houston to evenly distribute traffic demand over a reasonable period; and 3. Minimum size of organization that should be considered for work time change to achieve simplest staggered hours plan. In evaluating the impact of such a change on the Gulf Freeway morning peak period operation the following effects were selected for study: 1. The effect of the University of Houston on the Gulf Freeway morning peak period operation; 2. The effect of other selected traffic generators on the freeway's morning peak period operation; and 3. The effect on freeway operation of the combination of all traffic generators selected for study. This research was not designed to formulate a complete staggered hours plan that could be immediately put into effect, but was designed to investigate the feasibility and benefits of such a plan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 10:12:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Paradox of Telecommuting and Staggered Work Hours in the Bottleneck Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors study the long- and short-term effects of telecommuting (TLC), staggered work hours (SWH), and their combined scheme on peak-period congestion and location patterns. In order to enable a unified comparison of the schemes' long- and short-term effects, the authors develop a novel equilibrium analysis approach that consistently synthesizes the long-term equilibrium (location and percentage of telecommuting choice) and short-term equilibrium (preferred arrival time and departure time choice). By exploiting their special mathematical structures similar to optimal transport problems, the authors derive the closed-form solution to the long- and short-term equilibrium while explicitly considering their interaction. These closed-form solutions elucidate the discrepancies between the effects of each scheme and uncover a paradoxical finding: the introduction of SWH, in conjunction with TLC, may increase the total commuting costs compared with the scenario with only TLC, without yielding any improvement in worker utility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2025 13:19:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Effects of Staggered Work Shifts Program on Peak-Period Travel in Seien Metropolitan Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the impacts of staggered work shifts program on peak-period travel in Seien metropolitan area in Japan. The paper begins with an introduction to TDM measures and their practices in Japan, and then describes the results of surveys conducted in 1995. This is followed by an incremental traffic assignment for the morning perk-period under the staggered work shifts program. The paper concludes that the peak-period traffic volume in this area can be reduced marginally by the proposed staggered work shifts program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263932</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accessibility of the Staggered Shifts Policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Staggered Shifts policy is increasingly becoming one of the effective methods to solve the commute travel congestion problem in the AM and PM peak periods. In order to implement the policy effectively, it is necessary to evaluate its influence on commuters' travel decisions through travel demand behavior forecasting. By analyzing the commute travel data, a Binary Logit model was developed to predict the employees' commuting preference. Then the acceptability of the Staggered Shifts policy in Beijing city was evaluated. The results indicate that the feasibility of the Staggered Shifts strategy is mainly related to commuters' occupation, work schedules, travel behaviors and some basic socioeconomic attributes. Therefore, it's necessary for government to choose the most suitable job categories and work arrangements, cooperate with related enterprises and departments, and build some corresponding guarantees for the implementing of the policy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 08:54:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Social optimum for linear staggered shifts in a single-entry traffic corridor with no late arrivals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The staggered shifts scheme has been widely discussed to alleviate traffic congestion in recent years. However, most previous research considers limited numbers of work start times and ignores the dynamic characteristics of traffic flow. In this paper, the authors consider a linear staggered shifts (LSS) scheme, which assumes the work start times for commuters is a continuous time period, to replace the identical work start time in a single-entry traffic corridor. The authors analytically derive the social optimal (SO) assignment and find the optimal LSS scheme in the flow congestion model with no late arrivals. The evolvement laws of traffic flow in the time–space dimension and corresponding economic properties with the optimal LSS scheme are also investigated. Results demonstrate that the application of the proposed optimal LSS scheme will not change the flow pattern of commuters in SO but significantly reduce the total trip cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2024 09:25:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Travel demand management: The solution to public transit congestion? An ex-ante evaluation of staggered work hours schemes for the Paris region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2152185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the congestion relief potential of staggered work hours (SWH) schemes for public transit. An ex-ante evaluation framework is developed, which combines a hybrid assignment model with a travel demand management module to simulate the impact of SWH schemes on travel demand and public