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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>ASBESTOS DUST INHALATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/146902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article was generated as a result of numerous queries received from Coast Guard marine inspectors, maritime union personnel, and shipping company officials.  Their questions concerned the extent of hazard posed by asbestos dust inhalation in today's shipboard work environment, expecially during repair of older vessels, and the nature of Coast Guard actions in response to this hazard.  The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW) has made recent large-scale efforts to publicize the current medical problems of many former shipyard workers who were exposed to asbestos dust during the war years of the forties.  In spite of these efforts, there appear to be many who are unfamiliar with the basic physical properties of asbestos and how it can adversely affect the human body.  The authors present a general introduction to the biological effects of asbestos fiber inhalation, and recommend basic personnel protection measures which are available at reasonable cost.  Current federal programs addressing the asbestos dust problem are summarized, including both Coast Guard and MARAD vessel survey projects currently underway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/146902</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE IMPACT OF SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ON SHIPBUILDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper begins by examining shipbuilding in the context of competitiveness, specification and cost-effectiveness before considering the impact of safety requirements in its operations.  The basis of the safety case approach is then given, and its application to shipbuilding is illustrated by an example based on the use of staging in ship construction.  The key conclusion is that the safety case approach provides the management with a technique for treating potential hazards in shipbuilding so that their risks can be kept within an acceptable level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467374</guid>
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      <title>SHIPYARD SAFETY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accidents in ship repair yards over the past few years are recounted and shipyard safety is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GAS SAFETY IN SHIPREPAIR YARDS: PEOPLE AND EQUIPMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/444945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses accidents in shipyards related to gas usage and how they can be avoided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/444945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRODUCT ORIENTED SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/388872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research into various aspects of the product-oriented shipbuilding approach developed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (IHI) continues to reveal profound advantages as compared to the traditional system-by-system approach. The product work breakdown structure employed facilitates decentralization of many responsibilities.  The net result is improved corporate performance. Ships of better quality are built with fewer man-hours while maintaining what is perhaps the world's best safety and health record for such an industrial endeavor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/388872</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALLROUND STAGING-IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPBUILDING SCAFFOLDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/399660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At the Nobiskrug GmbH yards, Rendsburg, Wilhelm Layher GmbH demonstrated the use of its allround staging developed for shipbuilding scaffolding.  The savings of this type of staging on assembly time have encouraged a number of yards in the Federal Republic, Holland and Belgium to use this construction method in shipbuilding scaffolding. Tightening of the safety regulations has also had an impact on the switch from the steel tube stage, hitherto individually composed with couplings, to the system stage. Allround staging excludes from the outset a number of possible errors. The construction problems, safety aspects, economic aspects and elements of assembling this type of scaffolding procedure are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/399660</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HEALTH HAZARD EVALUATION REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/399738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study was made of possible reasons for workers losing time from work at the Maritime Administration Reserve Fleets at Benicia, California and Fort Eustis, Virginia. At these worksites, activities associated with the mooring, preservation and maintenance of ships in the National Defense Reserve were undertaken. Most of the work involved manual materials handling tasks associated with the movement of ships in and out of the fleet, such as the handling of anchors, anchor inspecting and maintaining the engine room, cargo holds, and deck machinery with time spent in welding, metal working, painting, and other maintenance activities. The most frequent injuries occurring to workers at these sites included back muscle strains and sprains, groin pulls and hernias. Less prevalent injuries included eye injuries due to foreign objects, nail punctures to the soles of the feet, and muscle strains and sprains. There was also potential exposure to asbestos observed at both sites. A potential health hazard existed from pulling steel cable and nylon rope, lifting and carrying marine batteries, nail punctures, slips and falls, vibrating handtools, and foreign bodies in the eyes. Measures for lowering the risks of musculoskeletal and traumatic injuries and for reducing possible asbestos exposures are recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/399738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL/HEALTH/SAFETY RISKS AT A MAJOR SHIPYARD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The complexity of shipyard operations, in combination with the diverse and numerous hazardous materials used in manufacturing and repair, present unique environmental, health and safety challenges. One shipyard has taken a proactive approach to hazard identification, assessment and control in order to effectively manage these risks. Its approach, as explained in this paper, utilizes a risk screening technique and a consequence modeling step, and makes use of situation-specific risk control options. The same approach facilitated the development of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary Emergency Response Plan that complies with the regulations arising from the Superfund Amendments and the Reauthorization Act of 1986. This new response plan is considered beneficial to shipyards that seek state-of-the-art risk management programs at a time of increasingly stringent regulations involving hazardous materials and environmental safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/407439</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM IN ASBESTOS HAZARD SURVEILLANCE AND EDUCATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The surveillance program of asbestos workers at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard is described.  