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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Einsatzmöglichkeiten von VR-Brillen in der experimentellen Verkehrssicherheits- und Mobilitätsforschung</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trotz beachtlicher Erfolge in der Verkehrssicherheitsforschung ist die Teilnahme am Straßenverkehr weiterhin mit Risiken verbunden. Verkehrs- und Mobilitätsverhalten kann mittels verschiedener Methoden aus dem Bereich der Verhaltenswissenschaften untersucht werden. Aufgrund der sich rasant entwickelnden Technologie im Bereich Virtual-Reality (VR) werden zunehmend VR-Brillen und zugehörige Soft- und Hardware (VR-Systeme) bei der Durchführung verhaltenswissenschaftlicher Experimente eingesetzt. Aktuell ist jedoch erst in Ansätzen untersucht, welche Voraussetzungen VR-Systeme erfüllen müssen, um menschliches Verhalten valide und reliabel in wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen erzeugen beziehungsweise abbilden zu können. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist die Erstellung einer Übersicht über die aktuell verfügbaren und/oder in Entwicklung befindlichen VR-Systeme. Dabei soll die Eignung verschiedener VR-Systeme und Systemkombinationen für den Einsatz in der Verkehrssicherheitsforschung beschrieben und bewertet werden. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Despite considerable successes in road safety research, participation in road traffic is still associated with risks. Traffic and mobility behaviour can be studied using various methods from the field of behavioural sciences. Due to the rapidly developing technology in the field of virtual reality (VR), VR goggles and associated software and hardware (VR systems) are increasingly being used to conduct behavioural science experiments. Currently, however, only rudimentary research has been conducted into the requirements that VR systems must fulfil in order to be able to generate or depict human behaviour validly and reliably in scientific studies. The aim of the research project is to compile an overview of the VR systems that are currently available and/or under development. The suitability of different VR systems and system combinations for use in road safety research will be described and evaluated. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2021 11:00:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beurteilung des LTL-M: Mobile Messung von Strassenmarkierungen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1097463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Das LTL-M, eine Ausruestung fuer die mobile Messung der Rueckstrahlung von Straßenmarkierungen, wurde von DELTA Light & Optics in Daenemark entwickelt. Dieses Geraet setzt ein anderes optisches Prinzip als das bisher uebliche mobile Geraet ein, das Ecodyn 30. Das optische System des LTL-M koennte zu hoeherer Genauigkeit und besserer Wiederholbarkeit fuehren. Durch simultane Messungen mit den beiden mobilen Geraeten und als Referenz mit dem Irlandmessgeraet LTL-2000 wurden die Genauigkeit und Wiederholbarkeit des LTL-M und des Ecodyn 30 eingeschaetzt. Die Messungen erfolgten im Labor an Proben von Straßenmarkierungen und in einer Feldstudie an durchgehenden und unterbrochenen Seitenlinien. Die Schlussfolgerung dieser Studie ist, dass das LTL-M mit weniger systematischen und Zufallsfehlern als das Ecodyn 30 misst. Außerdem ist die Wiederholbarkeit des LTL-M besser als die Wiederholbarkeit des Ecodyn 30. (A). http://www.vti.se/EPiBrowser/Publikationer/R675B.pdf]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2011 11:21:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1097463</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSORS TO THE STUDY OF LAND GEOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1072854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS BEING USED AT THE PRESENT: (1) AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY; (2) OTHER SYSTEMS SUCH AS LATERAL RADAR (SLAR), MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS AND OPTICAL MECHANICAL SCANNING EQUIPMENT, THERMOGRAPHY,  OPTICAL DIFFRACTION AND OPTICAL FILTERS. EACH SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED, AND GUIDELINES ARE OFFERED FOR THE GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE IMAGES OBTAINED BY MEANS OF CONVENTIONAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY OR NON-PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS. THE ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS FOR GEOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE STRESSED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:39:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1072854</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF A TEST METHOD FOR THE SLOW CREEP OF STEEL WIRES SUBJECTED TO A REAL LOAD BY MEANS OF OPTICAL MEASUREMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1072827</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF A TEST METHOD FOR THE SLOW CREEP OF STEEL WIRES, THE  OBJECTIVE OF WHICH IS TO PRODUCE DATA REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF  THE MATERIAL TESTED AS RAPIDLY AND CHEAPLY AS POSSIBLE. