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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Failure analysis of the MV Arvin break-in-two</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study evaluates the hull girder collapse of the river-sea vessel MV Arvin, which suffered a break-in-two collapse and sank in the Black Sea in January 2021. This evaluation is important given the frequent break-in-two accidents in the region, which remain unaddressed by existing regulations and studies. Utilizing vessel data, recorded sea conditions, and seakeeping analysis, the bending moment leading to the collapse was reconstructed. The vessel's ultimate strength was assessed using applicable rules and criteria for inland, river-sea, and sea-going vessels, together with contemporary methods such as PCA and NLFEM. Evaluations were conducted for both intact and corroded hulls, with the latter representing the closest match to the vessel's condition at the time of the accident. The findings indicate that nearly all applied methods would have predicted hull girder collapse. The study also shows that inland-classed vessel categorization within the rules significantly underestimates the design bending moments for such wave conditions and fails to capture the risk of structural failure. In contrast, applying sea-going-classed category for the same vessel, even within the broader inland vessel framework, would have revealed its hull girder vulnerability. Notably, PCA and NLFEM closely agreed with the total bending moment derived from the seakeeping analysis, confirming the reliability of these methods for river-sea vessel assessments. The results challenge the widespread assumption that hull girder collapse is only a concern for large sea-going ships, demonstrating that smaller river-sea vessels are also susceptible to collapse even under moderate maritime conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:40:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656389</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Atlantic Destiny</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On March 2, 2021, the 143-foot fishing vessel Atlantic Destiny caught fire and began taking on water more than 200 miles offshore, with 31 hands onboard. 60-knot winds pummeled the vessel and violently tossed it in seas topping 33 feet. The United States Coast Guard, Canadian Coast Guard, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) worked in tandem to successfully rescue all 31 crewmembers. Twenty-seven crewmembers were hoisted from the vessel in unfathomable conditions by a series of U.S. Coast Guard and RCAF helicopters. The Canadian CGS Cape Roger returned to shore with the search and rescue technicians and final four survivors. The doomed ship sank within a few hours of the rescue's completion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2025 15:02:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630493</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A fuzzy evidential reasoning-based approach for assessing the navigation obstruction risk of shipwrecks in the Yangtze river</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to evaluate the navigation obstruction risk represented by shipwrecks in shallow waters based on a fuzzy evidential reasoning approach. The purpose of this approach is to establish a hierarchical decision-making framework that considers ship conditions, traffic environment, distance from sensitive areas, and natural environment; to derive the belief rule base using the IF-THEN rule with a belief structure; and to obtain the crisp values of navigation obstruction risk of shipwrecks via evidential reasoning. This approach is applied to the navigation obstruction risk assessment of 10 historical shipwrecks in the Yangtze River, and the evaluation results are consistent with historical data. Consequently, this approach can be used for assisting in shipwreck salvage decision-making in navigable waters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:40:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Linear Trend Model in the Analysis of Ship Losses and Navigation Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[By researching the available statistical data of the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) on total losses in shipping, the most common cause, ship sinking, was analyzed in the period from 2015 to 2020. The data are useful for qualitative and quantitative assessments, and indicate factors that cause unwanted events. The aim of this paper is to highlight the possibility of prediction, which is crucial for the assessment of risk and safety in shipping, by applying a statistical model in the analysis of losses in shipping. In the analysis and processing of the available databases, Excel was used, as part of the Microsoft Office software package, which enables statistical analysis and drawing graphs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2025 10:51:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553832</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Legal Protection for the Leato Wreck Site: Discourse on Cultural Heritage Law and Maritime Conservation Law</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449052</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cultural heritage regulations and maritime conservation area regulations intersect and overlap in terms of legal protection, and nowhere is this more obvious than at the Leato underwater site/Japanese cargo ship wreck, referred to as the Leato wreck site  in this paper. This legal issue later became a stumbling block in optimizing the legal protection of the Leato/Japanese cargo wreck underwater site. The study used two approaches: the statute approach and the conceptual approach. Analysis: a shipwreck can be defined as a catastrophic event that occurred in the past, with potential socio-economic benefits in the future, contingent upon optimal efforts to conserve history and culture, with great socio-economic potential if its exploitation is successfully optimized, with an eye to conservation efforts. The combination of these