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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Charting a course for change: Africa’s untapped role in solving the global seafarer shortage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Africa holds immense potential to address the global seafarer shortage, a pressing challenge that threatens the sustainability of maritime operations and the broader shipping industry. With over 60% of its population under the age of 25, the continent offers a youthful and largely untapped workforce. According to Lloyd’s Register Foundation’s Global Maritime Trends 2050, Africa is emerging as a key reservoir of future maritime talent. However, despite this demographic advantage, African seafarers currently make up about 4% of the global workforce, pointing to significant systemic gaps. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating extensive literature review with empirical research from six selected countries across three African regions (Eastern, Southern and Western Africa) to assess the current state of Maritime Education and Training (MET) and employment trends. Findings point to strong interest in maritime education, with approximately 150 institutions and rising enrolment trends, alongside major challenges. These include limited access to quality training, outdated infrastructure, inconsistent data collection, weak industry linkages, gender disparities, and lack of diversity. Mapping MET institutions, examining enrolment and graduation patterns, and analysing employment pathways reveal both challenges and opportunities. The study underscores the urgent need for modernised training facilities, targeted investment, inclusive policies, and multi-stakeholder collaboration to transform Africa into a global seafaring hub. With strategic investment, policy support and global partnerships, African MET institutions can become engines of a skilled, resilient, and diverse maritime workforce. Africa is not merely a participant in the conversation on seafarer sustainability, it is a vital part of the solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 16:23:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686593</guid>
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      <title>Bus and Truck Drivers from Third Countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[n recent years, the EU has grappled with a pressing challenge within its road transport sector: a severe and escalating shortage of professional commercial truck and bus drivers driven by the aging of existing drivers and the lack of sufficient young ones. The shortage of commercial drivers poses a challenge not only to the EU road transport sector but to the wider EU economy and trade. The sustainability and growth of this vital sector are at stake. The wider impact on logistics and supply chains cannot be underestimated. As the average driver’s age continues to rise, there is a pressing need for strategic interventions to attract new talent and ensure the continued functioning of essential transport services. Next to opening the profession to young and more diverse people (e.g. more women), another strategic initiative to address this challenge involves exploring global talent through the recruitment of drivers from third countries willing to work in the EU. This approach, outlined in the European Commission’s “Skills and Talent Mobility package” of November 2023, recognises that the EU's future competitiveness is closely tied to its ability to attract skilled professionals from around the world. Considering the growing demand for skilled workers, the EU acknowledges that its domestic workforce alone cannot meet this demand, making the managed legal migration of jobseekers from third countries a crucial component in addressing labour shortages. In this context, the European Commission launched this study to gain more insights into the conditions of employment of drivers from third countries in the EU and into the knowledge and skills they have. The study aims to collect information on procedures and requirements that third-country nationals encounter in EU Member States to be employed by EU operators, with a view to share good practices. In addition, this study looks at the set of skills and certificates that professional bus and truck drivers from 23 selected third countries are expected to have and compares them with the EU’s minimum requirements for professional drivers. The objective of this study is to collect and present relevant information that may inform a debate with a view to facilitate the integration of professional drivers from third countries into the EU labour market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 16:33:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672488</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transit demand response to fuel pricing vs. supply disruption policies: Evidence from Peshawar's dual-fuel context</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673239</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reliance on private cars as the default mode of urban mobility causes congestion, high fuel consumption, as well as degradation of the environment and public health. Green (public transit) and active transport are fundamental to sustainable mobility. To encourage public transit use, fuel policies are widely implemented. Despite the availability of data, key knowledge gaps exist: past studies have treated fuel pricing policies and fuel supply disruption policies as identical. Moreover, no integrated analysis exists examining how these distinct policies reshape public transit demand—particularly in developing cities where traffic mix is dominated by gasoline-powered motorcycles that remain cost-competitive with public transit for short trips, and private vehicles predominantly operate on dual-fuel systems. Peshawar, Pakistan, presents a unique context for exploring this gap. Nearly half of private vehicles in the country operate on dual-fuel systems that use both gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). This study addresses the gap by analyzing high-frequency hourly ridership data from Peshawar's Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system during two distinct fuel policy interventions: (Event A: Fuel Pricing Policy) an unprecedented 66% gasoline price surge (GPH) (May–July 2022), and (Event B: Fuel Disruption Policy) a one-month government-imposed CNG supply shutdown (CSD) (January 2023). Using Bayesian structural time-series (BSTS) hour-by-hour Causal Impact