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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Bearing and System Sensitivity Measurements on the GPS Fixed Interference Monitoring Detection System (FIMDS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698477</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper documents the testing activities and their results which have taken place at the Federal Aviation Administration's William J. Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC) in order to assess the Direction Finding (DF) capabilities of the Cubic AA2030 DF Antenna Array and DF4400 Processor in the GPS L1 band and in the VHF air-to-ground Communications band. Bearing and system sensitivity data were collected for two DF Processor modes (AM & FMN) as the DF array was varied in azimuth from 0-360 degrees in 45-degree increments. L-Band testing utilized four different interferer heights (7.2 ft, 11.3 ft, 16 ft, and 21 ft) at two RF frequencies (1560 & 1590 MHz). The VHF interferer height was 7.0 ft radiating at 127.025 MHz. Utilizing a simulated interferer as the transmit source, the bearing on the DF processor was recorded. The system sensitivity was measured by reducing the interferer's RF power level sufficiently to induce a +/- 6-degree jitter in the original bearing reading. The Field Strength incident on the DF array was then measured with a calibrated antenna and spectrum analyzer. Utilizing the Antenna Factor and test cable loss, the raw spectrum analyzer reading was converted to Field Strength in units of dBuV/meter, and then to system sensitivity in uV/m. The results were compared to the vendor's specification of 20 uV/m (L-Band) and 0.8 uV/m (VHF-Band).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 10:09:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698477</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Joint Collaborative Big Spectrum Data Sensing and Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Spectrum Access for Cognitive Internet of Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) is an intelligent vehicle network envisioned to opportunistically access spectrum licensed to primary users (PUs) on the premise of not interrupting their normal communications. Dynamic spectrum access enables the CIoV to choose the best possible spectrum for communications based on the outcomes of spectrum data sensing, which can improve the spectrum access performance effectively. In this paper, the authors enable the CIoV to adapt to various spectrum states through: a) a collaborative big spectrum data sensing scheme to sense a massive amount of spectrum data; and b) a reinforcement learning (RL) based dynamic spectrum access scheme to optimize spectrum selection strategies. Q-learning, which is a popular RL approach, is proposed for underlay, overlay, and collaborative spectrum access modes to allocate spectrum resources to the CIoV intelligently. The Q-learning models, which include the spectrum state vector, the action vector of CIoV, and the spectrum access reward received in different spectrum situations, are defined for the spectrum access modes. A Q-learning based spectrum access algorithm is proposed to improve the communication performance of the CIoV in different spectrum access modes. Simulation results indicate that the collaborative spectrum access mode can achieve higher average throughput, lower interference power and lower communication outage compared with the underlay and overlay spectrum access modes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2024 11:25:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Isotopic Calibration Gases on IR Quantification Analyzer Techniques to Measure CO and CO₂ in Engine Emissions Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1633879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Infrared spectroscopic methods are the most common methods in the automotive industry for measuring carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) gases. Concentrations of both gases, which are emitted from the combustion of fuels, are required to be determined accurately in order to follow strict environmental regulations. Appropriate analytical techniques and accurate calibration gas mixtures are therefore critical for successful measurements. Regulatory documents such as the EPA’s Code of Federal Regulations 40 (CFR 40) part 1065.250, UN ECE-R83, and (EU) 2017/1151 recommend a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer to measure CO and CO₂ concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust gas samples. Over the last decade, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry has been validated and recommended in engine exhaust certification testing as well as in engine and vehicle development activities. The variation in the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/¹²C in natural atmospheric CO₂ is in the range of ± 2‰ however, artificial or non-natural sources of CO or CO₂ can potentially have much larger variances. To fully understand the impacts of isotopic composition on the analyzers, the δ¹³C values used in this study were selected to cover a broad range of non-natural isotope ratios (very depleted and enriched). In the present work on both FTIRs and NDIRs, up to 4% deviation in analytical results were observed relative to the base case composition (-12‰ ¹³CO) when the CO/N₂ gas mixture was enriched to 2630‰ with ¹³C content. Analytical deviations measured on NDIR analyzers were more pronounced (4-14%) relative to the base case composition with the change of ¹³C in the CO₂/N₂ mixture from -982‰ to 6783‰. Moreover, the error with FTIR measurements could rise up to a factor of 2 or more depending on the ¹³C and ¹²C band selection and their evaluation methods. Known isotopic gas mixtures and careful evaluation band selection in the FTIR method were observed to reduce the analytical errors. Even though calibration gases were prepared accurately for molecular concentrations, carbon isotopic concentrations far removed from natural abundance showed significant errors in the measurements. It is therefore essential to have either known or natural ratios of carbon isotope calibration gas mixtures for accurate emission measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Sep 2019 17:16:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1633879</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New methodology for determination of load spectra for the vehicle accelerated