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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A DEEPWATER TERMINAL IN TEXAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Determination of the economic impact of an offshore, bulk-unloading ship terminal is an essential prerequisite for building such a facility. Many decisions concerning the terminal will be made on the strength of the anticipated economic gains that such a facility will bring to the region where it is constructed. The primary impact of a Texas terminal will be reflected in growth of the oil refining and related industries in the state. This growth will stimulate a spending and re-spending cycle throughout the economy. The total impact will exceed that of the oil refining industry itself. It is estimated that the crude oil that will be shipped into Texas in tankers which can dock only at a deepwater terminal will reach levels of 1.0, 2.1, and 3.5 million barrels per day in 1975, 1980, and 1985 respectively. These projected import levels would permit an estimated growth of oil refining runs from 3.0 to 6.5 million barrels per day in 1972 and 1985 respectively. Corresponding refinery outputs generated would reach $13.2 billion in 1985. New jobs anticipated in Texas amount to 72,887 in 1975, and 336,770 in 1985. Without a deepwater terminal, the primary impact would be loss of future job opportunities, reduced amounts of tax monies and reduced activity throughout the economy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10948</guid>
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      <title>FIVE YEARS EXPERIENCE WITH THE FIRST DEEPWATER SALM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/168488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the performance of the Tembungo Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM) tanker loading terminal during its first five years of operation.  This facility, located in 300 ft (91 m) of water, 50 miles (93 km) offshore Sabah, East Malaysia, was the first SALM designed and constructed under commercial license agreement from Exxon Research and Engineering.  The Tembungo SALM is one of the first "early production systems" and has been in continuous service since October 1974.  It was designed to permanently moor a 94,00 DWT storage tanker in maximum wave heights of 39 ft (12 m), winds of 65 mph (29 m/s) and 2 kt (1 m/s) currents. The Tembungo SALM has performed very effectively since start-up.  Operational efficiency rates of up to 98.6 percent on an annual basis have been achieved.  A major factor in the high utilization of this terminal has been the absence of maintenance requirements on the SALM components.  No maintenance has been required on the fluid swivel, chain swivel, universal joints or the anchor chain leg.  Items such as pre-planning the annual inspection and maintenance program with the diving contractor and developing detailed procedurs for tanker change-out and for hose and hawser replacement were also important contributors towards maximizing operational efficiency.  The primary and most important lesson vividly illustrated by the experience at Tembungo is that a simple, hawser-type SALM terminal can indeed provide very acceptable operational preformance for permanent tanker mooring in offshore environments such as those encourntered in East Malaysia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/168488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NEW TYPE OF SINGLE POINT MOORING DEVELOPED AND BUILT IN ONE YEAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/168490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents a unique single point mooring (SPM) made of a mooring head rotating at the top of a rigid column fixed to a gravity base.  The whole system can be entirely built in a yard, launched, towed to site, then ballasted and sank to the  bottom.  After connection to the sea line, it is immediately ready to use, with a minimum of work at sea.  This paper describes: Original concept and preliminary tests.  Calculations method.  Studies and fabrication of the first unit for PETRANGOL TEXACO.  Confirmatory detailed basin tests including comparison with a CALM BUOY. Installation and tests of the first unit on Africa coast. This type of SPM marine terminal is self installable, has no underwater chains, nor underwater hoses.  So, it offers some advantages from a maintenance point of view.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/168490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATION OF AN ARTICULTED OIL LOADING COLUMN AT THE BERYL FIELD IN THE NORTH SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/146914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tow-out and installation of the Beryl "A" production platform in 395 feet of water was accomplished in July 1975. The articulated oil loading platform (SPM) was set in position, approximately one mile from the Beryl "A", in September 1975.  A 32 inch pipeline was installed to transport crude from the Beryl platform to tankers via the SPM.  The first crude shipment from the field commenced on September 16th, 1976.  From that time until September 13th, 1978, 98 cargoes had been lifted from Beryl, representing a total shipment volume of 42.3 million barrels.  Background data, description and performance evaluation of the Beryl SPM as an unmanned offshore loading facility, after two years operational experience, is outlined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/146914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESCRIPTION OF AN IMMERSED, DISCONNECTABLE HEAD OF A SINGLE-POINT MOORING SYSTEM FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/140992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The basic concept of the new system is that it completely prevents impact between ships and vital components by placing all of the essential rigid components below the level of the sea at a depth sufficient to avoid ship collisions with the system under the least favourable conditions.  As another basic feature, the system has been designed to allow very simple removal of the so-called working head containing all the special components, in order to provide easy maintenance and inspection.  The system is analyzed and then compared with conventional single point mooring systems.  Order from NSFI as No. 17483.