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TECHNIQUE ARE AS FOLLOWS : (1) THE DEFORMATIONS ARE MEASURED OUTSIDE THE TESTING APPARATUS BY MEANS OF AN OPTICAL INSTRUMENT; (2) SEVERAL SAMPLES ARE SUBJECTED TO A REAL LOAD SIMULTANEOUSLY (THE LOAD CONSISTS OF A SUSPENDED WEIGHT). DETAILS ARE GIVEN THE MEASURING METHODS AND TEST EQUIPMENT. THE METHOD WAS USED TO TEST A PRESTRESSING WIRE. THE RESULTS OF THE TEST ARE GIVEN TOGETHER WITH THEIR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:38:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1072827</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE SPR-3 CORRECTION DEVICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1072822</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE SPR-3, A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DEVICE DEVELOPED IN THE USSR, HAS AN OPTICO-MECHANICAL CORRECTION DEVICE, WHICH IS DESCRIBED IN THIS ARTICLE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:38:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1072822</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE USE OF AN ENDOSCOPE FOR THE NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE SAINT-CLOUD TUNNEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DURING THE STRENGTHENING OF THE SAINT-CLOUD TUNNEL AN ENDOSCOPE WAS USED TO CONTROL THE QUALITY OF THE CONCRETE IN THE ROOF AND THE SIDE WALLS OF THE TUNNEL, BY OBSERVING THE SIDES OF THE BOREHOLES DRILLED FOR: (1) THE INJECTION OF SOIL BEHIND THE TUNNEL SIDE WALLS; (2) THE SEALING OF REINFORCING BARS IN THE ROOF; (3) THE FIXING OF PLATES TO HOLD TOGETHER THE ROOF ELEMENTS.  THE ENDOSCOPE CONSISTS OF ONE OR SEVERAL RIGID AND ADJUSTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT TUBES, 30 MM IN DIAMETER, EACH OF WHICH CONTAINS A SYSTEM OF LENSES THAT TRANSMIT THE IMAGE TO AN EYEPIECE.  IT PERMITS A RAPID AND SIMPLE EXAMINATION OF THE BOREHOLE.  IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO CONNECT A CAMERA OR CINE-CAMERA TO THE ENDOSCOPE. NUMEROUS AND LOCALIZED CRACKS AND FRACTURES WERE OBSERVED IN THE CONCRETE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 11:09:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1068398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETERMINATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE BY MEANS OF A STEREOLOGICAL METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1064278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TESTS CARRIED OUT HITHERTO HAVE SHOWN THAT THE CEMENT AND AGGREGATE CONTENT OF CONCRETE CAN BE DETERMINED MORE ACCURATELY WITH THE STEREOLOGICAL METHOD THAN WITH STANDARDISED CHEMICAL PROCEDURES.  THIS METHOD CAN ALSO BE USED TO DETERMINE WATER-CEMENT VALUE, AIR VOIDS CONTENT AND PARTICLE COMPOSITION OF THE AGGREGATES.  THE RESEARCH IS CONCERNED WITH FURTHER STUDY OF  THE METHOD.  10 CONCRETES OF VARYING COMPOSITION ARE TO BE EXAMINED BY MEANS OF THE STEREOLOGICAL METHOD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 08:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1064278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF FOG DETECTORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOG DETECTORS OF THE TRANSMISSION- AND DIFFUSION-TYPE, AND THE KNOWLEDGE GAINED DURING TEN YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH APPARATUS AT SEA.  THE TRANSMISSION-TYPE OF DETECTOR IS COMPOSED OF A SOURCE AND A RECEIVER; THE SOURCE CONSISTS OF A SINGLE DIRECTIONAL LANTERN PROVIDED WITH A MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP WHICH PRODUCES AN ALTERNATING LUMINOUS FLUX AT A FREQUENCY DOUBLE THAT OF THE SUPPLY.  THE RECEIVER COMPRISES A LENS HOUSING THE DETECTING ELEMENT WHICH IS AN OPEN PHOTOELECTRIC CELL, A DETECTOR-AMPLIFIER ADJOINING THE LENS, AND AN ALARM CIRCUIT.  THE DIFFUSION-TYPE OF DETECTOR DIFFERS FROM THE TRANSMISSION-TYPE ONLY IN THE OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT.  THE LENS IS POINTED TOWARDS THE OPENING OF A LIGHT TRAP SITUATED 15 M IN FRONT OF IT.  THE SOURCE ILLUMINATES OBLIQUELY  THE AIR PASSAGE BETWEEN LENS AND LIGHT TRAP, A SCREEN PREVENTS LIGHT FROM THE SOURCE IMPINGING DIRECTLY ONTO THE LENS.  