analysis, we find that GPH had no significant impact, whereas the subsequent CSD produced stronger and more temporally consistent effects across different periods of the day. The impact of CSD in the early morning was insignificant; the morning peak showed an increase of ∼23%. The impact remained persistent during the midday off-peak with an average increase of ∼17% and intensified to ∼23% in the evening peak and ∼32% in the late evening. These findings demonstrate how fuel supply policies significantly influence public transport usage. By quantifying ridership elasticity, this study offers actionable insights for policymakers to integrate energy resilience into transit planning, optimize service delivery during fuel crises, and apply a replicable framework for cities navigating energy transitions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 11:07:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673239</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How to Deal with the Worker Shortage and Evolving Skill Requirements of the Public Transport Sector: Public Transport and Shared Mobility EGUM Subgroup Topic 4B</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport is facing an unprecedented crisis of labour and skills shortage. The pressing challenges of the evolution of the labour market need to be addressed. Ageing workforces, competition from other industries, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the perception of low wages and benefits are all contributing to the shortage. This shortage is leading to greater pressure and stress on the current workforce creating a vicious cycle leading to more retirements and the challenge of retention. The recommendations of this report highlight that motivated, well-trained and rewarded staff represent essential elements for the delivery of a high-quality public transport service able to attract and retain users as well as make it accessible for all. Sections include: Overview of the worker shortage and evolving skill requirements in the EU; Recommendations for addressing the worker shortage: training, improving working conditions, and diversifying the workforce; and Recommendations for addressing evolving skill requirements: upskilling and reskilling workers to meet the EU's goals for transport inclusiveness and accessibility. The appendix includes case studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:55:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688634</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Survey: Causes of Transit Operator Shortages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit agencies across the State of California struggle with the recruitment and retention of a sufficient transit operator workforce. This shortage is intensified by current and anticipated retirements among the transit operator workforce, as well as state laws and policy initiatives that require a well-trained and compliant transit operator workforce. The shortage has made it difficult for agencies to implement improvements in the quality and frequency of service, and in some cases has even led to the impromptu cancellation of existing service. The shortage of transit operators is most severe for bus transit operations and affects agencies in rural and urban areas across California. Researchers composed a literature review, distributed a survey, and conducted a focus group to understand the workforce and socioeconomic issues driving the shortage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:19:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Roads, Prices, and Shortages: A Gasoline Parable</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Can pricing roads really help reduce congestion? One way to answer this question is to ask if not pricing roads causes congestion. This essay makes that case, and does so by demonstrating the general principle that when goods are underpriced, shortages result, and congestion is essentially a shortage of road space. People react and adjust in many ways to shortages, but accurate pricing is the only reliable way to end a shortage caused by mispricing. The author illustrates this concept with oil and gasoline price controls. In the 1970s, the United States inadvertently created a gasoline shortage by mispricing gasoline, and in response to that shortage made a series of increasingly complicated and largely ineffective adjustments. While today most people agree that these gasoline price controls were unwise, an analogous situation persists on the roads, which most people tacitly accept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2025 13:40:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterizing public response to unforeseen cascading fuel shortage: Through the lens of human mobility-based explainable machine learning models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554365</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate disasters unfold multitudes of effects, from societal and commercial disruptions to fuel and power shortages. These consequences escalate further in cascading disasters, where individuals are more likely to respond unwarrantedly due to the lack of preparation and situational awareness. A noticeable gap exists in comprehending the linkages between public responses to such disasters and socioeconomic and spatial disparities, which are critical to the provision of effective guidance and situational information to those affected. Based on mobile phone data and various socioeconomic, built environment, and geographical variables, this study systematically examines human mobility-based public responses during a cascading fuel shortage crisis. The spatiotemporal analysis uncovered a significant increase in visits to gasoline stations during and after the crisis and a decrease in mean distance traveled at the Census Block Group level. Furthermore, mobility prediction models were constructed using the random forest regression algorithm, which can adequately forecast visits and mean distance traveled to gasoline stations across different crisis stages. The Shapley Additive Explanations analysis reveals how various factors (e.g., educational attainment and distance to the coast) influenced public responses. These findings reinforce the importance of tailored disaster response education and situational awareness to ensure equitable resource access during cascading disasters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 17:03:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554365</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Retailer