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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>A Robust MPCC Strategy with Improved Super-Twisting Observer-Based Nonsingular Integral Terminal Sliding-Mode Speed Controller for IPMSM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2781018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, a robust predictive current control strategy with improved super-twisting observer-based nonsingular integral terminal sliding mode speed controller (ISTO-NSITSMSC-RPCC) for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is proposed to improve the system anti-disturbance performance, parameter robustness, and speed tracking accuracy. First, a current prediction error compensation-based robust predictive current control strategy for the current loop is proposed. The prediction error compensation factor is limited by setting a threshold and feed-forward compensation of the current prediction. Then, a novel extended ultra-local model (NEULM) for speed-loop is designed, and the model’s dynamic variables are extended into linear and nonlinear components. In addition, the nonsingular integral terminal sliding-mode surface (NSITSMS) is proposed, and the improved super-twisting observer is designed on the basis of NSITSMS. The unknown components of disturbances are observed and compensated in real-time. Compared with the existing advanced strategies, the ISTO-NSITSMSC-RPCC reduces the A-phase current total harmonic distortion by approximately 32.0% and 7.5%, and reduces the average electromagnetic torque ripple by 12.2% and 5.2%, respectively, under parameter mismatch conditions. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the ISTO-NSITSMSC-RPCC are verified by experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 09:25:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2781018</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Active Control of Pantograph Sliding Mode Under Fluctuating Wind Excitation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considering the effects of fluctuating wind excitation on the dynamic performance of the pantograph-catenary coupling system, the ideal contact force between the pantograph and the catenary is taken as the control target, and the control of the pantograph is achieved through an actuator. Firstly, based on the three-mass block pantograph model, a pantograph-catenary coupling model is established for control purposes. Then, the equivalent vibration force on the contact line caused by the fluctuating wind excitation is derived, and the model of the pantograph-catenary system under fluctuating wind excitation is modified. Finally, a sliding-mode control method is adopted to design the pantograph active controller. The results indicate that the designed sliding mode controller is capable of suppressing the vibrations of the pantograph-contact wire system, thereby improving the quality of current collection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 15:46:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580349</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predefined-Time Cooperative Control of Vehicles on Multi-Lane Undulating Roads with Variable Headway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2781008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studies the lateral and longitudinal cooperative control problem for a collection of vehicles driving on undulating roads. A variable headway policy is designed to eliminate the effects of initial spacing errors, improving the control's transient performance. Then, based on this novel policy, a vehicular cooperative control strategy is proposed to ensure zero spacing error convergence within a predefined time, despite unknown undulating road effects, using an adaptive nonsingular terminal sliding mode control algorithm. Numerical simulations validate the efficiency and feasibility of the given strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:37:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2781008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A predefined-time disturbance observer based trajectory tracking control approach for unmanned surface vehicles under complex disturbances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on predefined-time trajectory tracking control in unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) operating under complex marine environments. A short-crested irregular wave force model incorporating stochastic wave excitation and transient pulse disturbances is established to provide a realistic disturbance scenario. To eliminate reliance on disturbance bound information, a predefined-time disturbance observer (PT-DO) is developed, to achieve predefined-time convergence of the estimation error without requiring disturbance bound information and enables fast and accurate estimation of lumped disturbances. Based on the PT-DO, a predefined-time nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller (NTSMC) with a variable-gain mechanism is designed using a novel time-varying sliding manifold. The proposed control scheme ensures predefined-time convergence of tracking errors while enhancing robustness against abrupt disturbances. Simulation results obtained under stochastic wave and transient disturbances demonstrate that the proposed PT-DO-based NTSMC achieves faster initial convergence, higher disturbance rejection capability, and improved steady-state robustness compared with other representative comparative controllers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A State-Threshold Sliding Mode Control with Improved Extended State Observer for PMSM Speed Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a novel state-threshold-based sliding mode reaching law integrated with an improved extended state observer (IESO). The