THE OPERATING RULES FOR ACTIVATING THE ALARM ARE THE REVERSE OF THOSE OF THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:07:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORRECTION AND PROTECTION IN "THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON VISION AND ROAD SAFETY"</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SESSION VI, CORRECTION AND PROTECTION.  MORE THAN 1,000,000 FRENCH PEOPLE  WITH BAD EYE SIGHT TRAVEL ON THE ROADS IN FRANCE, GROUZI,J (FRANCE); APHAKIA AND CAR DRIVING, PEYRESBLANQUES,J (FRANCE); INFLUENCE OF THE MEANS OF  CORRECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EYE, MAITENAZ,B (FRANCE); PROBLEMS OF DRIVERS WEARING SPECTACLES WITH VERY STRONG CORRECTION, PECHEUR,J (FRANCE); THE OPTICIAN AND ROAD SAFETY, DARRAS,C (FRANCE); INJURIES TO THE CORNEA BY GLASS FROM BROKEN WINDSCREENS, RENARD,G (FRANCE); THE PROTECTION OF SIGHT, ROUX,M (FRANCE); PHOTOGRAY AND PJOTO-BRUN GLASSES USED FOR VISUAL COMFORT AND EYE SAFETY, DESTRUEL,L (FRANCE); SOLUTIONS USED TO REDUCE GLARE  FROM CAR HEADLIGHTS, DEVAUX,P (FRANCE); ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND PERFORATING EYE INJURIES, JOHNSTON,SS (U.K.); COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS ON VISION OF YELLOW GLASS AND UNCOLOURED GLASS IN WINDSCREENS, VERRIEST,G AND TOUSSAIN,F (BELGIUM).  FOR THE COVERING ABSTRACT, SEE IRRD ABSTRACT NO  105324.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 05:51:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF SIGNALS AND VIBRATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TO OBTAIN A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES BY THE APPLICATION OF SIGNAL METHODS.  AN ATTEMPT WILL BE MADE IN PARTICULAR TO STUDY: FOR MATERIALS; WAVE PROPAGATION, CRACK PHENOMENA, FAILURE.  FOR STRUCTURES; OVERALL OR LOCALIZED BEHAVIOUR.    THE SIGNALS EMITTED BY CONTROL EQUIPMENT WILL BE INVESTIGATED IN ORDER TO DEDUCE NEW CHARACTERISTICS.  SIMULTANEOUSLY TO METHODS OF USING SIGNALS, THE VARIOUS THEORETICAL ASPECTS NECESSARY TO THE INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS WILL BE EXAMINED.  COOPERATION WILL BE SOUGHT FOR STUDYING MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS. THESE STUDIES WILL BE CARRIED OUT OVER SEVERAL YEARS.   IN 1979, AN ATTEMPT WILL BE MADE TO FIND POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS: ACOUSTIC CONTROL OF CABLES; DYNAMIC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE; ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENTS; GRADING BY OPTICAL METHOD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 05:15:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bye bye blind spot?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/888166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problem of a small blind spot alongside the passenger door of heavy goods vehicles but beyond the view of the close proximity mirror, where cars or vulnerable road users may be hidden from the driver's view, is described. The UK Department for Transport asked TRL Limited to carry out a study to assess the field of vision offered by a Fresnel lens fitted to the passenger door window, to see whether it covers the blind spot when another road user is passing along the passenger side of the heavy goods vehicle. Preliminary results confirmed that the Fresnel lens offered additional benefit to the field of vision obtained directly through the passenger side window and indirectly through the use of the mandatory mirrors. It is estimated that the Fresnel lens could eliminate a large proportion of the potential blind spots identified for the test vehicles. Further tests with a wider range of vehicles are to be conducted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2009 07:50:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/888166</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optical position detection to measure tyre carcass deflections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/869131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active safety systems would benefit from tyre force and friction potential information. Different sensor concepts, including, among others, the EU-funded Apollo-project developed tyre sensor based on optical position detection, are being studied. The sensor can measure tyre carcass deflections with respect to the rim. the carcass deflections can be used to calculate tyre forces and they may be exploited in the estimation of friction potential. The waveforms of the sensor signal are illustrated. The vertical and lateral force estimations are presented with unavoidable compensation parts. The tyre sensor measurements were compared to the