transit congestion. The key performance indicators capture not only congestion relief benefits, but also rescheduling costs for users. The methodology is applied to the RER A heavy rail line in Paris, the busiest public transit line in Europe. The authors find that SWH schemes generate congestion relief benefits, as intended, even matching up to telework policies. Yet, such benefits remain moderate, adding up to 20% of total crowding costs for the morning peak period at most. Moreover, substantial rescheduling costs are involved: decreasing the total time standing by 1 h implies shifting fifteen trips by the same amount of time. Regarding policy design, theirresults suggest that shifting few users by a large amount of time is usually more efficient than shifting many users by a smaller amount of time; the latter may even prove counterproductive by merely transferring the peak to some other time in the morning. They also find for the RER A that focusing the SWH scheme on a single station - the biggest trip attractor - yields benefits similar to applying the scheme over the whole line (for a similar level of effort in terms of total timeshift). The developed framework is intended to provide guidance as how to improve the design of future SWH schemes, in particular in times of social distancing and need for reduced crowding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Apr 2023 09:49:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2152185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Staggered work schedules for congestion mitigation: A morning commute problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1884938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In urban networks, traffic congestion can be curbed by deconcentrating the temporal distribution of the travel demand. In this paper, the authors propose an optimal staggered work schedules problem to minimize the network total travel time and prevent the schedule delay in the trips of commuters over morning peaks in a bicentric network. The objective is to optimize the work start times of individual firms with minimum deviations from their initial schedules while taking into account that commuters choose their departure time selfishly to minimize their travel cost. The authors formulate the optimal work schedule problem in a bicentric network as a multi-objective optimization program that simultaneously minimizes the total travel time and the schedule deviation for the firms while satisfying near-equilibrium temporal conditions. The time-varying congestion dynamics are modeled using macroscopic fundamental diagrams. The authors solve the optimization problem for a test network and analyze the sensitivity of the Pareto solution to the policy parameters of the model. The authors assess the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method using an individual-level trip-based macroscopic simulation model. The numerical results demonstrate that implementing the proposed optimal staggered work schedules strategy accounting for commuters’ departure trip time choice can significantly reduce the traffic congestion in urban networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:27:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1884938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal official work start times in activity-based bottleneck models with staggered work hours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1679287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to optimize official work start times (OWSTs) in activity-based bottleneck models with staggered work hours (SWH). In the models, commuters’ departure time choice from home to work is assumed to follow user equilibrium principle in terms of total activity utility. An activity-based bottleneck model with a single OWST is firstly considered. According to the equilibrium flow pattern, the optimal single OWST is analytically derived with maximized total system activity utility (TSAU). Then, the authors find that there exist four possible equilibrium traffic flow patterns for the bottleneck model with double OWSTs. The optimal equilibrium traffic flow pattern and the optimal OWSTs with maximal TSAU are also derived. Besides, the optimal SWH scheme for the bottleneck model with double OWSTs is extended to the situation of the bottleneck model with multiple OWSTs. Finally, numerical examples are developed to illustrate the properties of the proposed models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Feb 2020 17:13:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1679287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Insights: Interchange Management and Governance. In City-HUBs : Sustainable and efficient urban transport interchanges, Monzón, A., Di Ciommo, F., (Ed)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1491891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chapter 4 presents the rationale for promoting, developing and managing an intermodal interchange - the proposed City-HUB life cycle process. Identifying stakeholders and stakes. It analyses the interaction between the interchange and the city and impact on jobs, land use and city integration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Dec 2017 16:03:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1491891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the dynamics of congestion in large urban networks using the macroscopic fundamental diagram: User equilibrium, system optimum, and pricing strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) is introduced in recent studies to present the relationship between the flow and the density of the network in large urban regions (neighborhoods). The MFD can be also rescaled to approximate network outflow as a function of the vehicular accumulation of the