method aims to enhance the dynamic response performance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) under load disturbances and model mismatch. First, a state-threshold-based reaching law (STRL) is developed for sliding mode control (SMC). This threshold-based strategy allows the proposed STRL to respond rapidly to large disturbances while maintaining high sensitivity to small disturbances. This design effectively suppresses control chattering and enhances system robustness against disturbances. Then, an IESO is designed to estimate the total disturbances to further enhance dynamic response capability. The IESO can also reduce the impact of sensor noise by estimating the disturbances and adaptively adjusting the observer gain based on estimated disturbances. By integrating the advantages of STRL and IESO, the proposed STRL + IESO method enhances disturbance rejection capability and preserves a rapid dynamic response. Experimental validation on the PMSM speed control loop confirms its effectiveness, showing improved robustness and faster convergence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734975</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control for Dual Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Demagnetization Fault</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, a fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control (FTC) scheme is proposed for a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (Dual-PMSM) system with partial demagnetization fault. The proposed approach is specifically proposed for the Dual-PMSM architecture to solve the problem of performance degradation in the healthy motor caused by fault propagation through the synchronous control loop. In contrast to the idealized scenario of uniform demagnetization, a partial demagnetization fault refers to the demagnetization of only one or a subset of magnets within permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The partial demagnetization fault is usually caused by local overheating or external shock, which are more challenging and difficult to detect than uniform demagnetization. When the demagnetization fault occurs, it not only affects the speed of the faulty motor but also has a significant influence on the healthy motor due to the presence of synchronous control. The dual surface-mounted PMSM system model is introduced first. Then, in the presence of disturbance, an improved sliding-mode function with smoother switching within the boundary layer is introduced to suppress chattering, and based on this function, an augmented sliding-mode observer (SMO) is designed to estimate the system state, disturbances, and potential demagnetization fault. After obtaining the detailed system information, in the speed synchronous controller design, the controllers of both motors are designed to compensate for the demagnetization fault. Subsequently, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) algorithm is used to optimize the Dual-PMSM speed synchronization error. When a fault occurs, the speed error can be reduced as much as possible to ensure the system's performance. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preset trajectory based prescribed performance control for active anti-roll of automotives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, our main focus is on the research of Active Stabilizer Bar System (ASBS) for roll control. Prescribed Performance Control (PPC) has garnered significant attention from scholars and researchers in recent years. In mainstream PPC methods, barrier functions are widely adopted, leading to potential singularity issues in control laws during most unexpected scenarios such as sensor failures. In this study, we employ a robust PPC approach that does not rely on barrier functions, thereby completely circumventing singularity problems in control laws. Firstly, we establish a vehicle roll dynamics model incorporating parameter uncertainties and disturbances with ASBS. Subsequently, controller design is performed in three steps: firstly, constructing performance functions based on system performance requirements to form performance envelopes; secondly, designing reference trajectories within the preset performance envelopes; thirdly, designing robust sliding mode control laws to ensure that the actual tracking error of the system evolves within a tubular region containing the reference trajectories and strictly varies within the performance envelopes. Finally, through simulation experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of this control method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-Agility Maneuvering in Distributed-Drive Electric Vehicles via a Hierarchical Framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Distributed-drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) offer strong agility but face challenges in achieving fast dynamic response and robust stability under demanding conditions. To address this, we propose a hierarchical motion control framework that decouples path-following from attitude stabilization. A fixed-time extended state observer (FTESO) is designed to mitigate disturbance estimation errors from model inaccuracies, while a fractional-order sliding mode control (FOSMC) ensures accurate trajectory tracking. A multiobjective optimization model incorporating dynamic constraints and actuator limits is formulated and transformed into a constrained quadratic programming (QP) problem. Experiments on a 1:5 scaled chassis demonstrator validate the approach, showing a 42% reduction in lateral tracking error and sub-5-ms response time, outperforming state-of-the-art methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predefined-time nonsingular terminal sliding mode output-feedback trajectory tracking control of an autonomous surface vehicle based on