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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Shipbuilding workshop and storage yard scheduling: A literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The evolution of shipbuilding industry towards intelligent and digital processes requires highly efficient and environmentally friendly scheduling in ship construction. This review examines algorithm applications in Shipbuilding Scheduling optimization, highlighting limitations of traditional methods and exploring two primary scenarios: workshop and storage yard. It highlights the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies (machine learning, IoT and big data) for scheduling optimization in shipyards. Future research on shipbuilding scheduling will focus on interdisciplinary integration, big data, and scalable artificial intelligence scheduling systems to solve the scheduling problems of complex processes in the sustainable shipbuilding ecosystem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 08:55:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640761</guid>
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      <title>Ship propulsion shafting assembly detection: a model-data-driven approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616826</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ship propulsion shafting assembly is one of the keys in building a ship power system, which directly affects the power performance and navigation safety. In this paper, a model-data-driven approach called semi-supervised domain-adversarial neural networks (SDANN) is proposed to solve the lack of actual training samples during ship propulsion shafting assembly. In terms of the model, a finite element model (FEM) for ship propulsion shafting considering misalignment is built in ANSYS. In terms of data, a ship propulsion shafting comprehensive test platform is set up in order to collect the actual data in the laboratory. Furthermore, a small amount of the unlabelled actual data is used to train semi-supervised networks, which can identify four different bearing elevations. The research results illustrate that the proposed method outperformed classical deep learning methods in the ship propulsion shafting assembly detection under three types of cases, with an average accuracy of 95.61% ± 0.45%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616826</guid>
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      <title>Innovations and challenges in marine steels for polar icebreaker manufacturing – a comprehensive review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This review paper thoroughly investigates the challenges associated with constructing polar icebreakers, given the increasing feasibility of Arctic navigation attributed to global warming. The strategic significance of the Northern Sea Route in global trade, potentially reducing the Asia-Europe transit distance by about one-third, underscores the growing importance of polar-class vessels in Arctic navigation. Our research emphasizes the importance of selecting suitable steel grades considering strength, toughness, and weldability. The paper investigates the influence of ductile-brittle transition temperature on ship failures and evaluates different marine steels' tensile properties and fatigue behavior. Additionally, it reviews welding techniques and explores advanced methods, including wire arc additive manufacturing, to improve precision and efficiency in shipbuilding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jan 2026 10:10:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595196</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Advances in Evaluation of Weld Quality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of the scan is to examine the state of the art of in-process weld inspection and the resulting quality assurance used for ship building and heavy equipment manufacturing. The scan team will investigate the processes and controls used to produce quality welds in non-highway building industries. The scan team will examine the equipment involved in weld inspection and quality assurance, the specifications used for equipment requirements and quality control procedures, and calibration of the equipment to the appropriate quality standards. The scan team will investigate monitoring welding variables, measurement of weld size using laser scanning and the resulting reliability of the weld quality using in-process inspection.  The scan team will also examine the current state of practice within the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) bridge community for comparative purposes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 08:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636849</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The improvement of business performance in the shipbuilding sector driven by digital transformation and decarbonisation, and its impact on human resources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyses the relationship between digital transformation, decarbonisation and Human Resource Management (HRM) on performance in the naval sector, with the aim of empirically confirming a correlation between these variables, achieving a deeper knowledge that allows companies to upgrade their results. The methodology used to obtain the results and contrast the hypothesis model has been the Partial Least Squares (PLS), using data from 102 questionnaires collected from employees belonging to the sector. The findings of this research represent a new contribution to the literature: the results of the analysis found evidence of decarbonisation contributing favourably to HRM, leading to performance improvement in the naval industry companies, as well as a positive correlation between digital transformation and performance. However, there was no sufficient evidence to prove the direct relationship between decarbonisation and performance in the sector. Finally, the results found in this research could be utilised as evidence to consider the trend variables in the current business environment to influence business model