legally binding regulations is the key to optimizing the legal protection of the Leato underwater site. The maritime conservation area regulations safeguard the shipwreck's location as an integrated and interconnected ecosystem. By contrast, cultural heritage regulations protect the core zone of the Leato underwater site as a maritime cultural heritage from potential natural or human-caused damage. Other important issues that need to be considered are the empowerment of local communities in realizing a sustainable environment and cooperation between institutions in maintaining and preserving underwater cultural heritage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 14:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449052</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction and analysis of the efficiency of the shuttle tank collection method to collect wrecked residual oil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the “Prestige” oil spill, REPSOL proposed a new shuttle tank collection method for wreckage oil collection; the proposed method is effective for wreckages located more than 3000 m underwater. This method was effective for the Prestige incident. To determine the efficiency of this method, a model reflecting the internal situation of the oil tank was analyzed and fitted as a basis for establishing the relationship between the instantaneous collection speed and different parameters. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using a Volume of Fluid (VOF) model of the collection process. The influence of various parameters on the collection efficiency was investigated. An efficiency prediction model without viscosity reduction was established. The results showed that the collection efficiency was mainly affected by the outlet size and oil depth inside the tank. The collection speed reached 22.33 m³/h at an oil depth of 10 m and an oil outlet radius of 0.5 m. The instantaneous collection speed prediction model was fitted based on the dynamic flow analysis results. Furthermore, the prediction model proposed in this study can contribute to improvements in the efficiency of this method and the design of devices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 13:45:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341154</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on multi-body coupling system for twin-barge hydraulic lifting shipwreck salvaging system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The twin-barge lifting method, applied in the overall salvaging scheme of ‘SEWOL’, is one of the main approaches for salvaging large-tonnage shipwrecks. A model experiment for the twin-barge lifting shipwreck salvaging system was conducted for three typical salvaging stages. Based on the experimental results, this study investigated the coupled dynamic response characteristics of the multi-body system consisting of the shipwreck and twin barges. The coupling effects between the multi-body system were discussed to understand the complex dynamic behaviour in twin-barge salvaging system, utilizing spectrum and statistical analysis. Additionally, this study considered the influence of the environment direction on the barge motion. It was revealed that the multi-body system exhibits significant shielding, which greatly affects the heave, roll, and pitch motions, particularly for beam and quarter seas. The maximum sling tension, including the case of single lifting sling broken, was also analysed to ensure safety under extreme conditions. Finally, it is advisable to perform salvage operations in head seas considering motion response amplitude, and to conduct the salvage in beam seas from the perspective of lifting slings safety. This study is of great significance for improving the safety of large-tonnage wreck salvage operations, promoting the development of research on multi-body system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jan 2024 11:37:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In the aftermath of Hurricane Irma: Colonization of a 4-year-old shipwreck by native and non-native corals, including a new cryptogenic species for the Caribbean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2208327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Little is known about early coral settlement on shipwrecks with regard to their species and size compositions. Hurricanes in the Caribbean have a long history of sinking ships but a link with new coral settlement is understudied. In 2017, Hurricane Irma caused the sinking of over 300 vessels in the coastal waters of Saint Martin, eastern Caribbean. In 2021, coral settlement was studied on one of them, which included two native, one non-native, and two cryptogenic species. The corals were smaller than 8 cm in diameter. The invasive Tubastraea coccinea was the most abundant scleractinian and was predominantly represented by juveniles. A cryptogenic species, Stragulum bicolor, new for the Caribbean, was the most common octocoral. Because they can be harmful to the environment, shipwrecks should be monitored frequently for the occurrence of non-native species, especially when they are only a few years old.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2023 11:02:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2208327</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance analysis of the passive heave compensator for hydraulic shipwreck lifting systems in twin-barge salvaging</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2161277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passive heave compensation (PHC) is extensively used in marine engineering operations such as offshore hoisting and remote-operated vehicle launching because of its high capacity and no energy requirement. Shanghai Salvage Co. used a new twin-barge hydraulic lifting method with multiple PHC systems to salvage the shipwreck of M.V. Sewol in 2017 and avoid harsh sea conditions. The result opens up a new avenue for rescuing sunken ships with huge tonnage. However, the performance of hydraulic compensators in shipwreck salvaging has rarely been studied. In this paper, the