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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR HANDLING SPILLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/63410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the results of a laboratory test program undertaken to define the treatment processes for the development of a modular transportable treatment unit for an on-site handling of spilled hazardous materials in aqueous solutions. The hazardous materials evaluated during this study were selected based on the priority ranking system developed by EPA. Nine materials evaluated for treatment by chemical reaction, clarification and activated carbon adsorption were: acetone cyanohydrin, acrylonitrile, ammonia, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorine, methanol, phenol, tetraethyllead (TEL) and tetramethyllead (TML). Several additional materials listed in the report were evaluated for treatment feasibility by reverse osmosis. The results of the laboratory tests indicated that the unit treatment processes of chemical reaction, flocculation, sedimentation, granular media filtration and activated carbon adsorption would form the most suitable and versatile system for an on-site removal and treatment of hazardous materials. This treatment vehicle is now ready and available for response to an actual or test spill.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/63410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMERGENCY SERVICES GUIDE FOR SELECTED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; SPILLS, FIRE, EVACUATION AREA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/41019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The information presented in this manual was developed to provide a guide on actions to be taken to minimize the immediate hazard impact of spills incountered in the bulk transportation of certain selected hazardous materials.  The spill guides are divided into a left and a right side.  The left side contains information and recommendations similar to those proposed by the Depart of Transportation, or safety documents developed by other organizations and industries. The right side contains information not known to be available from any other source.  Recommended exclusion areas in case of a spill of the materials and exclusion distances covering ignition control and blast effects for some flammable materials are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/41019</guid>
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      <title>METHODS OF PREVENTION, DETECTION AND CONTROL OF SPILLAGES IN EUROPEAN OIL PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/538294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report gives information on the measures which are used to ensure safe operation of industry pipelines in Western Europe related to the causes of spillages.  The result of the application of these measures has been a very low level of spillage over the 25 years that CONCAWE has collected statistics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 27 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/538294</guid>
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      <title>THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND SAFETY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES. REPORT NO. 2: THE CURRENT STATUS OF EV SAFETY: A REVIEW OF ISSUES, REGULATIONS, AND PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/483667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is the second in a series of studies designed to assess the full scope of the environmental impacts and safety issues related to electric vehicles (EVs).  These reports are meant to aid policy makers and the public in their ongoing deliberations concerning the widespread introduction of EVs.  This report contains an in-depth analysis of the safety issues posed by EVs. It includes a comparison of EVs to current internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in eleven safety issue areas, the current status of regulations and programs concerning EV safety, and a detailed examination of four safety concerns unique to EV technology:  (1) hydrogen gassing; (2) electrolyte spillage; (3) electric shock; and (4) toxic fumes.  There is also a section on emergency service training programs.  Overall, this report found that there are no significant safety risks involved with utilizing EVs, and that widespread adoption of EVs will result in a significantly safer fleet of vehicles than the ICE fleet currently in use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/483667</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-COUNTRY OIL PIPELINES IN WESTERN EUROPE: STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF REPORTED SPILLAGES, 1995</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/572279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is the latest in a series of annual reports issued by CONCAWE reviewing the performance of cross-country oil pipelines in Western Europe.  It covers an oil pipeline network of 30,600 km (19,018 mi) and the reported spillage incidents are analyzed by cause and the effectiveness of clean-up.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jun 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/572279</guid>
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      <title>NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD PIPELINE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT: EVALUATION OF PIPELINE FAILURES DURING FLOODING AND OF SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS, SAN JACINTO RIVER NEAR HOUSTON TEXAS, OCTOBER 1994</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/478858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In mid-October 1994, major flooding occurred in the San Jacinto River flood plain near Houston, Texas.  Due to the flooding, 8 pipelines ruptured and many others were undermined.  Ignition of petroleum and petroleum products released into the river resulted in 574 people receiving (mostly minor) burn and inhalation injuries.  The Safety Board undertook a special investigation that focused on the following safety issues:  1) the adequacy of Federal and industry standards on designing pipelines in flood plains; 2) the preparedness of pipeline operators to respond to threats to their pipelines from flooding and to minimize the potential for product releases; and, 3) the preparedness of the nation to minimize the consequences of petroleum releases.  The report also addresses the need for effective operational monitoring of pipelines and for the use of remote- or automatic-operated valves to allow for prompt detection of product releases and rapid shutdown of failed pipe segments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/478858</guid>