a data-driven adaptive extended state observer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2744104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the predefined-time output-feedback trajectory tracking control problem for autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) subject to unknown input gains and lumped uncertainties, including unmodeled kinetics and time-varying environmental disturbances. To circumvent the requirement for precise model knowledge, a data-driven adaptive extended state observer (DA-ESO) is developed to concurrently estimate the unmeasured velocities, unknown input gains, and the total disturbance. Building upon the observer-derived states, a novel predefined-time sliding mode control (SMC) law is synthesized. This framework ensures that tracking errors converge to a compact neighborhood of the origin within a user-defined temporal constraint, maintaining smooth control outputs despite fully unknown kinetic parameters. The stability of the proposed scheme is theoretically established, and numerical simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the predefined-time control architecture in the ASV trajectory tracking mission.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2744104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adaptive Nonlinear Terminal Sliding Mode Control for underactuated USV path following under ocean disturbances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2773028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are increasingly deployed in ocean engineering applications such as hydrographic surveying, environmental monitoring, and maritime security. Achieving accurate path following in realistic ocean environments remains challenging due to nonlinear vessel dynamics, environmental disturbances, and underactuation arising from the absence of direct sway control. This paper proposes an Adaptive Nonlinear Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (ANTSMC) for a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) underactuated USV subject to wind, wave, and current disturbances. The controller integrates a regularised nonlinear terminal sliding surface with a power-rate reaching law and a leakage-regulated adaptive switching gain that adjusts robustness online without a disturbance observer. A benchmark evaluation was conducted across six controllers (LQR, SMC, ASMC, ADRC, FNTSMC, and ANTSMC), four path geometries, and three WMO sea states while accounting for realistic sensor noise and parametric uncertainty. The results show that ANTSMC achieves cross-track accuracy comparable to SMC under calm sea conditions, while demonstrating stronger robustness as environmental disturbances increase. In particular, ANTSMC produces the lowest RMS cross-track error under SS 2 (smooth) and SS 3 (slight) conditions, where the imposed disturbance intensity is higher. Independent validation using the MBZIRC physics-based maritime simulator provides additional evidence of bounded, accurate path-following performance across different path geometries. Moreover, a Monte Carlo study evaluates robustness under expanded parametric and disturbance uncertainties. The results indicate that the proposed observer-free framework provides consistent path-following performance over the tested marine operating conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2773028</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fully Actuated System Approach-Based Prescribed Time Fault-Tolerant Control and Hierarchical Structure Avoidance Collision for Multiple Unmanned Helicopters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For 6-DOF unmanned helicopters subject to actuator faults, convergence-rate constraints, and collision-avoidance requirements, a prescribed-time fault-tolerant control strategy is proposed in this paper. Primarily, to prevent the faulty unmanned helicopter from affecting other normal individuals, an upper-layer virtual agent system prescribed-time control protocol is developed based on the fully actuated system approach. Simultaneously, the artificial potential field is incorporated into the control protocol to establish a hierarchical interaction mechanism, enabling collision avoidance during flight missions. Subsequently, the newly presented prescribed-time sliding mode controller can enable the position subsystem to track the reference signals within the designer-defined time. In addition, a prescribed-time filter is constructed to generate the derivative of the attitude angle. Building upon this filter, the event-triggered mechanism, and fully actuated system approach, a prescribed-time fault-tolerant control tactic for the attitude subsystem is established to reduce the signal transmission burden. Finally, the theoretical results of the proposed control strategy are validated through a simulation example and a comparative experiment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 08:50:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761409</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prescribed-Time SOSM Based Path-Following Control for Autonomous Land Vehicles with Guaranteed Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761408</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a path-following control scheme for the autonomous land vehicle (ALV) with guaranteed performance on the basis of prescribed-time second-order sliding mode (SOSM). First, one barrier Lyapunov function and one scaling function are respectively devised to tackle the issues of the guaranteed performance constraint and the prescribed-time convergence for the ALV path-following system. Subsequently, through inserting the two functions into the backstepping-like technique, a systematic control framework for the ALV path-following system is established, aiming to accomplish the