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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigating the causation and correlation of unsafe acts in man-overboard scenarios through a data-driven approach: a case study from China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736619</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To achieve a comprehensive understanding of unsafe acts contributing to man-overboard (MOB) accidents, this study integrates human factors and operational conditions into an improved Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. This framework considers both causal and correlational perspectives. A novel database is constructed by extracting information from 95 MOB accident reports, encompassing four categories of human-factor-related variables, eight vessel-condition-related variables, and two time-related variables. The Bayesian Network (BN) structure is derived from the improved HFACS framework, while its parameters are trained using the developed database. Consequently, a data-driven BN model tailored for MOB scenarios is developed and validated. Through forward inference, backward inference, and sensitivity analysis of the BN model, the criticality of unsafe acts, the contribution and sensitivity of latent failures to various unsafe acts, as well as the spatial and temporal correlations of unsafe acts within MOB scenarios are systematically identified and discussed. This study provides a robust methodological framework for systematically analysing unsafe acts in MOB scenarios, which can serve as a practical tool for crew members, shipping companies, and maritime authorities to develop evidence-based strategies for preventing personnel from falling overboard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Oct 2026 16:52:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736619</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A systematic multi-criteria risk assessment modelling for safety–critical emergency shipboard operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2776024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Safety-critical shipboard operations involve complex socio-technical interactions where rapid and well-informed decisions are essential to prevent cascading failures, injuries, and environmental damage. Conventional occupational risk assessment approaches, such as the Fine–Kinney method, provide structured hazard evaluation but remain limited in incorporating expert-driven prioritization and multi-dimensional factors. This study proposes a hybrid multi-criteria risk assessment framework integrating the Fine–Kinney method with the Best–Worst Method (BWM) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), enhanced by fuzzy logic to address uncertainty in expert-based evaluations. The model is applied to maritime occupational hazards based on expert evaluations obtained from 5 deck officers and 5 engine officers. The framework enhances traditional scoring by embedding expert judgment, structured weighting, and systematic ranking relevant to safety–critical maritime operations. The results indicate that psychosocial risks, particularly fatigue, workload pressure, and social isolation, are consistently ranked among the most critical hazards across both groups. In addition, notable differences are observed between deck and engine officers, reflecting their distinct operational environments and responsibilities. The proposed approach improves prioritization transparency and supports more consistent decision-making compared to conventional methods. It contributes to risk-informed operational safety and provides a transferable decision-support framework for maritime risk management applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Oct 2026 17:12:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2776024</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Breaking the waves? Current prospects for gender equality in the maritime industry: the example of Taiwan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Taiwanese maritime academies began admitting female students to study navigation and marine engineering in 1993. However, women seafarers currently account for only 3.41% of Taiwan’s active seafarers, and this proportion has been decreasing since 2021. Given that gender equality is a fundamental human right, and in response to the International Maritime Organization’s 1988 call to promote women’s participation in sea-going roles, this study aims to broaden the seafaring paths available to Taiwanese women. Notably, the authors primarily collected research data through the first-ever 2024 Women Seafarers Forum held in Taiwan. This was supplemented by in-depth interviews and focus groups with former and current women seafarers, as well as female navigation and marine engineering students and cadets. Additionally, the study utilized the Immersion-Crystallization method, an ideal analytical approach in qualitative research, for data analysis. The findings are presented thematically, following a chronological timeline: the emergence of gender equality awareness, token women seafarers on cargo ships, stormy seas on the route, and moving towards a diverse, equitable, and inclusive seafaring profession. Through the final discussion, the authors hope this study will help Taiwan’s seafaring workplaces move closer to achieving genuine gender equality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:35:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772672</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seafarers’ Statistics in the EU Statistical Review (2024 Data from the STCW-IS as Provided by 31 December 2025)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective for gathering information on certificates and endorsements issued to seafarers by the EU Member States is, similarly to previous years, to use it as a primary source of data for statistical analysis in support of the EU Member States, the Commission and the European Parliament in policy making and of other stakeholders in related activities as applicable. This review continues to be the only statistical overview that results from the gathering of data directly from the maritime administrations that issue the certificates. It is based on data extracted from certificates and endorsements registered by EU Member States 2 1F , Iceland and Norway until 31 December 2024. This data, which was transferred and recorded in the STCW Information System (STCW-IS) by 31 December 2025, represents a snapshot of the European labour market in terms of the number of seafarers holding valid certificates and endorsements in 2024. It should be noted that the numbers presented cover masters and officers who are certified but not all necessarily actively serving on board ships. This