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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Surface Modification of SiCw Optimises Impact Resistance of Dual-Polymer Composites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Addressing the performance degradation bottleneck of conventional impact-resistant materials under complex operating conditions, and the limitation of existing research focusing primarily on enhancing single properties while neglecting material equilibrium, this study employs silicon carbide whiskers (SiCw) as the reinforcing phase. Through surface modification techniques, SiCw/celluloid and SiCw/polyimide dual-polymer composite systems were constructed and systematically investigated. Surface modification of SiCw was achieved using titanate and silane coupling agents. Through mechanical testing and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterisation, the effects of SiCw loading and modification treatments on composite mechanical properties and interfacial bonding were analysed. Results indicate that SiCw introduction significantly enhances the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the polymer matrix, with optimal addition ratios identified: 6% for the celluloid system and 1.0% for the polyimide system. Surface modification further optimises toughening effects by reducing surface oxide layers and impurities on SiCw particles while strengthening interfacial bonding. This study provides practical guidance for the system design of high-performance impact-resistant composites. The resulting materials hold broad application prospects in sectors demanding high structural impact resistance, such as aerospace and transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:42:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742654</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Research on the Influence of Creping Process and Microstructure on the Properties of Crepe Paper Products</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crepe paper has extensive applications in the electrical field and significantly influences the operation of power equipment. The creping process and microstructure play a crucial role in determining its performance. However, optimizing them to improve the performance of crepe paper remains a challenge. Therefore, in this study, univariate and multi - factor interaction experiments were set up to explore the impact of the creping process on crepe paper. X - ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier - transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) techniques were used to analyze the microstructure of crepe paper. The results show that smaller scraper angles and moderate pressures can increase the paper density, and the use of different creping aids can improve the paper’s performance. Higher crystallinity enables crepe paper to have better mechanical and thermal stability. Moreover, based on the experimental results, a scheme for optimizing process parameters was proposed to help improve the quality of domestic crepe paper and provide support for the development of domestic electrical crepe paper production technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:36:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742578</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Research on Failure Analysis of Aircraft Windshield Outer Layer Fracture Caused by Arc Fault</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The malfunction of the aircraft windshield electric heating system, particularly arc discharge, poses a serious threat to flight safety by causing glass breakage. A systematic study was conducted on the causes and effects of arc faults on windshield structural integrity, employing macroscopic observation, microscopic analysis, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) following a windshield fracture incident. The results indicate that arc discharge typically occurs at the interface between the heating film busbar and adjacent structures. Localized high temperatures cause the outer glass to fracture, generating radial cracks. The ablation of the busbar silver coating and the carbonization of the PVB interlayer are direct evidence of arc action, whereas the heating wire remains a passive component affected by the high-temperature environment. The fault is primarily attributed to local disbonding at the busbar interface and moisture ingress. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed for process optimization and inspection method improvement, providing a basis for the safe design and maintenance of windshield structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:36:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742524</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification and Quantification of PAHs in Gasoline Soot Using ASE-GC-MS/MS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the present work, a novel method that combines accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was proposed to identify and quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gasoline soot. The n-hexane was employed to extract the target analytes, and the optimal extraction conditions were identified (cycle times = 3, extraction time = 30 min, extraction temperature = 120°C, and extraction pressure = 100 MPa). The extraction efficiency of six analytes was measured to assess the ASE method; the formation mechanism of partial PAHs was discussed, and the 18 PAHs in gasoline soot were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively under the optimal conditions. It was found that our new method reached a high correlation coefficient (between 0.9987 and 0.9997); the limits of quantification (LOQs) (S/N = 6) for these PAHs were between 0.003 and 0.009 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.9–10.6%. Our method demonstrated good performance in determining the target analytes in soot samples, such as gasoline soot, some materials soot, co-combustion soot, gasoline, and materials. The PAHs differences in soot samples containing gasoline and materials soot samples were significant enough to obtain the observed discrimination. The method is an accurate and sensitive quantitative method to identify gasoline residues in soot samples of arson fire.