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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>STATE-OF-THE-ART SURVEY OF HARDWARE DELIVERY AND DAMAGE INSPECTION METHODS FOR COAST GUARD HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SPILL RESPONSE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is a study of methods that might be used by the Coast Guard, in accomplishing three tasks when responding to a hazardous chemical spill originating from a tank vessel or barge in the marine environment. The specific tasks are: (1) Damage inspection of the endangered vessel; (2) Delivery of Coast Guard hazardous chemical patching and plugging devices (e.g., polystyrene foam plug, evacuated foam plug, air/water inflatable bags); and (3) Delivery of a chemical sensor for venting rate measurements, sampling, and analysis for the detection, identification, and quantification of hazardous chemical pollutants. Mission requirements and hardware design goals are established. All possible methods are reviewed and subjected to a weighted factor evaluation. The results of the evaluation indicate the most promising approach is through the application of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). Detailed information of ROVs is compiled and presented. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162819</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A HACS USER INTERFACE MODULE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Hazard Assessment Computer System (HACS) is one of six major components of the U.S. Coast Guard's Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS). HACS is a computerized system consisting of chemical spill models and containing all necessary physical and chemical property data to permit hazard assessments to be performed for 900 commonly shipped chemicals. The User Interface Module (UIM) provides for fully interactive operation of HACS with remote access for users to the central computer facility by means of remote terminals. The final report provides documentation of the internal structure of the HACS/UIM as developed for use by the USCG on the Cybernet System of Control Data Corporation. the UIM controls the user interaction with HACS by means of a question and answer dialog; all user responses are interpreted by the UIM without input formatting restrictions using a series of terminal input utility functions. An overview of the internal structure of HACS/UIM is given in terms of both sub-program modules and sequence of operations. Descriptions of all required HACS data files are given; these include a chemical and physical property data file for the 900 hazardous chemicals. Additional descriptive text and detailed input data explanations are stored in external files for retrieval and display under user control. Complete program listings for the HACS/UIM and associated computer programs are included in the report. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177106</guid>
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      <title>HAZARD ASSESSMENT COMPUTER SYSTEM HACS/UIM USERS' OPERATION MANUAL. VOLUME I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Hazard Assessment Computer System (HACS) is one of six major components of the U.S. Coast Guard's Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS). HACS is a computerized system consisting of chemical spill models and containing all necessary physical and chemical property data to permit hazard assessments to be performed for 900 commonly shipped chemicals. The User Interface Module (UIM) provides for fully interactive operation of HACS with remote access for users to the central computer facility by means of terminals. User interaction with HACS is controlled by the UIM through a question and answer dialog. The User's Operation Manual provides HACS/UIM users with information and instructions to run the programs, to select processing sequences, to enter requested or required input data, and then to interpret the output results. This report is primarily a reference manual contains three sections: an overview of HACS/UIM capabilities, detailed description of internal operations, and a detailed guide for making hazard assessment runs. Individual sub-sections for each different assessment procedure are given, each with comprehensive descriptions of the use of HACS data items and assessment model concepts and limitations. Appendices to the user manual contain further detailed reference information. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177108</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HAZARD ASSESSMENT COMPUTER SYSTEM HACS/UIM USERS' OPERATION MANUAL. VOLUME II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This volume consists of appendices which include: Chemical Recognition Code List; HACS Systems and Error Messages; HACS Default File; Indexes to HACS Data Fields by Field Number and by Field Name; Sample Problem and Output; Lists of Chemical Recognition Codes by Hazard Assessment Model; and by Hazard Assessment Path Codes; and Descriptions of HACS Data Fields.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177109</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SPILL RISK ANALYSIS PROGRAM. METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION. VOLUME I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes research and results in the development and demonstration of systematic methods of assessing the effectiveness of either proposed or recently implemented merchant marine safety regulations. The methods have been designed primarily to assist Coast Guard regulatory decision-makers in their selection of alternative means of reducing marine transportation casualties and spills of hazardous or polluting materials. The methodology involves both analytical and logical modeling of merchant marine operations and the casualty process. Analytic modeling of ship collisions is primarily in terms of the physical parameters (e.g., vessel size, speed, maneuverability) of the system, but human response parameters are also considered. Logical modeling of casualties addresses the effects of changes in regulations and involves the structured conduct of quasi-experiments using the Coast Guard data base of marine casualty reports. A preliminary analysis of the Coast