year the data included in the STCW-IS shows that by end-2024, 177,378 masters and officers held valid certificates of competency (CoC) issued by EU Member States while another 136,660 masters and officers held original CoCs issued by non-EU countries with endorsements issued by EU Member States attesting their recognition (EaR), as presented in Figure 1-1. Overall, the end of 2024 saw almost a third of a million masters and officers as potential manpower to serve on board EU Member State flagged vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 13:46:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Application of Simulator-based Training and Assessment for Sea Service Equivalence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2770280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Volpe National Transportation Systems Center was asked to undertake two related tasks, ultimately with the goal of increasing the pool of mariners seeking an endorsement. (1) In the first task, Volpe was asked to evaluate current sea service requirements and support evidence-based recommendations for granting sea service equivalencies for training and assessment of Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (NVIC) tasks learned and assessed using one of five methods: training first at sea either on or not on a training vessel and training first on land either without a simulator, with a part-task simulator, or with a full-mission simulator. Subject matter experts’ (SMEs’) estimates of the time to reach proficiency at sea on each NIVC task trained using a given method were obtained for each of six Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) endorsements: Ratings Forming Part of a Navigational Watch (RFPNW), Ratings Forming Part of an Engineering Watch (RFPEW), Officer in Charge of Navigational Watch (OICNW), Officer in Charge of Engineering Watch (OICEW), Master/Chief Mate, and Chief Engineer/2nd Engineer Officer. A total of 2,163 SME such estimates of the time to reach proficiency were obtained. Based on these estimates, a rule was developed by the Volpe Center that was used to infer sea service equivalence from the time to proficiency for the tasks included in the NVICs that were required for each of the six STCW endorsements. These task estimates can then be used to determine for an individual mariner the overall sea service equivalency for any subset of tasks on which the mariner has been trained. (2) In the second task, Volpe was asked to determine which of two methods of training mariners was most effective. Comparisons were made between the performance of mariners in courses involving full-mission versus part-task simulator training, one versus multiple trainees per simulator, and initial versus recertification training within Radar Observer. No statistically significant differences in performance were observed in any comparison. This suggest that mariners can take a course taught using a method that they believe is best suited to their learning results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 14:40:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2770280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Psychosocial work conditions across scientific, marine, and technical/support departments onboard research vessels: A scoping review of potential hazards and risk factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2739444</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scientists, seafarers, technicians, and support staff working onboard research vessels (RVs) are essential to marine and polar science. However, the work-related factors shaping their health, performance, and long-term engagement remain underexplored. This scoping review advances understanding of psychosocial work conditions in offshore workplaces by synthesizing evidence on psychosocial hazards and their associated health and work-related outcomes in RVs and other shipboard settings. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a two-phase search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Phase 1 identified RV-specific studies, while Phase 2 incorporated evidence from related shipboard settings. In total, 247 studies were included. Data were thematically analyzed and narratively synthesized, identifying 14 major themes and 70 subcategories of psychosocial factors and their outcomes. The findings indicate recurring, multi-layered risk pathways shaped by the interaction of three domains. First, operational demands associated with tasks, voyage stages, roles, work organization, and technology integration. Second, complex social dynamics arising from dual hierarchies between scientists and crew, male-dominated environments, and multinational workplaces, may contribute to conflict, reduced cohesion, and limited inclusivity. Third, organizational climates that priorities financial and operational performance over health further intensify these pressures. These factors are compounded by structural and environmental constraints that limit recovery and access to support, contributing to cumulative resource depletion and increased risk of adverse outcomes. Early-career personnel appear particularly vulnerable, raising concerns about workforce sustainability. The review highlights several gaps and outlines targeted organizational and policy responses, calling for longitudinal, multi-level, and intervention-focused studies to improve psychosocial conditions in maritime settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 09:54:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2739444</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of seafarers’ non-technical skills: cause-and-effect relationships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672760</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the developing technology, digitalization, smart machines, and autonomous systems are becoming an important part of industrial processes. This shift has placed greater emphasis on the NTS (Non-technical Skills) of employees, rather than their technical expertise. In this context, the development of seafarers’ NTS is crucial to ensuring safe operations in maritime transportation. This study investigates the criteria for seafarers’ NTS. It examines training and assessment standards, particularly the STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers), industry practices, and academic studies in detail to identify the criteria for seafarers’ NTS. Following this, the cause-and-effect relationships among these criteria were analysed using the Fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method. The analysis revealed that self-awareness is the most influential cause criterion affecting other criteria. The aim of the study is to identify criteria for developing seafarers’ NTS and to determine the relationships and interactions between these NTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 11:56:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672760</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Big Data Analytics for Weather Prediction Integrating Regression and ARIMA Models to Assess the Impact of Climate Variability on Fishermen Safety and Maritime Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objectives: This study aims to develop an AI-based early warning system for maritime navigation by integrating machine learning techniques to predict weather conditions and assess navigation risks. The research focuses on improving forecasting accuracy for key meteorological and oceanographic variables to enhance navigational safety. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in predictive analytics and artificial intelligence applications in maritime risk assessment. It leverages machine learning models, including ARIMA, Random Forest, SVM, and Artificial Neural Networks, to enhance the accuracy of weather and sea condition forecasts, providing valuable insights for maritime operations. Method: The research employs a data-driven approach, utilizing historical meteorological and oceanographic data to train and evaluate machine learning models. Variables such as air temperature, wind speed, sea temperature, rainfall, and air pressure are analyzed using regression, time-series analysis, and statistical modeling techniques to develop an effective predictive system. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that AI models, particularly ARIMA and regression analysis, demonstrate high predictive capability for air temperature variations. However, dataset limitations and model parameter tuning impact accuracy. The results highlight the importance of selecting appropriate variables and optimizing model structures to improve forecasting reliability. Research Implications: The study contributes to maritime safety by providing a framework for real-time weather forecasting and risk assessment. The findings can inform decision-making in vessel operations and policy development for maritime safety regulations. Originality/Value: This research integrates AI and predictive analytics to enhance maritime navigation safety, addressing gaps in real-time risk assessment and forecasting. The proposed framework provides a foundation for further advancements in AI-driven maritime decision support systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 17:05:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time Budget for Merchant Ship Control Takeover - Preliminary Results</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing automation of shipping requires a proper understanding of the behavior of those in command of ships to be able to correctly mimic and interpret their actions. This will be especially important during the widespread introduction of autonomous merchant vessels, whose decision-making algorithms will need to be correctly prepared to assess situational awareness and will allow for timely control takeover in a variety of circumstances, including mixed navigation conditions. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the safety-critical situations when the assistance of a captain is required by the watch officer. There can be various situations when such a person is called and asked to proceed to Bridge and exercise his/her experience to help the younger and less skilled colleague in a potentially dangerous situation. In the study, we asked experienced Masters Mariners about their perception of such a situation. We investigated whether it depends on their sea-time experience and other factors (e.g. traffic density, weather conditions, fatigue) in a particular situation on board the vessel. The results of this study may prove valuable in determining the time required for obtaining a situation awareness during control takeover in different situations. The collected results may also prove useful in designing and developing navigation simulator exercise scenarios in the context of assessing situational awareness or providing control-taking guidelines for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624136</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How do Bridge Officers Understand and Experience the Use of Social Media at Sea?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, the use of social media at sea has increased. However, the research body that concerns seafarers’ use of social media is still sparce. This study aims to contribute to fill this gap, through an exploration of how maritime bridge officers understand and experience the use of social media at sea. A thematic analysis is applied to six in-depth semi structured interviews with seafarers sailing along the Norwegian coastline. Two global themes were identified: Social media use impacts interpersonal relationships, and Use of social media at work. Findings suggest that social media influences relationships with family and friends ashore, as well as interactions among crew members on board. While informants raised concerns about social media’s potential to distract bridge officers and impair concentration, it is used to counter boredom while at sea. It is also described that social media can be used as both as an informal work tool, and communication channel amongst crew. Despite many shipping companies having restrictions regarding cellphone use on the bridge, our results indicate these are not necessarily known or followed by the crew. The implications of this research are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 15:37:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An evaluation of future skills required for smart ships'efficient operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime sector is undergoing towards a digital transformation alongside developments in technology across various industries. Incorporating advanced systems, technologies, and intelligent approaches into ships lead to unusual ship management for maritime companies and crew members. Therefore, the skills and competencies required for the efficient operation of smart ship systems should be reevaluated, and any identified gaps should be addressed. Consequently, this study provides a comprehensive and practical assessment of the future skills needed for maritime transportation to reveal vital competencies to sustain operations properly onboard with new technologies. For this purpose, future skills are categorized into four groups: technical, cognitive, individual, and social. Eight, six, eight, and four distinct skills have been identified within these groups, respectively. A questionnaire is then created to measure the interrelationships among these skills and is distributed to a consortium of six marine experts. The six experts have experience in several shipping-related fields, including marine engineering, navigation, and naval academy. The experts'judgments for each skill are collected and analyzed using the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, as this method establishes a structural model that outlines the causal relationships between the skills and illustrates the relationships among the parameters. As a result of the analysis, cognitive skills are found to be the most critical among the main skill categories, with a 13.50 prominence score. Additionally, it is noted that data-related skill requirements are significant for the future of shipping. In this context, data monitoring and data processing have prominence scores of 12.94 and 12.14, respectively. Effective communication is also considered essential in future shipping, just as it is today.