system in the morning commute problem. In this research, the authors develop a bathtub model (macro-scale traffic congestion model) by combining Vickrey's (1969) model of dynamic congestion with the MFD to formulate the user equilibrium over the peak as an ordinary differential equation (ODE). This problem can be solved numerically to estimate the exact solution of the morning commute problem. Alternatively, the morning commute problem can be solved analytically by approximating the solution of the ODE using a well-behaved function. Here, the authors present a quadratic and also a linear approximation of the equilibrium solution for a semi-quadratic MFD, considering that the declining part of the MFD is shown to be well estimated by a quadratic function. To optimize the system, the authors present pricing strategies for network users (dynamic tolling) and employers inside the region (dynamic taxing) that can minimize the generalized cost of the system by keeping the outflow maximized over the peak. Finally, the authors compare the exact and the approximate solutions of the problem, and also the proposed pricing strategies of the region in a numerical example.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 2017 10:17:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482578</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Travel Behavior of Morning Commute with Staggered Work Hours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, an activity-based bottleneck model with staggered work hours (SWHs) is proposed. Commuters’ departure time choice is assumed to follow user equilibrium (UE) principle in terms of total activity utility. The equilibrium departure rates of the activity-based bottleneck model with both single work start time and double work start times are analytically derived. Analytical results show that there are three possible travel patterns for the bottleneck model with double work start times, and the formulations of the departure rates with respect to double work start times are the same as that with respect to single work start time. However, SWHs indeed change commuters’ travel choice behavior, and can result in alternative cumulative departure flows.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Aug 2016 15:03:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of Improved Accessibility on Shopping Activity: Person-Based Measure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1400837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility has long been considered as an important factor that influences activity generation, especially nonwork activities. However, the conclusions on whether greater accessibility leads to more travel have been mixed. One reason for the conflicting results is that individual heterogeneity is not taken into account in the previous location-based accessibility measures. This paper fills this gap by operationalizing a person-based space-time accessibility (STA) measure based on the individual’s spatial-temporal constraints. A discrete-continuous model of shopping activity participation and duration is developed incorporating this STA measure in order to investigate the influences of accessibility on activity generation. Using data from a global positioning system (GPS)–based activity travel survey from the Shangdi area of Beijing, China, this paper confirms that accessibility remains a significant positive effect on shopping activity generation. This implies that an individual’s spatial-temporal constraints should be taken into consideration to explore the effect of land use on travel behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2016 14:43:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1400837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beleuchtung von Nachtbaustellen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1370766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Das Allgemeine Rundschreiben ARS Nummer 17/2009 beschreibt eine einheitliche Vorgehensweise zur Durchfuehrung von Nachtbaustellen. Im Hinblick auf die Beleuchtung einer Nachtbaustelle werden in diesem Rundschreiben sehr differenzierte Vorgaben gemacht, die fuer Arbeitsstellen kuerzerer Dauer (AkD) auch nur schwer umzusetzen sind. Zudem muessen fuer den Arbeitsbereich Vorgaben der Arbeitsstaetten-Verordnung (VO) eingehalten werden. Im Rahmen des Projekts sollten daher praxistaugliche Beleuchtungskonzepte erarbeitet werden, die eine ausreichende Ausleuchtung zur Durchfuehrung der Taetigkeiten bei Nacht zulassen und zudem Blendungen fuer die Verkehrsteilnehmer vermeiden. Hierzu erfolgte zunaechst im Rahmen der Grundlagenstudie eine Analyse der derzeitigen Regelungen und Vorgehensweisen bei der Durchfuehrung von Nachtbaustellen auf Autobahnen in den einzelnen Bundeslaendern. Aufgrund der bei Nacht durchgefuehrten Taetigkeiten und eingerichteten Verkehrsfuehrungen wurden zwei verschiedene Beleuchtungskonzepte aufgestellt. Einmal fuer ortsfeste, lokal begrenzte Taetigkeiten, wie zum Beispiel Brueckenarbeiten, Fugenreparaturen oder Arbeiten an der Strassenausstattung sowie grossflaechige Massnahmen mit dynamischen Arbeitsprozessen und beleuchteten Fahrzeugen, wie unter anderem bei Fahrbahndeckenerneuerungen. Ergebnis der Studie ist schliesslich ein Parzellen-basiertes Konzept zur Beleuchtung einer Arbeitsbereichsparzelle von 3 m x 8 m, wobei der Arbeitsbereich durch Wiederholung einer solchen Parzelle erweitert werden kann. Zum Einsatz kommen dafuer Leuchtballons, die auf einer in der Praxis einfach umsetzbaren Lichtpunkthoehe von 3 m aufgestellt werden und fuer den Verkehr mit zylindrischen Blendschirmen abgeschirmt werden.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2015 13:47:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1370766</guid>
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