Guard Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) is also included. This report supplements, but does not replace information contained in Report No. CG-D-15-75, Spill Risk Analysis Program Phase II Methodology Development and Demonstration (NTIS AD-785026). (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56541</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DISPERSION OF VAPOR FROM LNG SPILLS -- SIMULATION IN A METEOROLOGICAL WIND TUNNEL OF SPILLS AT CHINA LAKE NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER, CALIFORNIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Physical simulation of a series of four, six cubic meter Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) spills on water was provided by the Meteorological Wind Tunnel facilities at Colorado State University. Field data were collected from spills performed at Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California, in Fall 1978. The simulation test series was to provide field test planning information, extend the value of a limited set of field measurements, and validate the concept of physical modeling of LNG plume dispersion as a predictive hazard analysis tool. Two test series were conducted to aid in placement of field concentration measurement instrumentation. The first utilized 1:170 scale model of the China Lake site in the Meteorological Wind Tunnel and the second utilized 1:85 scale model in the Environmental Wind Tunnel. Dispersion data collected in the four field tests at China Lake were extended in two test series conducted in the Environmental Wind Tunnel over a 1:85 scale model. The following results were obtained: (1) Comparison between dispersion data for similar test parameters but at two different model scales, 1:85 and 1:170 produces similar concentration variation. (2) The China Lake surface roughness and topography causes the LNG vapor plume to disperse more rapidly than would be experienced over flat terrain. (3) For the four simulated LNG field tests the arrival time, peak concentration, maximum peak, etc., have been tabulated; peak ground level concentration contours have been determined; and normalized peak concentration coefficients vs. downwind distance have been plotted. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150932</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE XM-41 FILTER FOR USE WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69730</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The XM-41, a carbon adsorbent-containing filter, is to be used as part of a butyl rubber suit to protect personnel in a cleanup operations of hazardous chemical spills. The filter was developed at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD for protection against toxic chemical agents, but its effectiveness against commercial chemicals was not known. In this study, criteria were developed by theoretical and experimental means to evaluate its effectiveness against 900 chemicals when the vapor concentration was 2 volume percent or saturated vapor, whichever was lowest. Stipulated service time was 120 minutes. The determining factor was the vapor pressure. Those organic chemicals with vapor pressures less than 0.25 mm Hg gave service times longer than 120 min and those with vapor pressures more than 1.1 mm Hg gave service times less than 120.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69730</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SULFURIC ACID SPILL CHARACTERISTICS UNDER MARITIME ACCIDENT CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177107</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concentrated sulfuric acid and oleum are among the most potentially hazardous chemicals routinely transported in bulk quantities on U.S. and international waterways. Conceivably, during a marine mishap, tons of sulfuric acid could abruptly be released into the water, and the consequences of such a spill accident could be detrimental to man and the environment. In the present report, several acid spill accidents are summarized. It is shown that the convective mixing of concentrated sulfuric acid with water can adequately be described by the variation of the buoyancy force arising from changes in acid concentration and released heat of dilution. Mathematic models are presented for the cases of both instantaneous and continuous releases. For oleum spills in which acid aerosol formation is a potential safety hazard, a conservative estimate of less than one-tenth of a percent is obtained for the amount of acid which might become airborne under most accident conditions. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177107</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF CHEMICAL SPILLS FROM MARINE TRANSPORTATION OR RELATED FACILITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/466207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the results of a study of the causes of chemical spills from vessels and facilities for the U.S. Coast Guard.  The purpose of the report is to identify the chain of events that lead to spills and the frequency of these spills in order to  identify potential methods of preventing spills.  The potential causes that were considered included human error, equipment failure, structural failure, and weather.  Other characteristics of spills examined included time of day, location, and substance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/466207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESPONSE MANUAL FOR COMBATING SPILLS OF FLOATING HAZARDOUS CHRIS CHEMICALS; FINAL REPT. JUL 86-MAY 88</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current response technologies for floating hazardous chemicals were organized into a response manual. Technologies for spill containment, vapor suppression, and spill removal were included. A decision-making process was developed and work sheets included in an appendix. Physical properties and response information are also included in an appendix for each of the floating CHRIS chemicals. This information has been organized into a computerized data base for easy access. (js)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/406193</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CLASSIFICATION OF FLOATING CHRIS CHEMICALS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SPILL