measurement-vehicle results and good correlations achieved. Continuing activities are concerned with the estimation of friction potential and the detection of aquaplaning. (A*)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2008 08:28:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/869131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle occupancy monitoring with a monocular optical range sensor system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/774790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a system for in-vehicle monitoring of occupant positions, which has implications for safe deployment of airbags. A camera is mounted in the vehicle roof and features a three-dimensional-optical time-of-flight sensor, with active modulated infrared illumination. The sensor measures the phase shift between the detected light beam reflected by an object and the transmitted signal. Pre-processing filters the signal before classification of occupant is made. Head detection and tracking is performed by means of a data association filter and a set of parallel running linear Kalman filters.  For the covering abstract see ITRD E127621.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2006 08:10:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/774790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sensor and electronic development drives occupant protection and rules in new areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/774780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rules for occupant protection systems are from the beginning to the end of a development in a long feedback slope. In the area of solving product reliability problems, the rules play a very important role. The fast development of sensors and electronics and the innovation rate in this field gives the opportunity to improve our systems dramatically. Some examples of new precrash sensors are described in this paper together with their main technical data. It is important to reduce the lead time between system development and creation of the rules.  For the covering abstract see ITRD E127621.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2006 08:10:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/774780</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The potential of optical sensors for future restraint systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/774769</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State of the art automotive restraint systems have reached a very high level of occupant protection. Vehicle construction, belt and airbag systems are the most important life savers in this respect. The vehicle installation rate of restraint systems covers almost 1O0%. With the electronic sensing systems that are currently installed in the vehicles, it is only possible to react on the physical impact in the moment the impact takes place. The already started introduction of reversible restraint devices shows that it becomes necessary to get information about a critical situation or even a possible impact much earlier than it is possible with a conventional sensing approach. Object detection, classification and conditioning of the reversible restraint devices consumes much more time than is available in an ordinary impact. The full potential of reversible restraint devices can only be achieved if they are activated before the actual impact occurs. Another challenge is the pending regulation on pedestrian safety, where we will also be required to activate protection systems at a very early stage. To fulfil the timing requirements, sensors are needed that provide information about objects in close proximity in the driving direction of the vehicle. Sensors are required that are able to determine if a collision is unavoidable, to provide additional information about the impact speed, direction and size of the target object. Optical sensor systems have shown a very high potential to fulfil this requirement. They are able to detect standing objects, compared to systems that are based on other technologies. Optical sensors have a high resolution and can be built small enough to even fit in mini sized vehicles. Additional functions that are also based on optical effects, e.g. rain sensor, light and temperature sensing etc. can easily be integrated and therefore optical sensors have a high potential to become a real multifunctional low cost measurement system.  For the covering abstract see ITRD E127621.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2006 08:09:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/774769</guid>
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