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/140992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE MOORING OF A TANKER TO A SINGLE POINT MOORING BY A RIGID YOKE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rigid arm or yoke type Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) system is replacing the conventional SBM system as the oil field storage mooring.  Since 1973, fourteen yoke type SBM systems have been ordered.  The popularity of this type of tanker mooring is accelerating.  In 1977 alone, five new systems were ordered.  To date, four types of yoke systems have been developed to the building stage.  Yoke moored tankers installed vary in size from 54,000 DWT to 167,000 DWT. Total tonnage for all systems combined in use and on order exceeds the 1.3 million DWT mark.  Rigid arm moorings have been installed in water depths ranging from 140 feet to 400 feet, and maximum wave heights from moderate to as high as 52 feet.  A design has been completed for the yoke mooring of a VLCC in the North Sea.  This paper describes and catalogues the various types of yoke SBM systems installed or under fabrication.  The application, characteristics, and component buildup will be discussed.  Operational properties and fields of application of yoke moored tankers will be reviewed.  Some general design aspects will be mentioned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87832</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE FIRST YOKE MOORING FOR A VLCC IN THE OPEN OCEAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A permanently moored storage vessel for crude oil was installed in March, 1978 in the South China Sea approximately 115 naut mi (213 km) off the coast of Malaysia in 214 ft (65 m) or water.  The system constitutes the first yoke mooring for a VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) in the open ocean.  The mooring is a SALS (Single Anchor Leg Storage) system which employs a slender riser and depends on buoyancy in the rigid mooring yoke to provide the necessary restoring moment.  This paper broadly describes the technical aspects of the mooring system such as the design philosophy, model testing performed and engineering criteria.  It specifically addresses many novel aspects of the installation of the mooring system; the horizontal tow of the combined mooring base and riser, the free upending of the system, the vertical tow of the system to the mooring site, and the hookup of the VLCC with the rigid yoke to the installed riser.  In addition, the paper describes the experience gained with the operations of the storage vessel and the alongside mooring procedures which are utilized to offtake crude oil from the storage vessel to shuttle vessels.  Information contained in this paper is directly applicable to the design and installation of any single point mooring system for the open ocean.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE LOOP DEEPWATER PORT: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SINGLE ANCHOR LEG MOORING (SALM) TANKER TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the design and the major components of three (3) Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM) terminals which will be used to moor and unload tankers up to 700,000 DWT at the first domestic port capable of accommodating deep draft vessels.  The extensive model tests and basic rationale for selecting the SALM (vs. the CALM) are discussed as are the design criteria and mooring forces which were determined through model test analysis and supplemental calculations. The major SALM components are described with emphasis on unique features which were incorporated to improve safety, increase operational efficiency and reduce maintenance requirements.  Special emphasis is placed on the sophisticated equipment incorporated into these SALM systems to allow remote load monitoring and shut-in control of oil flow during the unloading operation and thus provide maximum protection against mooring breakouts and potential environmental damage.  The LOOP SALM terminals will be classified per American Bureau of Shipping's (ABS') "Rules for Building & Classing Single Point Moorings".  This paper discusses briefly the involvement and role of ABS in reviewing overall project plans, mooring forces, structural design, and installation plans, and the providing of site inspection during fabrication and installation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87836</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LNG SINGLE POINT MOORING TERMINAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes an initial investigation on a proprietary Single Point Mooring (SPM) concept for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and other low temperature fluids.  The study included analytical evaluation of buoy and hose string motions, together with preliminary design and analysis of a coaxial LNG/vapor swivel, a self-sealing LNG disconnect, and a floating LNG hose assembly.  Thermal and hydraulic analyses were also carried out for the seabed pipeline.  All results were positive, and further investigation is recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HAWSER SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SINGLE POINT MOORINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/74620</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents design information for mooring hawsers for single point moorings.  It is based on a recent study, conducted by Exxon Research and Engineering for the U.S. Coast Guard, which will serve as a guide for the evaluation of SPMs used at U.S. deepwater ports.  Information from many sources has been drawn together and analyzed to present a comprehensive study of synthetic rope properties of interest in SPM design.  Much of the information has not been published before.  Properties of nylon, polypropylene, and polyester fibers, and the types of rope construction used at SPMs are discussed.  The elasticities of ropes of various materials and constructions are compared.  The methods which are used to rate large-rope breaking strengths are evaluated.  Factors which affect new and used SPM hawser strength are discussed.  Chafing chains, hawser floatation devices, and the methods by which hawsers are attached to the tanker are also discussed.  Recommendations are made for SPM hawser material and construction.  Factors of safety for SPM hawser design for U.S. deepwater ports are also recommended.  