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      <title>AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL: SIMULATIONS FROM SOIL MICROCOSMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The capacity of natural bacteria to aerobically degrade hydrocarbon vapors was measured and modeled to assess the potential of bioventing to reduce exhaust vapor treatment requirements at a petroleum spill site.  Five sets of aerobic soil microcosms from the vadose zone of a Massachusetts Highway Department contaminated right-of-way were dosed with different initial petroleum vapor standard concentrations, then monitored by gas chromatographic analysis over a 55-day period.  The five sets yielded an average maximum reaction rate of 20 micrograms/cubic meter (soil gas)-sec, which compared favorably with studies of light hydrocarbon vapor degradation in sandy soils from other sites.  The calibrated rate was incorporated into a steady-state bioventing model that simulated the evaporation of 34,000 L of petroleum over a 170-year natural release period and an 8-year accelerated release period for 10-day residence time.  Aerobic degradation for a 10-day residence time reduced exhaust vapor concentrations by over 100% for natural release rates, with a 13% reduction under accelerated conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470029</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HUMAN ORGANIZATIONAL ERRORS IN LOADING AND DISCHARGE OPERATIONS AT MARINE TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/448071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Human error in the marine industry has been an ongoing research activity at the University of California at Berkeley since 1990. The purpose of this project is to study the occurrence and then be able to minimize the likelihood of error in one specific area of the marine industry: spills in California waters during tanker loading and discharging operations of petrochemicals in marine terminals.  The paper describes tanker loading and discharge operations in general and the individual, system, environmental, organizational and procedural factors that go into increasing the probability of spill incidents.  The overall project involves developing qualitative and quantitative models that provide insights into spill accidents and allows one to evaluate improvements in various aspects of loading and discharge operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Oct 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/448071</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>OIL SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITIES IN SOUTH FLORIDA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/370586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The oil spill response capabilities of a unique area in the United States, the South Florida region, are examined and assessed.  A literature search was conducted and a questionnaire on oil spill cleanup response capability was sent to relevant agencies and contractors.  From the data gathered through literature and the questionnaire, a computerized data base was developed with a manual that would enable users to quickly retrieve needed information to plan and assemble manpower and equipment necessary to contain and clean up a major oil spill. A major oil spill would be more disastrous to an unprepared Florida than the Exxon Valdez accident was to Alaska.  Growing tanker traffic in Florida waters, shortage of cleanup equipment, types of currents, shallow reefs, and vulneralbe coastline all contribute to greater potential damage from an oil spill.  The few oil cleanup contractors and specialized companies in the state are confined to large cities.  It would be almost impossible for these operators to reach a remote oil spill disaster area quickly.  Oil spill cleanup contractors are equipped to handle only minor spills and financially they are unable to purchase expensive equipment geared for major spills.  The computerized data base should assist the oil spill task force agencies and industry to assemble quickly in response to a major oil spill.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Aug 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/370586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHEMICAL DAMAGE TO AIRFIELD CONCRETE APRONS FROM HEAT AND OILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/377945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An increase has been observed of airfield concrete apron distress in the form of surface scaling when the aprons are exposed to cyclic heat, spilled lubricants, and/or hydraulic fluids. Chemical analysis of the damaged concrete reveals that the spilled fluids are undergoing hydrolysis accompanied by the consumption of calcium hydroxide, plus hydrated silicate and aluminate phases.  The damage was reproduced in the laboratory on 3 ft x 4 in. thick slabs during 5 weeks of exposure to lubricants and cyclic heat.  Use of penetrating sealants, coatings, and/or neutral pH concretes is suggested for pavements exposed to this type of environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/377945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE: REGULATORS HAVE NOT ENSURED THAT GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS ARE BEING MET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/357049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The General Accounting Office (GAO) conducted a study to determine whether regulatory oversight of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) has been adequate to ensure (1) operational safety, (2) oil spill response capabilities, and (3) ability to protect the environment.  In brief, GAO found the following:  While Alyeska Pipeline Service Company has the basic responsibility for complying with various regulatory requirements, government regulators are also responsible for ensuring that Alyeska's actions result in the pipeline being operated safely and in an environmentally sound manner.  However, the five principal federal and state regulatory agencies have not had the systematic, disciplined, and coordinated approach needed to regulate TAPS.  Instead, these agencies relied on Alyeska to police itself.  