following two primary objectives for the ALV path-following system. One is to realize the prescribed-time path following of the ALV, where the settling time that is thoroughly irrelevant to the initial conditions and the design parameters can be freely specified as per the designers' requirements under the physical limitations. The other is to achieve the prescribed performance represented by the time-varying asymmetric output constraint. The rigorous stability analysis of the system under consideration is conducted via the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the experimental outcomes derived in comparison with the existing control approaches are offered to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the presented control strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 08:50:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761408</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing PMSM Performance with a Three-Level NPC Inverter Through DTC-SVM Technique and Sliding Mode Speed Controller</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, we investigate the performance of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive system utilizing a three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter through a combination of Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation (DTC-SVM) and a Second Order Sliding Mode Controller (SOSMC) for speed control. The proposed control strategy integrates the benefits of DTC for its simplicity and rapid torque response with the robustness of SMC to handle load variations and ensure precise speed tracking. Additionally, the incorporation of SVM addresses the limitations of traditional DTC methods, such as variable switching frequency and torque ripples, while achieving significant reduction in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), which improves current waveform quality and overall drive efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate the superior efficiency and stability of the SOSMC in maintaining consistent performance under various operational conditions, providing a more effective solution for PMSM drive control. Simulations performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK validate the enhanced performance, reliability, and harmonic reduction of the proposed control strategy across diverse operating conditions for motor torque and speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 16:53:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dual-Channel Event-Triggered Sliding-Mode Heading Control for Unmanned Surface Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a data-driven dual-channel event-triggered sliding-mode heading control approach for unmanned surface vehicles with uncertain dynamic models. First, a compact form dynamic linearization model is constructed using a pseudo-partial derivative technique, relying solely on the redefined output and input data and eliminating the need for an explicit system model. To reduce communication and energy consumption, a dual-channel event-triggered scheme is developed, consisting of a relative-threshold scheme for the control input channel and a dynamic-threshold scheme for the output feedback channel. Furthermore, a second-order switching surface incorporating a fast terminal-sliding function is introduced to ensure finite-time convergence and enhanced robustness. Finally, rigorous mathematical proofs are provided, and several simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2026 14:11:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761584</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simultaneous State and Speed Estimation in Linear Induction Motors Using Adaptive High Order Sliding Modes Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is widely used in rail transit, precision positioning, and industrial automation due to its high efficiency, simple structure, and low maintenance cost. However, the dynamic performance of linear induction motors is affected by nonlinear characteristics and parameter variations, making accurate state and speed estimation crucial for achieving higher performance control. Traditional estimation methods often have limitations and are difficult to meet the increasing demand for control accuracy. In this paper, an adaptive higher-order sliding mode observer (AHOSMO) based synchronous state and speed estimation method for linear induction motors is proposed to address the shortcomings of traditional estimation methods in terms of accuracy and robustness. Considering the boundary effect of linear induction motors, a higher-precision mathematical model is established. Based on the above model, the proposed observer combines the adaptive law and the higher-order sliding mode method to estimate the rotor fluxes and LIM speed, as well as the speed-dependent parameters γ,α,β,ς,η,δ. The application of a super-twisting algorithm (STA) guarantees finite-time convergence for LIM state variable estimation. By employing the higher-order sliding mode algorithm, continuous inputs can be generated without the chattering phenomenon. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that the proposed AHOSMO can quickly and accurately estimate the synchronous state and velocity of the LIM under different operating conditions. Compared with existing methods, the AHOSMO demonstrates significant advantages in estimation accuracy and anti-interference capability. The research results provide a new technical approach for higher-performance control of linear induction motors, which is of great significance for promoting their application in the field of high-precision positioning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2026 14:11:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761568</guid>
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