durability testing associated with the time correlated fatigue damage analysis method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The generation of valid and effective test spectra from proving ground recorded load spectra is critical for automotive durability testing. Traditional methods mostly based on spectrum damage were used to select load spectra. Statistical characteristics of load spectra were taken into account, and a new load spectra determination method based on a concatenation of a multi-section minimum standard deviation spectrum (CMSD) was proposed. The CMSD spectra were created and based on proving ground recorded load spectra. Fatigue damage analyses showed that the CMSD spectra approximated the mean damage spectra and were representative of proving ground load spectra. Subsequently, the CMSD spectra were edited by applying the time correlated fatigue damage (TCFD) analysis method to generate accelerated loading spectra. The spectra editing process of the TCFD was discussed in detail. Validation of the accelerated spectra was conducted from amplitude and frequency domains. The same fatigue damage and identical spectrum properties were retained in the accelerated spectra. A vehicle 4-post testing was finally conducted where the accelerated loading spectra were applied as the target spectra. Several fatigue fracture phenomena occurred during the authors' test, which showed good agreement with the field test. Therefore, the load spectra determination method CMSD associated with the load spectra editing method TCFD were demonstrated reasonable and practical.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2017 13:55:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>S-BAND RADAR PULSE DENSITIES IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report contains results of spectrum occupancy measurements made of the 2700-3100 MHz radar bands in the Los Angeles, CA, area. Approximately 500 sets of measurements were made, which included peak pulse amplitude, as well as the number of pulse counts at three threshold levels measured in 1 MHz frequency increments. These measurements have been combined and are displayed in this report in graphs showing the maximum, average, and minimum amplitude and pulse counts in 1 MHz frequency increments (400 samples). These measurements were made for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) by the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) using the Radio Spectrum Measurement System, a computer-controlled spectrum analyzer system. The measurements will be used to quantify the S-band electromagnetic environment expected to be encountered with NEXRAD, a doppler weather radar currently under development. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177339</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF WILCOX MODEL 585B VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE (VOR) SYSTEM. PART 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/171653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A three-part investigation of the Wilcox 585B Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio Range (VOR) System was conducted. In Part 1, the magnitude of the ground error was reduced by modification and suitable adjustment of antenna element lengths of the field detector, In Part 2, investigation developed an acceptable calibration procedure for system 30 hertz (Hz) modulation. Obtaining compatible 30 Hz modulation reading between aircraft (far-field) and edge of counterpoise (near-field) measurements was an additional requirement. In Part 3, tests resolved any discrepancies in the tuning adjustments prescribed by the manufacturer's equipment manuals. This report, which is the last in a series of three, contains an outline of the tests and procedures for setting the lengths of the adjustable field detector elements, a recommended procedure for obtaining compatible near-field and airborne 30 Hz modulation readings, and recommended changes to the manufacturer antenna tuning procedures in order that the system meet required operational tolerances. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/171653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POWER LINE CARRIER RADIATION AND THE LOW-FREQUENCY AERONAUTICAL RADIO COMPASS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The power line carrier is a telecommunication technique widely used by the power utilities for communication and telemetry. This system uses the power lines as a propagation medium and operates largely in the LF band. Potential for interference to an aeronautical radio compass operating in the 190-535 kHz aeronautical radio-navigation band exists. The purpose of this work was to examine that potential for interference. Laboratory measurements of radio compass receivers were made. These results indicate that 44 to 54 dBu of undesired signal or an undesired-to-desired signal ratio of 4 to 10 dB was required to cause measurable radio compass bearing errors, depending on the type of receiver. An airplane equipped with a spectrum analyzer/data recording system was used to make power line carrier radiation measurements over two selected power lines in Tennessee. The results indicate that, for the limited measurements taken, radio compass bearing errors could be caused by power line carrier radiation for an injected carrier power of 4 W. The distance and height dependence of the power line carrier radiation is discussed. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 27 Oct 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155861</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF WILCOX MODEL 585B VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE SYSTEM PART 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/170314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report establishes a calibration procedure which employs a space modulation chart to adjust percent modulation for the Wilcox 585B very high frequency omnidirectional radio range (VOR) System. This procedure is recommended for solid-state VOR designed systems in which the rotatable goniometer has been replaced by a solid-state unit. Ground and airborne modulation tests were made using a spectrum analyzer for determining percent modulation. Results of these measurements indicated 1.5 percent modulation be added to the normal 30 percent modulation adjustment when made with the detector at counterpoise edge to provide equality between near and far afield modulation measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/170314</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ITS BENEFITS OF RAIL SPREAD-SPECTRUM RADIO-BASED TECHNOLOGIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/507233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) technologies, operating in the wide bandwidths of the spectrum, are rapidly emerging as the new frontier of intelligent transportation systems.  