authors mainly focus on the effect of PHC systems on a twin-barge shipwreck salvaging system. Firstly, the salvage system and the PHC's nonlinear dynamic are mathematically modeled. The frequency characteristics of the salvaging system in five motion states are then analyzed, taking into account compensator stiffness and wave frequencies. Finally, in MATLAB/Simulink, a series of simulations of a salvaging system with multiple PHC systems are carried out. The effects of using PHC systems and changing compensation parameters on load performance, including shipwreck movement and sling tensions, are analyzed. The results suggest that in this salvaging system, PHC systems with proper parameters can compensate for both shipwreck movement and sling tensions with great effectiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 10:09:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2161277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Case-based reasoning for shipwreck emergency salvage scheme assisted decision</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2151289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shipwrecks that adversely affect the marine ecological environment and the passage of vessels should be recovered urgently. The formulation of emergency salvage plans is still based on experts’ judgment. Therefore, this paper proposes an assisted decision model for the emergency salvage plan for wrecks based on case reasoning. This paper uses the Improved Game Theory (IGT) method to calculate the combined weight of multiple subjective and objective methods to overcome the one-sidedness of a single method to determine the weight. To further improve the sensitivity of the interval similarity calculation, this paper improves the method of interval similarity calculation in shipwreck cases. Based on the comparison and analysis of multiple methods based on the real shipwreck salvage case, the standard deviation of the case similarity obtained by the model method in this paper is 0.134, which is the highest compared with the classical algorithm, which shows that the similarity calculation results of this paper are reasonable and have a higher degree of discrimination. This method can provide decision support for the formulation of a marine emergency salvage plan for shipwrecks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:49:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2151289</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of shipwrecks on spatiotemporal dynamics of metal/loids in sediments and seafood safety in the Bay of Bengal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2059000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metal/loid pollution from shipwrecking activities has drawn significant concern due to their persistent threat to the marine ecosystem and human health. The authors investigated the spatiotemporal distribution, pollution characteristics, risks, sources, and potential impact of metal/loids in the sediments and seafood in the Bay of Bengal at nearby open beaching shipwrecking yards in Bangladesh. The authors collected 78 sediments and 208 seafood samples from the exposed and control sites from 2018 to 2020 during the dry and wet seasons. The concentrations of 16 elements, including cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, tin, antimony, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, vanadium, selenium, and thallium were measured using validated inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods. Based on the pollution indices (enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, pollution index, and pollution load index), lead, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, copper, zinc, and tin from the dry season showed higher contaminations compared to the wet and their concentrations were increased from 2018 to 2020 with seasonal fluctuations. Sediment cadmium and arsenic posed relatively higher and moderate ecological risks. Health risk analysis indicated that lead, cadmium, and inorganic arsenic (estimated) in seafood species pose a possible health threat to the general population. Further, there were possible ecological and health risks for the metal/loids in combination based on the ecological risk index in sediment and the hazard index in seafood, respectively. Source apportionment suggested that anthropogenic activities through uncontrolled shipwrecking operations over the last four decades were the largest polluting dominator, contributing 55–77% of the metal/loid concentrations. Therefore, the data may inform mitigation strategies for emission control at the shipwrecking yards to protect marine ecosystems and their local population.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:41:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2059000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Warship wrecks and their munition cargos as a threat to the marine environment and humans: The V 1302 “JOHN MAHN” from World War II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2067551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In addition to endangering sea traffic, cable routes, and wind farms, sunken warship wrecks with dangerous cargo, fuel, or munitions on board may emerge as point sources for environmental damage. Energetic compounds such as TNT (which could leak from these munitions) are known for their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. These compounds may cause potential adverse effects on marine life via contamination of the marine ecosystem, and their entry into the marine and human food chain could directly affect human health. To ascertain the impending danger of an environmental catastrophe posed by sunken warships, the North Sea Wrecks (NSW) project (funded by the Interreg North Sea Region Program) was launched in 2018. Based on historical data (derived from military archives) including the calculated amount of munitions still on board, its known location and accessibility, the German World War II ship “Vorpostenboot 1302” (former civilian name - “JOHN MAHN”) was selected as a case study to investigate the leakage and