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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Speed And Speed Management; Summary Of The Most Important Findings From The Speeding Projects In SWOV's 2003-2006 Research Programme</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/811363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driving too fast, i.e. faster than the speed limit or insufficiently adapted to the circumstances, is one of road safety's central problems. In SWOV's 2003-2006 research programme, two projects examined this extensively. These were Analysis of speed, speed distribution and safety and Measures for speed enforcement. All sorts of activities took place within these projects.  This report is the final report of these activities and briefly describes the most important ideas and the results of literature studies, analyses, and a number of empirical studies. The following subjects were dealt with:  (1) the relation between speed, crash risk, and crash severity;  (2) the factors that influence motorists' speed choice;  (3) a vision of the short-term approach to the speeding problem;  (4) an overview of measures for speed management.  The report then zooms in on three specific measures for speed management which the SWOV research programme has paid special attention to:  (1) credible speed limits;  (2) speed enforcement;  (3) Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA).  The subject of speed management has many aspects. This report shows that in SWOV's 2003-2006 research programme they studied many of these aspects, they obtained new knowledge in various areas and sorted out existing knowledge. In particular they made a great deal of progress in the aspect of credible speed limits.  This of course does not mean that we now know everything; that's far from being the case. Various parts of the new SWOV research programme will pay attention to the subject of speed and speed management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jun 2007 07:35:13 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>User Benefits and Time in Road Investment and Maintenance:
Role of Speed Choice and Driving Comfort</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/776208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses the assessment of user benefits generated from increased road standard; improvements which road users may (partly) realize as reduced travel time. We show how travel time reductions may be understood as resulting from an interrelation between speed choice, driving comfort and values-of-time. We discuss how investments and other projects can be evaluated to avoid two ditches: double-counting and systematic underestimation of benefits  Estimated values-of-time are known to comprise two inseparable components: the “resource” value of time, and a “quality adjustment”, reflecting the conditions under which time is spent. For the evaluation of an investment expected to reduce travel time, estimated (average) values-of-time are typically multiplied by average estimated time gains, to obtain an estimate of the consumer surplus generated for users that benefit fully from the improvement. This method is relevant for projects that reduce travel time at (approximately) constant driving comfort, for example by introducing a short-cut in a network of homogeneous standard. As this paper shows, however, the procedure is not appropriate for projects that induce time gains by “allowing” a higher travel speed.   Based on current theories for driver behaviour, this paper sets up a model in which travel time and value-of-time is related through driving comfort and speed choice. We explore the consequences of this model for project evaluation and estimation of willingness-to-pay (by, for example, Stated Preference or Contingent Valuation methods). We show how careful consideration of the central relationships is needed to draw relevant conclusions about total benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2006 14:15:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/776208</guid>
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      <title>Speed Choice Versus Celeration Behavior as Traffic Accident Predictor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/781317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Introduction: The driver celeration behavior theory predicts that this variable is superior to all other variables as a predictor of individual traffic accident involvement, including the ever-important speed parameter. The study was undertaken to test this prediction. Also, it was expected that most variables would associate fairly strongly. Method: The use of speed choice as a predictor of individual traffic accident record was discussed, and four different variants of this variable (maximum, net mean, gross mean, and standard deviation of speed) identified. These variables were then compared to celeration behavior as predictors of accident record of bus drivers in the same set of data. Results: Celeration behavior was found to be slightly superior, in accordance with the prediction made from the driver celeration behavior theory, although the differences were not significant. Furthermore, the predictor variables were found to associate fairly strongly between themselves, with the exception of gross mean speed, and to have fair stability over time, especially when aggregated. Conclusions: These results tentatively confirm some of the predictions made from the driver celeration behavior theory. As the results for accidents were in the expected direction, but not significant, and the maximum speed variable may have suffered from a ceiling effect, the conclusion is provisional. Impact on industry: The correlations found were strong enough to warrant the use of celeration behavior as a predictive variable for transportation companies in their safety work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2006 09:31:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/781317</guid>
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      <title>Operating Speed Prediction Model for Existing Two Lane Two-Way Old Alignments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/762401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the development of operating speed prediction models to assess the geometric design consistency and thus the safety of Pakistan's two lane rural roads. While research into operating speed and design consistency has been widely performed in Europe and North America, no such research has been done in Pakistan. Models of operating speeds that take into account local climate, pavement conditions, driver behavior and other Pakistan-specific variables are necessary to provide the basis for further work on Pakistan's road design and safety. The paper presents three operating speed prediction models based on real speed data collected on Pakistan's two lane, two-way rural highways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2005 10:34:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/762401</guid>
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      <title>IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECT ON DRIVING SIMULATOR VALIDITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/709428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to financial and computational limitations, the image quality presented in driving simulators is often a trade-off between resolution, pixel density and field of view.  The current study examined this trade-off by investigating the effect of image resolution and horizontal field of view on the validity of the Leeds Driving Simulator.  There were three levels of pixel density:  low (3.6 arc min per pixel), high (2.6 arc min per pixel) and real world, and four levels of field of view:  narrow (50 deg), medium (120 deg), wide (230 deg) and real world.  Results seemed to show that widening the field of view improved the validity of speed choice and lane position between simulated and real world driving conditions, whilst there was no significant effect of image resolution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/709428</guid>
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      <title>SPEED CHOICE AND STEERING BEHAVIOR IN CURVE DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The relation between speed choice and steering performance during curve negotiation was examined in a driving simulator.  The hypothesis was that curve radius and steering competence both affect steering error during curve driving, resulting in compensatory speed choice.  In this, the control of safety margins was assumed to operate as a regulatory mechanism. Smaller curve radii resulted in a larger required steering wheel angle, and steering error increased linearly with required steering wheel angle.  Participants compensated for this by choosing a lower speed, such that the time to line crossing to the inner lane boundary was constant over all curve radii examined. Steering competence was measured during straight-road driving. Poorer steering competence also resulted in larger steering errors, which were compensated for by choosing a lower speed, such that the safety margin to the inner lane boundary was unaffected by steering competence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469733</guid>
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