These factors of safety are higher than those previously adopted by the industry.  The data and findings presented in this paper will be of interest to SPM designers and operators and to other users of large-diameter synthetic rope.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/74620</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GUIDELINES FOR DEEPWATER PORT SINGLE POINT MOORING DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides guidelines for the establishing of design mooring loads for SPMs (single point moorings) and for the design of mooring components of SPMs. It first discusses the manners in which waves, winds, current, the tanker, and the mooring system influence mooring loads. It then describes how mooring loads should be determined through model testing and statistical analysis. Next, it discusses how the arrangement and strength of mooring fittings on tankers may limit the maximum allowable mooring loads. The report then discusses the properties of the synthetic ropes normally used as mooring hawsers and recommends factors of safety for SPM hawsers. It also discusses the rules and standards which should be used for mooring structures, anchor chains, bases, and piles. Next, the report discusses synthetic-rope testing and field inspection. The report ends with recommendations for further investigation of large-diameter synthetic rope properties, testing, and inspection. The report contains an extensive glossary of SPM terminology and a bibliography of other reports and articles in the field of SPMs. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69654</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SINGLE-POINT MOORINGS: AN APPRAISAL OF THE POSITION AT 31 JANUARY 1975, AND AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A COMPUTER-BASED DESIGN-ANALYSIS SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/68051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Report details the results of a study which was carried out in 1974 on behalf of the Departments of Energy and Industry.  Following the production of a confidential Report in 1975, it has been decided to make the Report more widely available to industry in answer to a number of enquiries. The study was divided into two distinct parts.  Part A was an appraisal of single-point mooring (S.P.M.) installations as at 31 January 1975.  The possible different types of S.P.M. were described and their employment was explored in the context of oil transportation as a whole.  Part A then listed and discussed the inter-related factors to be considered in choosing an appropriate S.P.M. system and subsequently designing the installation.  Some attention was given to the place of physical hydraulic models, since these models constitute the principal design and analysis method available.  Part B of the Report discussed the feasibility of implementing computer-based mathematical models for the analysis of S.P.M.  installations; the dynamic behaviour of such systems was described and a review of the relevant literature and mathematical modelling techniques presented. Four related computer programs were proposed which would together form such an appraisal and analysis system.  Work carried out after 31 January 1975 is not included in the present Report.  Order from: BSRA as No. 47,606.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/68051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REPORT ON DESIGN OF SINGLE-BUOY MOORING TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/58121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report has been prepared to provide general guidance and insights for the planning, design and construction of single buoy moorings (SBM) for very large crude carriers. It is intended for use by qualified engineers and its primary focus is the identification and evaluation of the environmental forces which the system must resist.  In addition, it includes a discussion of the system economics, site selection, environmental protection and regulatory control of a single buoy mooring system.  Two basic types of single buoy moorings have been proven to perform well: the catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) and the single anchor leg mooring (SALM).  Both types of SBM's are considered in this report.  ,]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/58121</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUPERPORTS AND SBM'S FOR TANKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Study begins with an examination of world crude oil movements, which indicates that the greater proportion is suitable for supertanker trading.  Main VLCC loading and discharge areas are discussed, and the various types of terminal, including those of the single buoy mooring (SBM) class, are indicated.  Section I of the Study examines both current and future VLCC/ULCC terminals by crude oil exporting area and is illustrated by maps of the most important of these areas showing the juxtaposition of oilfields, pipelines and terminals.  This is followed in Section II by a discussion of worldwide supertanker discharge and transhipment terminals.  This section is also illustrated by maps of the major importing areas showing terminals, pipelines and refining areas.  In both these sections terminal throughput is discussed, together with the relative part these terminals play in the whole crude oil export and import pattern.  An analysis of the utilization of supertanker terminals is included in the third section of the Study, which is based on the 1976-77 voyage pattern of a 25% sample of the supertanker fleet.  The Study concludes with a discussion of future utilization of superports in the light of known port development plans, projected fleet size and oil movements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN OF SINGLE POINT MOORINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper addresses the important aspects of designing an SPM, including: what parameters must be considered, how mooring loads vary with key parameters, how model tests should be conducted and their results analyzed to determine mooring loads, what factors determine limiting loads and environments, and what criteria should be observed in mooring system design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60372</guid>
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