distribution of toxic explosives in the marine environment. The wreck site and surrounding areas were mapped in great detail by scientific divers and a multibeam echosounder. Water and sediment samples were taken in a cross-shaped pattern around the wreck. To assess a possible entry into the marine food chain, caged mussels were exposed at the wreck, and wild fish (pouting), a sedentary species that stays locally at the wreck, were caught. All samples were analyzed for the presence of TNT and derivatives thereof by GC–MS/MS analysis. As a result, the authors could provide evidence that sunken warship wrecks emerge as a point source of contamination with nitroaromatic energetic compounds leaking from corroding munitions cargo still on board. Not only did they find these explosive substances in bottom water and sediment samples around the wreck, but also in the caged mussels as well as in wild fish living at the wreck. Fortunately so far, the concentrations found in mussel meat and fish filet were only in the one-digit ng per gram range thus indicating no current concern for the human seafood consumer. However, in the future the situation may worsen as the corrosion continues. From this study, it is proposed that wrecks should not only be ranked according to critical infrastructure and human activities at sea, but also to the threats they pose to the environment and the human seafood consumer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2022 14:14:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2067551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>No recovery of a large-scale anthropogenic sediment disturbance on the Pacific seafloor after 77 years at 6460 m depth</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Habitat restoration and recolonisation of benthic communities after physical perturbation in the deep sea has long been thought to be extremely slow. This study reports on a serendipitous opportunity to survey the current state of a large mechanical disturbance of sediments at 6460 m in the Pacific Ocean. The impact was caused 77 years ago by the sinking of the USS Johnston. The surrounding debris field had little impact on the sedimentary habitat, other than in the provision of artificial hard substrates, while the troughs that formed as the ship impacted the seafloor and slid down the slope of the Philippine Trench were still completely void of animal tracks and burrows, or any observable epifauna, and in some areas subsurface stratification was still exposed at the surface. This suggests that mechanical perturbations of sediments in the deep Pacific may remain ecologically significant for, at the very least, 100 years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2022 11:36:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using difference modelling and computational fluid dynamics to investigate the evolution of complex, tidally influenced shipwreck sites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The large number of historic metal-hulled shipwrecks on the seabed is a major consideration for the marine environment, heritage management and spatial planning. Their stability is driven by linked hydro- and sediment-dynamics, which in turn influence chemical corrosion and biological encrustation. The dynamism at underwater sites is frequently expressed in elaborate patterns of depositional and erosional features developed due to seabed scour. These settings are complex, due to the variable morphologies of the wrecks, and diverse types of seabed geology and geomorphology. Not only are the flow patterns and geomorphic changes at shipwreck sites not fully understood, but how these influence the wreck structures remains under-researched. Here the authors combine high-resolution multibeam echosounder, ocean current and sediment data with 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate interrelations between hydro- and sediment-dynamics and the deterioration of two complex, fully submerged tidally-influenced shipwrecks. Intricate patterns of wake and horseshoe vortices are observed, and modelled wall shear stresses predict geomorphic changes recorded in 4-year and one-week interval difference models. Moreover, substantial damage is detected on the wrecks, correlated with areas of elevated wall shear stress and pressure in CFD simulations. The combined approach aids site management and provides analogies for offshore engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jul 2022 17:06:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994270</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural factors driving benthic invertebrate community structure on historical shipwrecks in a large North Atlantic marine sanctuary</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1959906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shipwrecks are irreplaceable historical resources and valuable biological habitats. Understanding the environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting shipwrecks is critical for preservation in situ. The authors used remotely operated vehicles to study the benthic invertebrate communities on four shipwrecks in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS, North Atlantic, USA). Shipwrecks included coal schooners and a passenger steamer, all >100 years old. These large, complex structures hosted dense populations of invertebrates (34 species), especially on high-relief and overhanging substrata. Some species that are otherwise rare in the community may proliferate through asexual reproduction and form dense populations on shipwrecks. The authors also investigated impacts of entangled fishing gear on the invertebrate communities on each shipwreck and found that areas with the most ghost gear have lower species richness and different community structure. Fishing, particularly bottom trawling, damages shipwrecks and poses a threat to these valuable cultural resources and biological habitats in SBNMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jun 2022 13:13:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1959906</guid>
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