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Detection of homogeneity indicators in the blending process of fresh and RAP bitumen by using multivariate analysis of IR mapping data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To support sustainability in road construction and reduce the use of non-renewable resources, this study investigates the homogeneity between virgin and aged binders in asphalt mixtures – a key factor influencing mechanical performance and durability. Unlike conventional approaches that rely solely on bulk testing or extraction methods, this work applies a combined methodology using infrared (IR) mapping and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyse asphalt components. A multivariate analysis of IR hyperspectral data enabled the differentiation between bitumen and aggregates based on C–H bond vibrations, and between virgin and RAP aggregates through variations in CaCO₃ C=O bond signatures. Results reveal notable heterogeneity in the blending of fresh and RAP binders, highlighting the limitations of standard mixing protocols. This study introduces a novel microscale assessment method that avoids binder extraction and offers direct insight into blending quality. Further research is needed to quantify the effects of temperature, mixing time and binder compatibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 09:23:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The potential of differential voltage analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for electric vehicles based on real-world data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728126</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As electric vehicles (EVs) become increasingly popular, battery status determination, specifically state of health (SoH), is becoming essential for monitoring aging, estimating residual value, and providing battery insurance. While onboard diagnostic methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential voltage analysis (DVA) offer significant potential for in-situ SoH estimation, it remains unclear how frequently these measurements can be performed under real-world operating conditions. This study analyzes data from seven series-production vehicles, totaling 169760km, to evaluate idle periods and charging behavior. By modeling the SoH evolution, the study determines the achievable update intervals for each method, assessing their practical applicability for continuous battery monitoring. The results demonstrate that EIS can be effectively applied during idle periods, enabling frequent updates of the battery’s health state. DVA, in contrast, is more constrained by access to charging infrastructure, the state of charge (SoC) range, and the C-rate, but provides additional insights into specific degradation modes. The results show that EIS can be applied frequently enough during idle periods to resolve even the highest observed degradation rates at 1% SoH resolution, providing on average 412 diagnostic opportunities per 10000km, whereas DVA is substantially constrained by charging behavior and SoC range, yielding only 81, roughly a fivefold reduction. Based on these findings, a hybrid strategy is recommended that combines frequent impedance-based monitoring with intermittent DVA for in-depth degradation mode (DM) analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 11:07:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728126</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on key indices of SBS modified asphalt aging based on grey relation entropy analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The complicated aging behavior and the environmental circumstances in service have a significant impact on the aging performance of styrene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt (SBSMA). Since the aging performance of SBSMA will be influenced by the aging assessment indexes and characterization procedures, and since there is no clear standard for developing this, it is necessary to provide important indicators to evaluate the aging degree of asphalt. This work uses the pressure aging vessel aging test (PAV) to simulate long-term thermo-oxidative aging, the rotating film oven test for asphalt (RTFOT) to model short-term thermo-oxidative aging of asphalt materials, and ultraviolet aging (UV) to mimic the effects of ultraviolet aging. Frequency scanning and the multiple stress creep recovery test (MSCR) were used to further test the macroscopic property indexes of SBSMA. To ascertain the microscopic property indexes of SBSMA, infrared spectroscopy （IR）, fluorescence microscopy （FM）, and gel permeation chromatography （GPC） were employed. Finally, the correlation between the values was ascertained using grey relation entropy analysis. The findings indicate that using the irrecoverable creep flexibility at the MPa level of 3.2 kPa (Jnr-3.2) as the reference column causes the average grey entropy correlation to approach 0.988. When compared to the grey entropy correlation of other macroscopic indicators, this correlation is the strongest. Under the SBSMA macroscale, Jnr-3.2 is seen as a crucial indicator. The longer and more severe the asphalt aging, the higher the carbonyl index (CI), which has the strongest combined grey entropy association with other micro indicators. Consequently, CI is considered the key indication of SBSMA at the microscopic level. The application of grey entropy correlation analysis of SBSMA macro-microscopic under the careful analysis of several indicators can help in a more comprehensive understanding of the rheological properties of SBSMA and its evolution by revealing the extent of influence of the indicators of SBSMA under the microscopic degree of the asphalt properties of the differences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 08:40:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of the Light Environment for the Remote Control Tower Humancomputer Interaction Interface Based on Ergonomics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of remote tower systems in aviation and the resurgence of multi-display interfaces and virtual environments have dramatically influenced ATC, increasing both controllers’ visual demands and their ergonomic needs. This study uses the Visual Ergonomics to study the impact of screen luminance level, along with color temperature, on trainees’ visual performance, fatigue, and physical discomfort in the control rooms of the Remote Tower. By combining a simulated remote control system with spectrometer measurements, PVT alertness tests, VMT (Visual Memory Test) measurements, and subjective evaluations, COST B21 can build up a multi-dimensional ergonomic assessment framework. Eight levels of display luminance (and color temperature) were tested, including two illuminance levels (300 lx and 400 lx) and four color temperature ranges (6000 K–9000 K). Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), these parameters were assigned weights to derive a Visual Ergonomics (VE) scoring model, and the ideal visual performance was observed at 400 lx illuminance and 8000 K CCT. The results clearly illustrate the significant impact of display parameters on operational performance in remote tower systems and provide both practical data and a theoretical basis for the human factors design and fatigue reduction research on RTSs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 11:33:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732316</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of recycling agent on binders of varying ages and effects on subsequent aging</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the influence of recycling agents (RA) on different aged binders and their impact on subsequent aging mechanisms is vital for the effective recycling of aged binders and identifying threshold RA dosages. The present study aims to investigate the interaction effects of RA through an integrated framework by analysing chemical characteristics using Saturates, Aromatics, and Resins with Asphaltene determinator (SAR-AD) method and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while corroborating these findings through microstructural changes captured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Recycled blends prepared with binders aged to three extents and varying RA dosages were tested in unaged and long-term aged conditions. Results indicate that RA increases lighter hydrocarbons, balances asphaltene-maltene polarity, and promotes non-covalent interactions, with the quantum of influences reducing as RA dosage and RAP binder age increase. These mechanisms contribute to softening and dispersion effects, with the dispersion persisting with subsequent aging, indicating that RA alters the aromatisation process. The findings reveal that beyond a threshold RA dosage, its primary effect is softening the binder, while its impact on functional groups and dispersion becomes marginal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691690</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of rejuvenation efficiency and compatibility of rejuvenated asphalts: A framework based on rheology, FTIR and Hansen Solubility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the widespread use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), there is a growing demand for rejuvenators that not only provide efficient restoration of aged binders but also ensure long-term stability. In this study, one petroleum-based rejuvenator and four bio-based rejuvenators were blended with an aged asphalt binder to produce rejuvenated binders. Before and after an accelerated oil exudation (AOE) treatment, the binders were characterized using a combination of rheological testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). On this basis, an integrated evaluation framework was established to assess both the rejuvenation capability and compatibility of the rejuvenators with the asphalt binder. The results show that rheological indices such as the limiting phase angle temperatures T30° and T45°, the Glover–Rowe parameter (GRP), and the rejuvenation index (RI) can effectively quantify the exudation effect. The results further indicate that FTIR cannot reliably characterize non-reactive physical rejuvenation. Differences in molecular structure and chemical composition among the rejuvenators lead to variations in HSPs, and comparison of HSP values before and after exudation provides an indication of the compatibility between the rejuvenator and the asphalt matrix. These findings underscore the need to consider multiple performance indices and to carefully select both the type and dosage of rejuvenator when designing rejuvenated asphalt pavements, particularly for pavements designed for cold regions, where oil-based rejuvenators (often at relatively higher dosages) are frequently used to improve low-temperature performance. consequently, potential oil exudation should be prudently controlled to ensure satisfactory long-term pavement performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2026 07:29:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682540</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Joint online update of model structure and parameters for battery equivalent circuits using impedance spectroscopy and machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate battery state estimation is a crucial function of the battery management system in electric vehicles. Model-based estimation methods, particularly those employing equivalent circuit models, are widely used due to their favorable trade-off between simplicity and accuracy. However, as the battery ages, both the model structure and its parameters can change, leading to reduced estimation reliability. Traditional online parameter update methods, such as filter-based or recursive least squares approaches, are limited by high computational demands, sensitivity to noise, and their inability to adapt the model structure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy offers detailed insight into internal battery processes and is commonly used in laboratory settings for model identification. It also shows great potential for onboard applications, particularly in light of recent improvements in compact impedance measurement hardware and the associated cost reductions. However, effective algorithms for utilizing impedance data in onboard applications remain underexplored.This paper presents a hybrid machine learning framework that jointly performs structure selection and parameter identification of equivalent circuit models using impedance data for onboard application. An impedance dataset was generated from a battery aging study using dynamic cycling profiles that reflect real-world electric vehicle usage under varied conditions. Each spectrum was labeled with the best-suited equivalent circuit model to support framework development. The proposed framework integrates an extreme gradient boosting classifier for model structure selection and structure-specific feed-forward neural networks for parameter identification. The results demonstrate high modeling accuracy and strong potential for onboard implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 09:29:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706491</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring Aggregate Morphological Characteristics under Laboratory Polishing for Enhanced Pavement Skid Resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in pavement construction grows for sustainable development, it becomes essential to investigate potential frictional deterioration over time. This study evaluated the friction properties of recovered RAP material aggregates compared with raw aggregates across various polishing cycles. The micro-Deval test was employed to simulate aggregate loss of texture, while morphological and friction properties were measured using an aggregate imaging measurement system (AIMS-II), along with a British pendulum tester (BPT) and dynamic friction tester (DFT). Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to assess its potential in determining the origin and composition of RAP material aggregates. A simple method was used to fabricate custom aggregate rings, allowing for accurate testing in the DFT setup. The aggregate testing results revealed notable variations across the measurement techniques. AIMS-II analysis showed that traprock (maroon-colored) exhibited the highest surface texture, while DFT and BPT results indicated that certain limestones outperformed traprock in friction properties. Additionally, the testing results demonstrated that the RAP materials were comparable to, or even outperformed, certain limestone sources. However, because of potential variability within RAP stockpiles, careful quantification is necessary to assess their suitability. FTIR analysis demonstrated its ability to distinguish between carbonate-rich and silica-rich aggregates; however, further research is needed to build a library of aggregate sources. Finally, a machine learning algorithm identified the loss of aggregate DFT₂₀ values as the most significant aggregate property representing friction loss in asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:01:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From degradation mechanisms to health management: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy modeling for Proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Durability remains a major barrier to the large-scale deployment of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in transportation, where dynamic load, humidity, and temperature fluctuations accelerate coupled degradation across the membrane electrode assembly and associated transport components. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers a nondestructive route to probe these changes because it resolves resistive, kinetic, and transport responses across distinct frequency domains. However, degradation mechanisms, impedance signatures, and health management models are often discussed separately, which weakens the mechanistic interpretation of EIS for automotive PEMFC applications.In this Review, we connect component degradation, impedance manifestations, and modeling strategies within a unified PEMFC health management framework. We discuss how membrane hydration loss and chemical aging, catalyst layer degradation, gas diffusion layer and bipolar plate deterioration, and cross component interactions are reflected in high, medium, and low frequency impedance features. We further assess EIS based modeling approaches from the perspective of both interpretability and deployment, covering equivalent circuit models, physicochemical descriptions, distribution of relaxation times analysis, and hybrid physics guided frameworks. Particular attention is given to dynamic automotive operation, on-board implementation constraints, and the conditions under which impedance derived parameters can be interpreted as degradation sensitive health descriptors. This perspective clarifies how EIS can be used not only to detect performance loss, but also to relate impedance evolution to physically meaningful aging processes and more robust prognostic strategies for automotive PEMFC systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:39:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704456</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Microscale deterioration of polyethylene-modified asphalt under water-induced damage using atomic force microscopy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the microscale degradation mechanisms of neat asphalt (NA) and polyethylene-modified asphalt (PE-NA) under various water-induced conditions by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that PE modification increases the bee structure density by 23 % and improves surface roughness, adhesion, and modulus. Water-induced damage resulted in coarsening of the bee structure, increased roughness, loss of adhesion, and embrittlement in both asphalts, with the severity of degradation following the order: salt erosion > freeze-thaw > immersion. After salt erosion, the Ra value of NA increased significantly by 86.0 %, compared to only 26.0 % for PE-NA. PE-NA demonstrated superior structural retention, maintaining over 60 % more bee structures and preserving approximately 47.8 % of its adhesion force after salt erosion, whereas NA retained only about 38.4 %. FTIR analysis showed that water erosion intensified carbonyl oxidation (at 1700 cm⁻¹) in NA, whereas the PE modifier acted as a physical barrier, effectively suppressing oxidation and preserving morphological integrity. These findings highlight the effectiveness of PE modification in significantly enhancing asphalt durability in aggressive aqueous environments through microstructural stabilization and oxidation resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666232</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Polymer-softener modified binder to control potential fatigue and thermal cracking in flexible pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt binder modification has been increased to minimize cracking potential and extend pavement service life. This would reduce maintenance costs, and hence total emissions over the pavement life-cycle. Two categories of modifiers are commonly used: Polymers and softeners. This study modified two Superpave PG 64–22 binders using four softeners and one styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer to produce blends with PG 58–28, 70–28, and 76–28, and included two unmodified PG 58–28 binders for comparison. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, and cigar-tube test were used to evaluate oxidation, softener thermal stability, and storage-stability, respectively Cracking potential was assessed using binder parameters, including: ΔTc parameter for low-temperature cracking, fatigue damage tolerance parameter Δ|G*| peak τ, and stiffness at m = 0.3, S(at m=0.3), as a potential surrogate for ΔTc. Results show that selected polymer–softener-modified binders exhibited synergistic improvements, simultaneously increasing Δ|G*| peak τ and S(at m=0.3) relative to base and softened binders, while FTIR suggested softeners slowed SBS degradation. The study demonstrates that polymer–softener modification can be tailored to reduce potential fatigue and thermal cracking. This allows establishing a practical framework linking Δ|G*| peak τ and S (at m=0.3) to ranking modified binders, thereby supporting performance-oriented binder selection for flexible pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666228</guid>
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