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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Predicting the Long-Term Evolution of a Barrier Spit in a Changing Climate: A Case Study in Napatree Point, Rhode Island</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shoreline recession poses a substantial threat to coastal communities. This study evaluates the long-term viability of the undeveloped Napatree barrier spit in Rhode Island, which provides critical habitat for both flora and fauna, including endangered species, and protects the small town of Westerly from the direct impact of tropical storms and Nor’easters. While the Napatree shoreline has been morphologically stable in recent decades (1970–present), historical periods of higher storm frequency and intensity had resulted in significant changes, including spit splitting and significant transgression. We use the one-line numerical model ShorelineS to assess long-term changes in the position of the Napatree shoreline. The model is calibrated and validated using 30 years of historical observations and then applied to estimate expected shoreline positions in the near future (approximately 2050), considering projected sea level rise (SLR) and potential changes in wave climate and storm frequency. Despite the past and current stability of the dune system, under projected SLR and changes in wave climate, the barrier is expected to recede, possibly reaching a tipping point in the forthcoming decades when its viability would be threatened. This would increase flood risks to the inland community, including critical infrastructures and residential areas. Results suggest that storm intensification rather than SLR is the primary factor of accelerating shoreline recession—by a factor of 4—compared with SLR-only scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2026 16:58:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shoreline Protection Evaluation for a Post-Tsunami Highway in Indonesia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the approach used to develop a design for the shoreline protection of the new 150 kilometer long highway (through Parsons as the lead contractor and sponsored by USAID) designed as a response to the December 2004 tsunami; the trade-offs between locating the route where locals prefer to live or being protected from shoreline dynamics and possible future tsunami events; the challenges to developing the design with scarce pre-tsunami data and a dramatic post-tsunami coastal environment; and highlights the subsequent risks and risk mitigation. This paper also discusses one case to illustrate these observations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:53:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263796</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Efficient system reliability assessment of shoreline seawalls: Applications to SEAHIVE (UM)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seawalls play a critical role in protecting coastal transportation systems from erosion, flooding and storm surges. Yet their performance is deteriorating due to changes in structural capacity and increasing external demands, posing growing threats to coastal safety. Evaluating the reliability and risk of seawalls along the shoreline is essential for informed maintenance and repair decisions. However, the large scale of shoreline seawalls and the complex coastal and geotechnical conditions in Miami present significant challenges for system reliability analysis. This is a collaborative research project conducted in partnership with Texas State University. The objective of this research project is to develop an efficient and practical framework that integrates interdisciplinary expertise in geotechnical asset management, seawall design and construction, and reliability analysis to perform system reliability analysis of shoreline seawalls.
The proposed project builds on two lines of prior works. First, an effective and well-defined inspection rating system was developed to evaluate the conditions of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls at Texas State University. Second, SEAHIVE®, a novel seawall composed of concrete perforated hexagonal prisms, was developed at the University of Miami and has been implemented in the Miami area for its ability to dissipate wave energy and protect habitats. Leveraging these advances, the proposed project will establish a unified framework for reliability assessment of shoreline seawalls.
The project consists of two phases: component-level and system-level reliability analysis. At the component level, the research team will develop an efficient and effective method to evaluate the reliability analysis of individual SEAHIVE® components. First, using available analytical models and experimental data, the team will define limit states that specify the conditions under which SEAHIVE® components perform adequately or fail. Second, the inspection rating method originally developed for MSE walls will be recalibrated for SEAHIVE® in the Miami area, following procedures established in prior work. Finally, these calibrated ratings will then serve as inputs to the defined limit states, enabling the calculation of reliability indices. The expected outcome of this phase is a practical guideline for engineers to quickly rate the seawall and determine the component reliability index.
