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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Towards Sustainable Spa Tourism Activities in Greece</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thermal (Spa) tourism in Greece has been developed since the beginning of the 19th century due to numerous significant thermal springs spread all over the country. After having reached its time of prosperity during ’50s, 60s and 70s Spa tourism entered a period of recession and decline. For the last 20 years Greek spa towns and especially their infrastructure (thermal installations) have been suffering from abandonment and degradation. Parallel to these developments, some new categories of visitors / clients of thermal springs have also appeared as a consequence of the broader socio-economic and cultural changes. This paper presents and comments on some results of a research conducted by the authors in the most important spa towns of Greece (Edipsos, Kamena Vourla, Loutra Ypatis) which represent 47% of the spa tourists. The principal objective was to survey the basic characteristics of the users of thermal springs (by questioning them) as well as the opinion of local authorities and managers of companies/enterprises operating in the area. Particularly, the results concerning the profile of spa tourists have a special scientific interest since they prove that commonly held opinions and ideas in relation to spa tourism are often fully mistaken. Besides the research shows the emerging structural planning problems derived from the different needs of ‘classic’ and ‘modern’(contemporary) spa users opposing each other and thus preventing local economies and societies to get full profit from a special/alternative form of tourism, traditionally considered as a comparative advantage of the country.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2009 13:50:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898825</guid>
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      <title>Wekiva Area: Water Budget</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/758076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flow volume in the river and springs for the Wekiva Springs area of Florida is defined from historical data and related to the groundwater and rainfall in the area.  The springshed is estimated at approximately twice the size of the surface watershed using WASH123D.  A 10,000 square mile area is modeled.  The major questions to be answered are:  1) Is the spring flow decreasing?  2) If so, how can the spring flow be maintained?  3) How do you build a road in the area that will maintain the spring flow?  There are fifteen findings of facts reported.  Answers to the above questions are that flow rates in the major springs are decreasing.  Measured yearly spring flow correlates well with a yearly water budget using the local climatic data base.  To prevent further decrease in spring flow, stormwater volume controls are recommended and a procedure to balance the water budget on a yearly basis is recommended.  Regional irrigation ponds using Florida Department of Transportation right-of-way areas and operated by an irrigation or stormwater utility is one solution that maintains the water budget.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Aug 2005 09:48:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/758076</guid>
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      <title>A TOURIST'S DELIGHT BUT A MAINTENANCE NIGHTMARE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MAJOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS ARE CREATED BY THE RUNOFFS FROM OLD FAITHFUL ERUPTION AND OTHER GEYSERS AND THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE AREA. THERMAL WATER FROM THE GEYSERS AND HOT SPRINGS CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNTS OF SULPHUR AND OTHER HIGHLY CORROSIVE CHEMICALS THAT SOON DESTROY MOST MAN-MADE MATERIALS WITH WHICH THEY COME IN CONTACT. THIS IS PARTICULARLY TRUE IN THE CASE OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS INSTALLED BENEATH ROADS BUILT NEAR THE GEYSERS AND MINERAL SPRINGS. SOME OF THE CULVERT MATERIALS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED WITHIN MONTHS AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN INSTALLED. A STUDY PROGRAM WAS LAUNCHED TO DETERMINE WHICH MATERIALS WILL BEST STAND THE CORROSIVE EFFECTS. RESULTS SHOW THAT TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL, AND VITRIFIED CLAY TILE ARE THE LEADING CONTENDERS. STAINLESS STEEL OFFERS SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES BECAUSE OF ITS STRENGTH. AFTER A TWELVE MONTH IN-USE STUDY, THE CULVERT SECTIONS FABRICATED WITH TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL ARE PERFORMING SUCCESSFULLY.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110160</guid>