A clinical examination is required prior to placement as an asbestos worker which includes medical and occupational history standard organ-system-function inventory, vision acuity test, hearing test, urinalysis, chest X-ray, and a screening pulmonary function evaluation.  This examination is performed yearly for each exposed worker and at time of separation.  A special register is maintained of all personnel manifesting changes on chest X-rays to provide data as to the status of exposed personnel.  Special consultations are available for disabled persons, those considering retirement, and those exhibiting nonoccupational pulmonary problems.  To alleviate the anxiety of those who fear asbestosis, an education program has been implemented at all levels--individual worker, supervisor, executive management, and new employees. Environmental sampling is performed on request in work areas where asbestos is used.  Pertinent monographic and periodic literature and records and reports are maintained and are available upon request.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGH SPEED PORTABLE GRINDING SAFETY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper reviews the findings of an investigation into the hazards, safeguards and regulations related to high speed portable grinding.  The purpose being to expose the hazard and find better safety procedures and devices.  These, together with the government and industrial regulations, are combined to provide safer grinder operation.  The paper concludes with a discussion of the safeguards and safety precautions of grinder operation and shows that they will significantly lower the number of grinding related accidents.  Order from NSFI as No. 17168.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ECONOMIC ASPECTS, QUALITY AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE BY PLASMA CUTTING IN MILD STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The investigation was undertaken to see whether the development of burners and nozzles in recent years had resulted in sufficient improvements that plasma cutting could be used for square cutting in mild steel for subsequent welding.  The economic and quality studies included optimum cutting speed determination, nozzle and electrode service life and metallurgical tests.  The industrial hygiene studies included development of an efficient system for the removal of impurities in the form of smoke and gases, measurement of sound and light emission, and electrical safety.  Order from NSFI as No. 17164.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NOISE CONTROL PROGRAM IN SHIP-BUILDING INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a previous investigation the noise situation at the Arendal shipyard in Sweden was mapped.  In conjunction with this, the hearing ability of the exposed workers was tested by tone audiometry.  The results indicated that noise induced hearing loss was common.  Only 42% of those investigated had normal hearing.  A careful comparison between these results and the hearing-damage hazard under exposure of continuous noise according to ISO R1999 indicated that shipyard noise, with its superimposed impulses, is more harmful.  To prevent further deterioration of the hearing ability among the exposed employees a noise control program was designed.  This program includes an attempt to reduce noise exposure by technical measures and also a hearing conservation program with periodical hearing tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCIDENT FACTS. ANNUAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/78777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The annual edition contains data on injury rates for all industries.  For the marine transportation industry in particular, it provides injury and severity rates, and the number of lost work days for river and other craft, government marine transport, and stevedoring.  Comparisons to other industries are also given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/78777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERSONNEL SAFETY AS PART OF THE SHIP REPAIR YARD ORGANIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/74478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Some risks peculiar to ship repair are reviewed, and research into preventive solutions is summarized.  Work in tanks and pump rooms in tankers is discussed, including protection against asphyxiation and intoxication.  Working at heights, access to holds and tanks, and temporary electrical circuits are dealt with. Order from: NSFI as No. 14740.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 27 Aug 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/74478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AUTOMATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN DISCRETE PART MANUFACTURING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/68976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An Automation Technology Program has been set up at the U.S. Bureau of Standards with the aim of developing standards, guidelines and performance measures which will assist Government and industry to effectively use automation systems to improve productivity and improve job safety. Yearly average productivity increases for 11 countries in the period 1960-1973 are compared and some recommendations are made for improving the performance of certain U.S. industries.  Emphasis is placed on the trend in discrete part batch manufacturing towards integrated manufacturing systems of which a few examples are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/68976</guid>
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