Since seawalls function as interconnected systems rather than isolated units, the next phase is system-level analysis. Specifically, the team will elicit statistical correlations in seawall deterioration and soil conditions across different locations using inspection, measurement, and simulation data. An efficient system reliability analysis will then incorporate these correlations into component-level reliability analysis to compute the overall reliability index of seawalls along the shoreline. Together, the two phases will yield a practical decision support tool to efficiently inspect the shoreline seawalls and estimate the system reliability index in support of risk management and maintenance prioritization for seawalls.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2026 11:03:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Policy Optimization for Shore Power Adoption in Maritime Ports: Assessing Incentives under Demand Uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shore power (SP) represents a critical solution for reducing maritime emissions, yet its widespread adoption faces persistent policy and infrastructural challenges. This study develops an integrated optimization framework addressing two interrelated barriers: chronic underutilization of SP infrastructure resulting from sub-optimal policy design, and emerging grid stability risks caused by concentrated SP demand. Through a novel nonlinear mixed-integer optimization model, we evaluate three policy instruments—electricity tariff subsidies (ETS), non-compliance penalties (NCP), and mandatory usage requirements (MU)—to quantify their cost-benefit trade-offs under different electricity tariff scenarios, with a particular focus on balancing the environmental benefits of SP adoption and the financial costs of policy implementing. The analysis demonstrates that policy effectiveness is highly sensitive to tariff structures, with optimized combinations simultaneously reducing implementation costs and maximizing uptake. Scenario simulations further reveal that while peak-period SP demand can significantly threaten grid reliability, strategic berth scheduling can mitigate these disturbances by 20–70%. Validated through comprehensive case studies, the findings offer policymakers and port authorities practical tools to accelerate maritime electrification while maintaining energy security. The proposed methodology also offers transferable potential for renewable energy integration in ports and other energy-intensive industries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 09:16:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640935</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vessel-Generated Long-Wave Measurement and Prediction in Corpus Christi Ship Channel, TX</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the analysis and results of an investigation into pressure field impacts caused by deep-draft vessel navigation on the beaches and bluffs along the Corpus Christi Ship Channel (CCSC), Corpus Christi, TX. A steady-state, 3-D hydrodynamic numerical model was modified to analyze the pressure fields generated by deep-draft vessels in the channel. The modified Vessel Generated Pressure Field (VGPF) simulates pressure field distributions and calculates water surface elevations in the channel during deep-draft vessel passage. The model incorporates the channel geometry (flat, shallow banks and deep center channel) and vessel geometry (length, beam, draft and position in channel). The vessel-generated pressure fields cause long-period water surface elevation fluctuations as large as one meter in height and 120 seconds in period. To validate the model, several field experiments were conducted that consisted of measuring the pressure waves during deep-draft vessel passage and tracking the positions and speeds of these vessels during a two-week period in August 2000. Data were collected continually during this period using a non-directional pressure gage deployed along the channel bank at elevation –2 meters (MSL). Since the channel banks are relatively flat (∼50H:1V), the water recedes far from the bluff when the drawdown passes, then rushes up in the form of long-wave runup with a bore on the leading edge. The results of the study have been used to identify the impacts of deepening the channel on shoreline stability and develop shoreline protection measures along the CCSC where pressure field effects have caused erosion of the beach and bluffs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2024 10:42:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213386</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2005</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 80 papers focusing on the science and research tools, management procedures, and solutions that are explored and used during coastal disasters. Including coastal disaster events occurring through November 2004, papers discuss hazards on U.S. coastlines of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, as well as Lake Ontario (Canada), the North Sea (Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), the Pacific Ocean (California, Hawaii, Korea, Japan, and New Zealand), and the Indian Ocean (Bangladesh, India). Topics include: coastal management, coastal storms, impacts of climate change, shoreline change and response, tsunamis and seismic events, and wind.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Oct 2024 15:53:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442031</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comprehensive Assessment Model of Shoreline Ecological Sensitivity: To Provide Reference for Port Shoreline Planning Scheme</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the continuous deepening of industrialization and economic globalization and the rapid development of port construction, port construction activities have brought a lot of environmental problems to nearby areas, and the green and sustainable port construction has become a trend. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment model of shoreline ecological sensitivity (SES) was creatively established for the potential port construction area before port planning. Considering various original ecological environment indicators in the area near the shoreline before port construction, we used the Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis technology to make weighted overlay of each indicator, and quantitatively obtained the analysis results of shoreline ecological sensitivity. It provides reasonable suggestion for the formulation of sustainable port shoreline planning scheme and mitigate the negative impact of port construction in advance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Sep 2024 08:49:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Interregional Commuters Traffic Delay Induced by Shoreline Protection of Different Areas of the San Francisco Bay Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237509</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of global climate change are already observed in coastal communities, and one of the key impacts of climate change is sea level rise (SLR). Such increases in sea level are expected to have large impacts on transportation infrastructure and result in region-wide commute disruption. Studies and adaptation strategies in coastal areas will allow decision-makers to take better actions against SLR. The present paper uses the San Francisco Bay Area as a case study. The study quantifies the interregional traffic delay of commuters due to the inundation of shoreline protection segments of the Bay Area. The approach is based on the marginal effect of protection within San Francisco Bay where individual stretches of coastline known as operational landscape units (OLUs) are protected one at a time. In the study, the authors integrate detailed shoreline scenarios, coastal inundation modeling, and traffic disruption modeling. Important insights from the analysis are obtained: the protection of an OLU (and specifically San Rafael OLU) will produce an average commute time reduction of up to 17% in the neighboring areas or the neighborhoods located across the bay. Five OLUs along with four bridges were identified as critical for minimizing disruptions to commute times. This methodology may be used by decision-makers when proposing adaptation and protection strategies that account for both local and regional areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 14:46:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237509</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bird-Long Island Management Study Phase 2A: Enhancement and Restoration Interventions for Bird-Long Island Shoreline Alternatives: Design and Modeling for Stewardship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2061079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluated a variety of design interventions using nature-based solutions to preserve a culture resource on Bird-Long Island and promote indigenous vegetative communities by maintaining or increasing vegetative biodiversity. Several alternatives were proposed that utilized a combination of green and gray infrastructure, such as living shorelines, thin layer placement, and beneficial dredge. Strengths and weaknesses accompany each design alternative with relative construction costs. Environmental site data was collected during study and demonstrated that naturally occurring, reef forming organisms were naturally present and could likely populate proposed nature-based solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2022 14:15:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2061079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEAHIVE - Sustainable Estuarine and Marine Revetment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1989286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The product of this Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project is called SEAHIVE™ and it is an engineered marine and estuarine protection system that dissipates wave energy and creates habitat. The geometry of the system mimics nature providing passage to water dissipating energy within the structure. The structural complexity of the system combined with the use of biophilic materials also increases the potential of the system for habitat creation. Moreover, the system can be adapted to the site conditions providing a versatile marine and estuarine protection that can be used by transportation agencies to protect coastal communities and their infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Jul 2022 12:02:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1989286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilience and Durability to Extreme Weather Pilot Project: Corpus Christi Metropolitan Planning Organization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1958735</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) partnered with eleven pilot project teams to assess and deploy resilience solutions. This case study is part of a series that summarizes the pilot projects and highlights transportation system resilience efforts at other agencies across the country. The primary objective of Corpus Christi Metropolitan Planning Organization's (MPO’s) pilot was to identify, design and monitor the performance of an appropriate nature-based shoreline protection feature to enhance the resilience of a roadway along the western shore of the Laguna Madre in Corpus Christi, Texas. Periodic inundation and shoreline erosion has undermined the roadway in multiple locations and resulted in negative impacts to roadway lifecycle, maintenance costs, and public safety. The nature-based feature would be added along one stretch of the roadway to pilot an approach to help address these issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 09:13:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1958735</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phase 2:  Enhancement and Restoration Interventions for Bird-Long Island Shoreline Alternatives:  Design and Modeling for Stewardship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1721085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is to examine several design alternatives and interventions to manage ecological and cultural resources on Bird-Long Island by using data gathered during Phase 1.