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      <title>MOVEMENT AND STABILITY OF CUTS AND FILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/50571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the accomplishments of an 11-year research program conducted in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Public Works and the Federal Highway Administration.  The primary objective of the research was to obtain fundamental information on the reliability of techniques for predicting deformation, pore pressures and stability of embankments placed on a thick depost of soft soil.  Prediction techniques were evaluated by comparing predicted performance with performance measured primarily at two test sections, one of which was loaded to a stability failure on an embankment fill north of Boston. This report gives the main conclusions from the research in terms of how well different prediction techniques indicated actual performance.  Tenative recommendations relative to design and construction are given for five topics: stability, deformations, pore pressures, research results in more detail are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Oct 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/50571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WORLDWIDE SULFUR POLLUTION OF RIVERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AMOUNT OF SULFUR THAT HAS BEEN CONTRIBUTED TO THE WORLD AVERAGE OF RIVER WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES HAS BEEN ESTIMATED. FROM TWO INDEPENDENT CALCULATIONS THE CONTRIBUTION DUE TO POLLUTION IS ESTIMATED TO BE 27% AND 28%, ALTHOUGH BOTH ARE PROBABLE MINIMUM VALUES. OTHER SOURCES ARE WEATHERING OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, 35%, VOLCANIC EMANATIONS AND HOT SPRINGS, 7%, AND CYCLIC SULFUR CARRIED INLAND FROM THE OCEANS, 30% /AGU/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Dec 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124339</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RELATION OF SEA WATER TO FRESH WATER IN CARBONATE ROCKS IN COASTAL AREAS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FLORIDA, U.S.A., AND CEPHALONIA (KEPHALLINIA), GREECE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PRINCIPLES CONTROLLING THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THE DENSER SALTY WATER AND THE LIGHTER FRESH WATER IN COASTAL AQUIFERS APPLY TO CARBONATE AS WELL AS SAND SYSTEMS. HOWEVER, UNDER CERTAIN EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS OF FRESH AND SALT WATER IN PARTS OF SOME CARBONATE AQUIFERS UNUSUAL HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA RESULT. HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS AT TARPON SPRINGS, FLORIDA, AND CEPHALONIA, GREECE, INCLUDE DEEP VERTICAL OPENINGS AS SINKHOLES THROUGH A RELATIVELY IMPERVIOUS PART OF THE AQUIFER SYSTEM. IN BOTH CASES THE TOPS OF THE SINKHOLES OR NATURAL WELLS ARE EXPOSED TO SEA WATER. AT TARPON SPRINGS THE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN SALT WATER AND FRESH WATER FLUCTUATES SO THAT THE FLOW OF SALT WATER FROM THE SPRING TO A LAKE 2 MILES AWAY IS SOMETIMES REVERSED. AT CEPHALONIA, THE HEAD OF FRESH WATER DOES NOT EXCEED THE HEAD OF SALTY WATER IN THE SINKHOLES; THE FLOW OF SEA WATER INTO THE AQUIFER, AIDED BY A SHALLOW CHANNEL FROM THE SEA, IS CONTINUOUS, AND THE WATER LEVEL IN THE SINKHOLE IS CONTINUOUSLY DEPRESSED BELOW SEA LEVEL. BOTH CASES REPRESENT A PARTIALLY CONFINED U-TUBE SYSTEM WHERE WATER AT THE SEAWARD, SINKHOLE END IS DENSER THAN AT THE OTHER END AND WHERE A LOW FRESH-WATER HEAD IS LESS THAN THE SALT-WATER HEAD. /JH/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124045</guid>
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      <title>MEASURING SUBSURFACE SPRING FLOW WITH RADIOTRACERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/118264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PRINCIPAL OF APPLYING A HYDROSTATIC HEAD TO SUPPRESS FLOW WAS TRIED EXPERIMENTALLY AT ESTELLING SPRING IN WESTERN TEXAS. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPRING AND PUMPING TESTS PERFORMED BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS INDICATED THAT SPRING SURFACE FLOWS COULD BE CONTROLLED BY A LOW IMPOUNDMENT. AN IMPERVIOUS DIKE WAS BUILT AROUND THE SPRING TO EVALUATE THE TECHNIQUE. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THE DOWNSTREAM SALT CONCENTRATION BEFORE AND AFTER PLACING THE DIKE. HOWEVER, IT WAS DECIDED TO USE TRITIATED WATER FOR A TRACER OF THE GROUND-WATER OR OF THE REAL FLOWS. TRITIUM IN THE FORM OF TRITIATED WATER WAS SELECTED AS BEING THE MOST NEARLY IDEAL OF ALL GROUND-WATER TRACERS. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, TRITIATED WATER BEHAVES ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS THE WATER BEING STUDIED. SINCE THERE WAS NO DETECTION OF TRITIATED WATER IN ANY OF THE WELL POINTS, CORE HOLES, OR SUMPS SURROUNDING THE SPRING'S CHIMNEY, IT IS CONCLUDED THERE WAS NO DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TWO WATERS OR THAT THE WELLS AND CORE HOLES WERE NOT PUMPED FOR A SUFFICIENT PERIOD TO DRAW THE TRITIATED WATER INTO THEM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE SPRING IS LEAKING SUBSURFACELY AT A RATE OF 1.00 CFS. SUBSURFACE LEAKAGE RETURNS TO THE RECEIVING STREAM, AT LEAST IN PART, 4,000 FT DOWNSTREAM FROM THE SPRING AFTER A TRAVEL TIME OF ABOUT 20 DAYS. KNOWING THE VOLUME OF THE SPRING CHIMNEY, THE AMOUNT OF TRACER ADDED AND THE INITIAL CONCENTRATION OF TRACER AFTER MIXING, THE VOLUME WAS DETERMINED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A SECOND CHAMBER EXISTS BELOW THAT WHICH WAS PREVIOUSLY KNOWN, AND ITS VOLUME AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 104,000 CU FT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/118264</guid>
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