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of uncertainty in earthquake fear and well-being among seafarers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BackgroundSeafarers live away from their families and society during their duty aboard. They have limited sources of communication in the event of natural disasters.ObjectiveThe study aimed to examine the association between fear of earthquakes and seafarers’ mental well-being, and to explore the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty.MethodsThe sample comprised 357 Turkish seafarers. The rationale behind the selection of the Turkish seafarers is the occurrence of two catastrophic earthquakes in Türkiye in 2023, which resulted in the loss of thousands of lives. Four hypotheses were proposed within the scope of the study and tested using structural equation modeling.ResultsThe data obtained from the Turkish seafarers supported the hypothesized pathways. The study revealed a significant association among three latent variables. Fear of earthquakes, which was associated with mental well-being, which was mediated by intolerance of uncertainty.ConclusionsThe study highlights the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in seafarers’ psychological resilience, particularly in the context of natural disasters. Given the isolation and limited communication inherent to seafaring, targeted mental health interventions and enhanced communication strategies are essential to mitigating uncertainty-related distress and promoting well-being in high-risk environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 17:03:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611439</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Employment by Inland Waterways Operators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supply chain issues that have arisen since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have prompted increased awareness and a national discussion regarding the best practices for management of supply chains. One of the key issues has been the availability of labor. The inland waterways freight transportation system provides unique employment opportunities and working conditions when compared to other transportation modes. This employment also generates substantial benefits to the national economy. This study undertook a comparative analysis of employment factors for rail, trucking, and inland waterways, and calculated the benefits the nation experiences as a result of employment in the inland waterway industry. The project consisted of the following tasks: (Task 1) conduct a survey to collect inland waterways employment data; (Task 2) determine the geographical and demographic reach of inland waterways employment; (Task 3) describe typical working conditions of the three modes; (Task 4) develop economic impact analysis of inland waterways employment; and (Task 5) prepare “toolkit” for educators/counselors/parents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 09:23:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612361</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue on the Beautiful Blue Ocean: the mediation effects of occupational stress and job performance in the job demands-resources theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue is a constant risk impacting the seafaring ability regardless of existing skills, knowledge or received training regarding safety in the shipping industry. A seafarer typically loses focus on personal duties when experiencing high fatigue levels, which results in unproductive distractions. The current study provided an overview of the factors contributing to seafarer fatigue while developing an alternative framework by applying the job demands-resources (JD-R) theory with occupational stress and job performance as the mediators. Purposive sampling was performed to recruit respondents, with a total of 250 valid responses collected via an online questionnaire. Subsequently, structural equation modelling was conducted via the SmartPLS software, which discovered that all direct and mediation hypotheses were supported. Hence, the findings could serve as a reference for seafarers and shipping companies to reflect on the present working practices based on job demands and resources. The results would not only be beneficial to academics but also could practically ensure the sustainability of the maritime industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2025 11:37:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593202</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An analysis of challenges and impacts of different trends/factors on the implementation of onboard training: perspectives from maritime education and training institutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The acquisition of the requisite skills and knowledge to be a competent seafarer is highly dependent on the quality of education and training received in shore-based maritime education and training institutions (METIs) and practical training on ships termed “onboard training”. However, challenges arise in the implementation of onboard training, with diverse factors potentially having a significant influence on its execution. This study aimed to identify these challenges and factors as perceived by METIs. Using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, data from key individuals responsible for onboard training from 48 METIs, 25 seafarers, and 74 students was collected and qualitatively analysed using thematic analysis. The resulting findings offer insights into the challenges associated with implementing onboard training and the factors that impact its effectiveness. The insights identified are crucial for determining effective approaches to onboard training from the METIs’ perspective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573039</guid>
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