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2020 10:14:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1721085</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>San Francisco Bay Shoreline Adaptation Atlas: Working with Nature to Plan for Sea Level Rise Using Operational Landscape Units</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the climate continues to change, San Francisco Bay shoreline communities will need to adapt in order to build social and ecological resilience to rising sea levels. Given the complex and varied nature of the Bay shore, a science-based framework is essential to identify effective adaptation strategies that are appropriate for their particular settings and that take advantage of natural processes. This report proposes such a framework—Operational Landscape Units (OLUs) for San Francisco Bay. The framework provided in this report divides the Bay shoreline into 30 OLUs—connected geographic areas that share common physical characteristics and that would accordingly benefit from being managed as individual units. Chapters include: Delineating OLU boundaries; Characterizing the OLUs; Adaptation measures; and Adaptation opportunities by OLU. The intent of this report and the OLU framework is to foster and inform a collaborative, data-driven vision for resilience to sea level rise that can be implemented at multiple scales. Building on and supporting the many progressive projects already underway, this report intends to provide guidance for the regulatory community, regional governments, planners, and members of local communities on how to proactively integrate nature-based adaptation measures into adaptation plans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2019 17:26:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing the Sustainability of Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Dredge Material Placement Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Placement areas for dredged material (DMPA) from the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW) are a responsibility of the state of Texas. Given population and industrial growth along the coastline and the continual need for dredging, it is important to use the sites efficiently and ensure their integrity. This research provided the analytical framework and methodology that will enable the Texas Department of Transportation to develop a strategic program for the restoration and protection of the DMPAs of the GIWW along the Texas Coast. The work plan combined general physical, environmental, and economic data to provide strategic direction and develop information on techniques and potential measures to enhance the long-term performance of placement areas and dredging activities. A tool using Analytic Hierarchy Process was created to evaluate various feasible solutions based on consideration of multiple criteria such as lifecycle costs, safety, and environmental sustainability. The research focused on East Matagorda Bay, the highest priority segment of the GIWW. Protecting this reach of the GIWW against long-fetch bay-induced wind/wave energies will significantly increase navigation safety and efficiencies and reduce navigation channel shoaling, resulting in reduction of maintenance dredging cycles. The research produced an extended list of improvement features, considerations, and evaluation options that could be prioritized as shoreline changes are observed or storm-induced waves and shoaling or current/wave-regimes negatively impact navigation safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2019 09:28:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEAHIVE – Sustainable Estuarine and Marine Revetment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599220</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Storm surge and wave action induce destructive forces to coastal communities that can result in loss of life, shoreline erosion, as well as structural damages to the built environment and infrastructure such as the transportation network. Therefore, this project focused on the research and development of a novel efficient and ecofriendly revetment system, called SEAHIVE, through physical testing at the University of Miami Surge STructure Atmospheric INteraction (SUSTAIN) Facility. SEAHIVE prototype elements of the three different cross-sectional profiles (square, circular and hexagonal) with varying perforation configurations were fabricated and tested experimentally at the SUSTAIN Facility under different water/waves conditions. Considering the interlocking of hexagonal units and that they maximize the volume for a given amount of material similar to a beehive, hexagonal units were selected for the system design. System-design testing focused on the hydrodynamic performance of a cluster of hexagonal SEAHIVE units starting with the testing of a vertical SEAHIVE wall section in the SUSTAIN wind/wave tank. The performance was evaluated on the basis of the water-level measurements with the comparison of the reflection coefficient between the SEAHIVE model and a solid vertical wall model revealing that the SEAHIVE model decreases significantly wave reflection while also dissipating more energy. Tests conducted on horizontal SEAHIVE system configurations revealed that the system performs also well in other contexts from riprap to submerged breakwater/reef applications. Three pilot installations were thus secured in Southeast Florida. The first one is a riprap installation in collaboration with the City of North Bay Village. The second one is in partnership with the City of Miami Beach and in the context of a University of Miami Laboratory for INtegrative Knowledge (U-LINK) project where SEAHIVE will be used as a hybrid coral reef. The third application is a seawall/mangrove planter in collaboration with Shipwreck Park (a non-profit organization), the City of Pompano Beach, and Broward County. All installations are underway and will be monitored to assess the ecological and engineering performance of the system, as well as to acquire important techno-economic data for further developments. Considering its better performance, its adaptive features for various applications and topography, as well as its potential for habitat creation provided by its structural complexity and the use of biophilic concrete mixtures and non-corrosive reinforcements, the SEAHIVE system provides an efficient eco-engineering alternative for the protection of the transportation network and the built environment in coastal communities. With the cost of coastal protection in the United States projected to skyrocket to $400 billion by 2040 according to the Center for Climate Integrity, the SEAHIVE system presents thus a great payoff potential.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2019 22:16:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599220</guid>
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