In this regard, spread-spectrum radio based technology is leading the way, and rail transit is providing the application platform.  This paper discusses what is being done in the United States to take advantage of these new developments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Sep 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/507233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. REPORT 2. FEASIBILITY OF SONIC PULSE-ECHO TECHNIQUE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A sonic pulse-echo system has been developed that will measure the length of long, thin concrete members such as piles and detect discontinuities within the members. A longitudinal pulse is introduced into the concrete at a surface by mechanical impact, and the echo time is measured using the time base of an oscilloscope. The velocity of the longitudinal wave is determined initially on a known length of similar concrete. In situ pile lengths up to 70 ft have been measured successfully in soil with low damping characteristics. The system successfully measured the lengths of three drilled piers and detected the location of flaws in the piers incorporated by design at the University of Texas at Austin. Measurements of thin slabs were found to be more difficult than measurements of piles. Because reflections of echoes in thin sections are of much higher frequency, elastic pulses containing higher frequencies must be introduced into the concrete. Research should continue in an effort to provide a pulse-echo system that will be capable of nondestructive evaluation of all geometries of Civil Works structures. An ultrasonic unit of low frequency and high energy level should be designed to improve resolution above that of a sonic system for thin sections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155765</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF AN AIRCRAFT NOISE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR CERTIFICATION AND RESEARCH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[System requirements are presented for a noise measurement system capable of performing tests conforming to FAR Part 36 and for a research noise measurement system applicable to a broad range of objectives. The characteristics of subsystems for the functions of acoustical data collection, aircraft tracking, weather data collection, aircraft performance data collection and data processing are discussed. Alternative subsystems representative of a range of performance capabilities and costs are considered in terms of specific measurement objectives and other factors. Example system configurations for both certification and research applications are described. The study emphasizes conceptual design rather than detailed equipment/system specifications. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VERSATILE GAS FILTER CORRELATION SPECTROMETER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A versatile infrared analyzer employing gas-filter correlation techniques has been designed and constructed to measure concentrations of pollutant gases from a variety of sources. The spectral bandpass is determined by an adjustable grating assembly. By interchanging cell windows, radiant energy sources, gratings, interference filters, and detectors, nearly any desired spectral bandpass between 0.3 micrometers and 11 micrometers can be obtained. Spectral curves of transmittance can also be scanned. A multiple-pass sample cell provides sample paths between approximately 4 m and 40 m. Shorter sample cells can also be employed. An H2O monitor measures the concentration of H2O in the multiple-pass sample cell and automatically accounts for interference by H2O in the measurement of other gas concentrations. Tests have been performed on the measurement of formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and ammonia. The minimum detectable concentration of formaldehyde in automotive exhaust is approximately 0.05 ppm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42409</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE VELOCITY FIELD OVER WAVES USING A WAVE FOLLOWER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14381</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The turbulent velocity field over simple propagating waves is investigated by hot-film sensors in a wind and wave facility. Use is made of a wave follower to obtain measurements below the wave crest level. Turbulence measurements are obtained in a wave following frame over the range 1.75 - 25 cm above the instantaneous water level. The measurements are transformed to an Eulerian frame and compared to measurements obtained from fixed probes over a height range 10-50 cm above the mean water level. In the overlap region the transformed wave following results are in reasonable agreement with the fixed probes results. The measurements below the crest level indicate rapid variations in Reynolds stresses and wave induced velocities. The results suggest nonlinear wave induced perturbations close to the water surface and reveal weaknesses in assumptions adopted in recent theoretical models of turbulent shear flows over waves. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14381</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIAGNOSIS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINES USING SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SPENT OIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The method of spectral analysis of a liquid sample of spent oil using a rotating disk electrode is tested as a means for practical diagnosis of motor vehicle engines. Preliminary results indicate stability of concentration of wear products in spend oil, regardless of the mileage of the vehicles. Hidden defects in engines can be discovered in a timely manner on the basis of sharp increases in the concentration of corresponding elements in spent oil.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Mar 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7741</guid>
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