For example, the regulators did not systematically or independently assess Alyeska's corrosion prevention and detection or leak detection systems, nor did they require that Alyeska demonstrate that it can respond adequately to a large-scale oil spill.  It was not until after the Exxon Valdez incident and the discovery of corrosion that the regulators began to reevaluate their roles and focus on issues such as whether Alyeska's operating and maintenance procedures meet the pipeline's special engineering design and operating requirements, or whether Alyeska can adequately and promptly respond to a large-scale oil spill. In January 1990, the regulators established a joint office to provide for more effective TAPS oversight.  GAO believes that central leadership and a secured funding source may help ensure that this office provides adequate oversight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/357049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL SPILL RESPONSE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/362734</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book offers effective response procedures for all types of hazardous material spill situations are spelled out. Discusses in detail strategies for dealing with ground spills, water spills, rail and truck spills, and in-plant spills. Covers all steps to developing and maintaining a contingency plan and responder training. In addition to first-response techniques for spills, the guide discusses: characteristics of hazardous materials; personal protective equipment; public relations; how to deal with the media and legal issues; how to solve problems of post-cleanup waste disposal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 May 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/362734</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BENEFIT-COST EVALUATION OF USING DIFFERENT SPECIFICATION TANK CARS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF TRANSPORTING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE CHEMICALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/364919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to public concerns about the environment, regulatory requirements for cleaning up spills of certain chemicals have become more stringent and cleanup costs have increased dramatically.  Hence, due consideration must be given to environmental sensitivity as an element of transportation risk.  Among the environmentally sensitive chemicals of most concern to the railroad industry are 10 halogenated hydrocarbons that are shipped in general-purpose tank cars.  The cost of cleaning up spills of these chemicals in 1980 through 1989 exceeded $50 million.  This represented more than half of the major environmental cleanup costs resulting from railroad transportation incidents in this period, although shipments of these chemicals accounted for less than 1% of the total carload volume of hazardous materials.  Investing in more secure tank cars would increase the capital and operating costs but would reduce the risk of these spills.  Under current packaging practices, the average liability is estimated to be $788 per carload in 1990 dollars, and this liability will double in 1992 as a result of more stringent hazardous waste disposal regulations.  Use of more secure 105A300W or 105A500W tank cars would reduce the 1990 liability to $375 or $129 per carload, respectively.  The analytical approach developed in this paper quantifies the benefits and costs of transporting these chemicals in such tank cars.  The results indicate that the reduced liability resulting from the use of type 105 tank cars more than offsets the increased capital and operating costs and therefore would be a cost-effective means of reducing the risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/364919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RISK OF DANGEROUS GOODS SPILLS IN ABEGWEIT PASSAGE: FERRY VERSUS BRIDGE CROSSING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/364923</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The relative risks of hazardous material spills in the 13-km-wide Abegweit Passage between Prince Edward Island and mainland Canada are analyzed, and counteractive measures are discussed for an existing ferry crossing and an alternative link by a bridge.  The spills can originate from trucks hauling dangerous goods on board ferries or over the bridge, ships involved in collisions with the ferries or in strikings of the bridge piers, and ferry or bridge maintenance operations.  A methodology is developed for the analysis of the marine spill risks associated with the vessel traffic stream crossing (a) a ferry route and (b) a bridge line.  Because study-specific data are available neither on spill sizes nor on the conditional probability of a release from a vessel or truck damaged in an accident, an upper bound of probabilities and sizes of spills is estimated.  The analysis results represent current traffic volumes and makeup of dangerous goods shipments.  They do not reflect possible effects of future legislative, technological, and operations management changes that will undoubtedly aim at preventing and countering the effects of spills.  Petrochemical products are the most likely spill commodity, and the potential size of a spill is similar for the two transportation alternatives.  The return periods are orders of magnitude higher for the ferry than for the bridge.  The return periods and sizes of spills can be improved by instituting traffic management systems for vessels and trucks.  Bridge and waterborne emergency response, containment of spills in the bridge drainage system, and more stringent operating and maintenance procedures should reduce the volume of hazardous materials spilled into the water.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/364923</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENERGY AND PORT ACCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/364937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper, presented at Session Number 93 of the 70th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on January 15, 1991, in Washington, D.C., examines energy and port access from the point of view of the ship operator and what happens when policies are made within port authorities that may affect the ship operator.  Attention is focused on the public demand for safety and the consequences of not addressing safety issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/364937</guid>
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