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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>AN EVALUATION OF SILICON ON SAPPHIRE TECHNOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42513</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Silicon on sapphire is a recent microelectronic circuit technology originally devised to eliminate the drawbacks of conventional junction isolation. It has since developed into a high performance MOS-type integrated circuit family. In this report a description of this logic family is given, including such topics as manufacturing processes, device physics, and performance of commercial circuits. The report concludes with an overall evaluation of this technology. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42513</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FACTORS AFFECTING THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF CONCRETE AGGREGATE MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESULTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION DETERMINATIONS MADE ON 137 SPECIMENS OF AGGREGATE MATERIAL AND SINGLE CRYSTALS BY THE OPTICAL INTERFEROMETER METHOD OVER THE TEMPERATURE RANGE -4 TO +140 DEG. F. ARE GIVEN. CRYSTAL ORIENTATION, ROCK TEXTURE, AND COMPOSITION ARE DISCUSSED IN REGARDS TO THEIR EFFECT ON THERMAL EXPANSION OF AGGREGATE AND THEIR RELATION TO THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107062</guid>
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      <title>KAOLINITE LAYER STRUCTURE: RELAXATION BY DEHYDROXYLATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128143</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SINGLE-CRYSTAL ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION DATA REVEAL FEATURES OF METAKAOLIN. THE BASAL PLANE PARAMETERS INCREASE 2.2 PERCENT IN FORMATION OF METAKAOLIN PRODUCED BY HEATING KAOLINITE IN AIR AT 700C FOR 12 HOURS. THIS INCREASE RESULTS FROM REMOVAL OF THE DISTORTION OF SHEET STRUCTURE (RELAXATION). /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128143</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON THE STRENGTH OF ROCK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/123730</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE ABILITY OF ROCK TO ACCEPT DYNAMIC STRESSES WITHOUT BEING MECHANICALLY ALTERED IS GREATER THAN WAS BELIEVED. THE ELASTIC LIMIT UNDER COMPRESSION OF SOME COMMON ROCKS TO DYNAMIC FORCES IS GREATER THAN FOR MANY STRUCTURAL METALS. THE STUDY HAS BEEN UNDERTAKEN TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST. INFORMATION IS SOUGHT ON HOW INTENSE SHOCK, WHETHER FROM CHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, OR FROM METEORITE IMPACT, IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE EARTH. TESTS SO FAR HAVE DISCLOSED THE FOLLOWING GENERAL FACTS: THE YIELD STRENGTH OF ROCK TO STRONG DYNAMIC FORCES IS HIGH - HIGHER THAN EXPECTED, THE DYNAMIC YIELD STRENGTH OF ROCK DEPENDS ON FACTORS OF TIME AND SPACE IN SOME UNKNOWN WAY, THE YIELD STRENGTH OF SINGLE CRYSTALS DEPENDS STRONGLY ON THE DIRECTION THAT THE SHOCK STRESS IS DIRECTED THROUGH THE CRYSTAL, AND MANY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OR PHASE CHANGES OCCUR, SOME REVERSIBLE AND SOME NOT REVERSIBLE, IN SUB-MICRO-SECOND TIME LAPSES. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/123730</guid>
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      <title>BUILDING ON MINE SPOIL: NEW APPROACH USING DYNAMIC CONSOLIDATION AND PRESSUREMETER TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A combination of two well-known techniques of soil testing and soil improvement was used on an experimental section to test its ability to improve and test recent mine spoils.  These techniques are pressuremeter testing and Dynamic Consolidation.  The mine spoil is composed of 100 ft (33 m) of shales, tills, and loesses that were transformed by weathering action into a silty clay matrix. This silty clay holds in its mass and extremely large number of limestone boulders.  The spoil, 10-15 years old, exhibits poor engineering characteristics and has not yet reached its self-bearing level.  Pressuremeter tests were performed at all stages of the work.  The depth of the boreholes was generally 50 ft (15 m), and a test was performed every 3 ft (1 m) down.  The pressuremeter probe was protected by a slotted steel casing.  The Dynamic Consolidation was performed with light equipment in order to test the technique economically on the top 35 ft of the spoil.  Two trial areas were compacted and results were compared with those of a 20-ft (6-m) high earth-fill load test.  Results show that improvement due to the Dynamic Consolidation is dramatic and two to eight times larger than the improvement induced by the earth-fill load test. The analysis of the results enabled the determination of a program to improve the entire mass of the fill so it can be used as a good foundation to support heavy construction on shallow foundations.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189131</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MICRO- AND MACROCRACK FORMATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The formation of cleavage microcracks with a length of the order of one grain diameter is considered to be the initial step in fracture.  It is assumed that the stress concentration required for cleavage is supplied by thick slip or twin bands, and the critical width of these yield bands is calculated.  For example, in iron with a grain radius of 0.01 cm, the critical slip band width is 0.00002 cm, and this value is compatible with observations in the vicinity of microcracks.  The second stage of crack formation involves the semicontinuous propagation of microcracks to form unstable macroscopic cracks.  We postulate that plane-strain fractures occur under conditions where thick slip bands are formed in the yielded region in front of an advancing crack.  Work is required to extend the initial microcracks, and this incremental work is used to calculate the crack-extension force, Gc, which is required in linear fracture mechanics.  In the case of iron, the microcrack-extension force is calculated to be 5000 dynes/cm, and the minimum value of Gc is calculated to be 2,500,000 dynes/cm. This approach emphasizes the three conditions required for fracture:  (1) a combination of stress and yield band width sufficient to cause local cleavage; (2) sufficient mechanical energy in the system to propagate the crack; (3) the development of a critical value of the initiation stress in order to continue crack extension. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162557</guid>
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      <title>EFFECT OF SUBSTRUCTURE ON CLEAVAGE IN IRON CRYSTALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The influence of substructure on the cleavage transition temperature in iron single crystals was investigated. Substructure was introduced by prestraining up to 10% and annealing, with the dislocation density increasing correspondingly from an initial value of about 10 to the 7th power to about 10 to the 10th power per sq cm.  The yield properties of the crystals with substructure were somewhat higher while the brittle transition temperature was raised about 40 C. Twinning preceded cleavage in these tests, and all the cleavage microcracks observed were associated with twins. The microcracks were located either along the twin/matrix interfaces or within the twins, but not in the matrix itself nor at intersecting twins.  Cleavage  appears to be initiated by the action of twinning, rather than by the role of twins as barriers to slip.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162558</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AN EQUATION FOR FRACTURE ENERGY DETERMINATION BY DOUBLE-CANTILEVER CLEAVAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/23867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the aid of elementary beam theory a Lagrangian equation of motion was developed to relate the crack velocity to cleavage energy in a double cantilevered single-crystal specimen when shear contributes significantly to the cleavage energy. For a constant cleavage energy the equation predicts that the square of crack length is proportional to time when the crack is long with respect to transverse specimen dimensions. For shorter cracks, crack length is proportional to time. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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