RESPONSE MANUAL; FINAL REPT. OCT 84-MAY 88</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Physico-chemical criteria were established and subjected to the chemical compounds listed in CHRIS to select those chemicals which are immiscible and float on water. This information was compiled in a menu-driven data base for easy access. As the result of this work, 294 CHRIS chemicals were found to be floaters. A literature review was conducted also to review available spill containment and recovery equipment and techniques for the application toward floating hazardous chemical spills. No single technology or equipment was found to effectively apply for the containment and recovery of spilled floating chemicals. Specific deficiencies and problems inherent in existing technologies were identified. A hazard and toxicity ranking system was developed and applied to the floating chemicals for groupings by degrees of flammability and toxicity hazards. These groupings include highly flammable through noncombustible and highly toxic through non-toxic and the combination of degrees of hazards. (JS)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/406196</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STUDY TO MODIFY THE VULNERABILITY MODEL OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Vulnerability Model (VM) is a computer model which simulates hazardous materials spills and computes the consequences to people and property from resulting fires, explosions, or toxic vapors. This report describes recent work performed to prepare the VM for operational use. Four specific tasks or developments are described: (1) Development of the user Interface Module (UIM), and easy-to-use conversational program which enables inexperienced or occasional users to set up and run VM simulations easily and reliably with little or no training, (2) Development of a series of VM output display routines which display the results of VM simulations on CRT terminals or hard copy plotters, (3) Development of ready-to-use Geographical/Demographic files for Los Angeles and New York Harbors (a file for New Orleans already exists), and (4) Performance of a number of VM spill simulations for selected chemicals in Los Angeles and New York Harbors to operationally test the UIM/VM system and to provide a hazard ranking of the selected chemicals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MONITORING OF LNG VAPORS - PHASE I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the development and subsequent field testing of two rapid response instruments for the detection of methane gas in the vapor resulting from an LNG spill. The instruments were: a laser instrument with a 0.005 second response time and 0.1% sensitivity, and a two-band differential radiometer (TBDR) with a 0.15 second response time and 1% sensitivity. A thermistor sensor was also developed for the rapid (0.2 second) measurement of vapor temperature. The implementation of this instrumentation for Spill Tests LNG-18, LNG-19, LNG-20 and LNG-21 at China Lake, California is also described in this report. Some comparisons were made between the JPL measurements and those of other organizations involved in the China Lake test program. Good correlation was found, for example, between the laser methane measurement and that of a nearby sensor during LNG-18. During LNG-21 the vapor temperature of methane was also measured and found to be linearly related to the methane concentration over the 2-10% range. In addition to the two methane concentration instruments, progress in the laboratory associated with this program was made on the development of a modified TBDR device to measure the concentration of oxygen in the vapor cloud, and in the development of infrared fiber-optics for advanced laser detection of methane and other species. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144175</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REVIEW OF TOXIC SPILL MODELING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is a literature survey which identifies existing mathematical models available for the description of toxic spills into waterways. Advantages and disadvantages of numerous models are discussed. Emphasis is placed on model coefficients because these are very difficult to define. Guidelines are presented for coefficient selection. This selection must consider such parameters as river bends, varying channel geometries, stratified flows and oscillating flows. The interactions of convective transport, turbulent mixing, chemical reactions and other processes are reviewed. Guidelines are also given for matching the best mathematical model to particular toxic spill scenarios. Modeling technique is discussed to fully describe toxic spills. This literature review provides a useful planning tool for future model development. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/143794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING POOL AND VAPOR FIRES FROM SPILLS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS ON WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A series of 16 tests have been conducted at the Naval Weapons Center involving the spill and ignition of liquefied natural gas (LNG) on water. Two kinds of fires have been studied; namely, pool fires and vapor cloud fires. The principal objective of the tests was to measure the thermal characteristics. The quantities of spilled LNG varied between 3 and 5.5 m to the third power with spill durations from 30 to 250 s. Thermal radiation from the fires was measured using wide-angle and narrow-angle radiometers and a spectrometer. The data from the tests have been analyzed for pool spread, liquid regression rate, flame heights, thermal radiative output and LNG fire spectra. Models useful for evaluating LNG fire hazards are indicated. Mean flame emissive power measured is about 210 kW/m to the second power and estimated flame temperature is 1500 K. CO2, H2O, and soot appear to be the principal radiating species. Vapor cloud burning was close to the ground with a propagating plume fire. The velocity of propagation was a function of the wind speed. A peculiar fire halting behavior noticed is discussed. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/143994</guid>
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