hoarding in emergency situations: A game-theoretic analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2557084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite current policies, retailer hoarding continues to occur frequently during specific emergency situations, highlighting the significance of understanding the underlying mechanism. This study employs Stackelberg game models within a two-tier supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer to analyse their decisions during persistent emergencies. The models incorporate the interactions between retailer hoarding, consumer panic buying, and incomplete information regarding future conditions. The equilibrium solutions of the models yield the following findings: First, the retailer’s profit-driven hoarding can not only stem from the anticipation of high future prices, but may also be a consequence of price gouging through withholding goods and intensifying consumer panic at present, while insufficient supply does not necessarily imply this behaviour. Second, even with sufficient supply, consumer panic buying may also prompt the retailer to engage in price gouging by reducing the order quantity, which in turn amplifies consumer panic and exacerbates the challenges within the supply chain. Finally, the negative impact of incomplete information in the supply chain is emphasized. In such cases, both parties are advised to adopt conservative estimates of the future price for profit, which, however, can lead to lower sales and impair consumers. These results enrich the theoretical knowledge of retailer hoarding and elucidate the drivers of this irrational and illegal behaviour. They also provide valuable insights, highlighting the importance for regulators to manage consumer panic buying to reduce retailer hoarding as well as promoting precise information disclosure during emergencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 May 2025 15:16:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2557084</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practices to Expand the Transit Workforce through Program Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit agencies have implemented a variety of recruitment and retention strategies to address the challenges associated with the shrinking workforce. While existing studies emphasize the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of workforce planning and development programs, there is no comprehensive source that documents how transit agencies evaluate their recruitment and retention programs, the outcomes of those evaluations, or the challenges associated with evaluating these programs. This project addresses that gap by exploring how fixed-route transit agencies evaluate their recruitment and retention programs.

To accomplish the objectives of this research, the research team will conduct a literature review, scanning survey, and expert panel discussions to explore recruitment and retention program evaluation processes. The findings will be synthesized into a final report and used to create a framework for selecting effective approaches to evaluate transit recruitment and retention programs. The findings can be used to understand how fixed-route transit agencies evaluate these programs and the challenges they face during implementation and monitoring. The value of this research is extended through the framework, which can be used by agencies as they apply new or improved approaches to monitor and benchmark their workforce recruitment and retention programs.

This project directly supports the U.S. DOT's priorities for Job Creation and Fiscal Health and Organizational Excellence; as well as the U.S. DOT Research, Development, and Technology (RD&T) strategic goals for Economic Strength and Global Competitiveness. Evaluation is a fundamental step in ensuring that implemented programs are effective. The process of evaluating programs allows agencies to identify what is working well and where modifications are needed for the agency to meet its goals. This research is specifically concerned with recruitment and retention program evaluation processes used by fixed-route transit agencies. Upon completion of this research, we will have a better understanding of how transit agencies are measuring success as they work to expand their workforce. The research results in the final report will include notable, effective, or unique practices for evaluating recruitment and retention programs. The framework will enable practitioners to understand how they can improve their processes and more effectively quantify the outcomes of their programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 09 Feb 2025 16:13:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Demand Completion of Free-Float Bike-Sharing Based on Feature-Weighted K-Means Clustering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Free-floating bike-sharing, crucial in urban transport, often suffers from bike shortages. This paper’s demand model, employing feature-weighted K-means clustering, refines station boundaries. Utilizing matrix factorization theory and spatiotemporal data, it boosts demand accuracy, as seen in the empirical analysis of Beijing’s Jinyijiayuan residential area data set. This research offers a robust data basis for bike-sharing scheduling, advancing the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Dec 2024 16:58:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Data-driven collaborative healthcare resource allocation in pandemics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Severe shortages of healthcare resources are major challenges in pandemics, especially in their early stages. To improve emergency management efficiency, this paper proposes a novel rolling predict-then-optimize framework that includes three interactive modules, i.e., data-driven demand prediction, healthcare resource allocation, and parameter rolling update. Such a framework uses historical data to dynamically update the control parameters of the proposed Net-SEIHRD model, which predicts the healthcare needs of each region by jointly considering government interventions and cross-regional travel behaviors. Based on the forecasted healthcare resource demand in real-time, an optimization model is then formulated to realize coordinated resource allocation across multiple regions by minimizing the total generalized cost. To facilitate model solving, the proposed mixed integer nonlinear programming model is converted into an equivalent mixed integer linear model by using some linearization techniques. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the SARS-CoV-2 emergency response and collaborative allocation of healthcare resources in Shanghai, China. The results show that the proposed prediction model can effectively predict the peak and scale of the spread of the virus. Compared with the traditional LM and SEIHR models, the prediction accuracy of the Net-SEIHRD model is improved by 10.76% and 24.11%, respectively. Moreover, coordinated relief activities across regions, such as patient transfer and drug-sharing can improve the efficiency of pandemic control and save social costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:44:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Economic Impacts of Investment in Public Truck Parking Facilities in California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425435</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research is to examine the macroeconomic impacts of eliminating the statewide truck parking shortage. The authors compare the costs of constructing and operating the additional spaces with the savings in productivity, emissions, and safety. The magnitude of the parking shortage for the period of 2025-2035, was estimated with a total shortage of about 7,000 spaces by 2035. Total capital costs are $579 million, and the annual operations and maintenance cost is about $15.3 million. The value of costs was avoided by eliminating the parking shortage. The largest savings is in safety, at $3.7 billion in avoided deaths and injuries. Macro-economic impacts are estimated using the REMI- PI+ model. Total impacts on gross state product (GSP) in net present value (NPV) is $964 million, about two thirds of which is due the stimulus from construction. Results depend on assumptions of capital funding sources. Eliminating the truck parking shortage in California would lead to modest but positive macroeconomic impacts even if some of the funding were taken from existing state programs. It would also result in significant safety impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Sep 2024 16:50:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425435</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Costs for passengers and airlines due to the significant delays and other irregularities at European airports in the 2022 summer season</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the 2022 summer season, severe flight delays, lost luggage and other irregularities were recorded at a number of European airports. Staff cuts during the COVID-19 pandemic, a fairly strong recovery in the aviation sector in 2022 and resulting staff shortages were identified as the main causes. However, some airports (e.g. in Southern Germany) appear to have managed these problems better than others. Such severe delays and other irregularities in air transport cause economic damage for different stakeholders, especially for airport operators, airlines, the (federal) police, ANSPs (air navigation service providers), ground-handling and security service companies, as well as for the travelers themselves. In this paper we evaluate the key causes for, and economic effects of the recorded irregularities for the passengers and airlines. As a first step, literature on the economic impact of delays in air transport is analyzed. In a second step, available data is used to quantify the delay situation in the summer period of 2022 for selected flight routes and airports. After this, the value of time damage is estimated for flight passengers based on the selected flights. This is complemented by a delay cost estimation for the airlines serving the affected airports. The paper closes with recommendations for improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 16:58:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317294</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Container shortages under the covid-19 pandemic: the role of digital technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic revealed several vulnerabilities of global container shipping, with the shortage of containers being one of the most prominent. Recent studies have investigated the negative impact of the pandemic on the container shipping industry, but the issue of container shortages remains largely unaddressed. This paper examines the rationale behind container shortages under the pandemic and the potential of digital solutions. Container shortages are the outcome of four factors: enduring trade imbalances, an unexpected and rapid recovery in demand, the decline in the velocity of containers handled at terminals and in the hinterland, and limited capacity to build new containers to match the additional demand. The deployment of digital solutions, such as blockchain technology, e-bill of lading, and various digital platforms have been advocated for mitigating container shortages triggered by the pandemic. This paper analyzes the benefits and limits of these solutions and finds new prospects for the container shipping industry in the post-COVID era.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Mar 2024 16:47:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gender Diversity in the Transportation Workforce – Challenges and Strategies for Inclusion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329527</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this research is to develop a technical report identifying the current challenges associated with female representation in the transportation industry workforce and the state of practice research highlighting reasons why this lack of diversity in the workforce occurs and strategies for alleviating it. The report will identify, to the extent possible, differences in challenges observed and specialized strategies for diverse occupations in the industry. Literature review, targeted interviews, and focus group discussions will be used to obtain data for this research. This research will provide recommendations on how to attract and retain more workers to diverse transportation professionals, making it a beneficial tool for industry leaders, policy makers, politicians, and the academic community to overcome some of the current workforce shortage challenges. Additionally, agencies that are looking to improve their business culture and attract more employees are expected to be end users of this research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 2024 16:38:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329527</guid>
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