design aiming to promote efficiency and improvement of the results of the organisations in the naval sector. HIGHLIGHTS: Improved performance in the shipbuilding sector. Study on the importance of digital transformation, decarbonisation and human resource management in the shipbuilding sector. Development, validation and evaluation of a proposed hypothesis model based on the Partial Least Squares method. Conclusions for industry managers, so that they can design business models that improve performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2025 10:34:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Offshore Patrol Cutter: Coast Guard Should Gain Key Knowledge Before Buying More Ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Coast Guard—a component of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)—plans to spend over $17 billion to acquire a fleet of 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs). Since 2020, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has found that the Coast Guard is using a high-risk approach to acquire OPCs that involves significant overlap in design and construction. GAO was asked to review the status of the OPC acquisition program. This report examines the extent to which (1) progress has been made on OPC design and construction; and (2) the OPC program is meeting its cost and performance goals.  GAO analyzed OPC documents and data; compared the status of OPC stage 1 design and construction to what GAO reported in June 2023 (GAO-23-105805); and compared stage 2 design and construction to leading practices for commercial shipbuilding. GAO also conducted site visits to both OPC shipbuilders to observe stage 1 and stage 2 construction progress; and interviewed Coast Guard officials and shipbuilder representatives. GAO is making four recommendations to the Coast Guard and DHS, including that the program stabilizes design before starting construction of additional stage 2 OPCs; reports cost goals for each OPC stage; and documents a plan for acquiring stage 3 ships that identifies how it will use test results to inform procurement activities and further incorporate shipbuilding leading practices. DHS concurred with two of the four recommendations, and did not concur with the other two. GAO maintains that all four recommendations are warranted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 11:39:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A registration and construction quality analysis framework for low quality hull block point cloud with extensive redundant structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research addresses the critical limitation of 3D laser scanning for hull block construction quality assessment in complex shipbuilding environments characterized by extensive redundant structures (e.g., scaffolding, pipelines). Existing methods, reliant on pre-scan removal or labor-intensive manual point cloud editing of obstructions, are impractical for industrial deployment. We propose a novel automated framework for rapid error analysis under such challenging conditions. The methodology integrates: (1) High-performance semantic segmentation of the CAD model using a Kernel Point Convolution (KPConv) and region growing fusion for precise joint surface identification and key feature (points, planes) extraction; (2) A correspondence-free, parallel Truncated Least Squares (TLS) enhanced Globally Optimal Iterative Closest Point (GOICP) method for robust point cloud segmentation and key point computation; (3) An optimization-based fine registration incorporating semantic data, key features, and geometric constraints to generate quality metrics. Key innovations include the KPConv-region growing fusion enabling accurate CAD block joint surface segmentation for feature localization, and the modified GOICP achieving optimal inlier ratios for registration without feature correspondences. Experimental validation demonstrates: near-perfect semantic segmentation accuracy for design models via KPConv-region growing fusion, significantly accelerated registration (8.87s vs. 786.25s baseline) while maintaining superior registration quality, and fully automated quantification of hull blocks’ positional and angular deviations. This work significantly enhances the industrial deployment potential of 3D scanning for real-time quality monitoring in shipyard environments by overcoming key data processing challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 14:08:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modified temperature-dependent reduction mechanical properties for ship structural steels: Toward improved thermo-structural design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Structural analysis under accidental or extreme environmental conditions must accurately account for the changes in material properties that occur at elevated temperatures. For ship structures, the high-temperature softening behaviour of carbon steels is often evaluated using general building codes, such as the Eurocode for steel structures. However, these standards may not adequately reflect the characteristics of modern shipbuilding steels. To improve the accuracy of structural assessments under fire conditions, this study investigates the high-temperature mechanical properties of two widely used shipbuilding steels: mild steel Grade A and high tensile steel Grade AH36. Tensile tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1000 °C. The experimental results were compared with the reduction factors provided in the Eurocode for general carbon steels. Based on the findings, new reduction factors for elastic modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength were derived, and updated reduction curves were proposed. Furthermore, the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed reduction factors were validated through a comparative analysis of the ultimate strength of a plate-stiffener combination model representative of ship structures under fire loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:44:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Critical success factors for remanufacturing and reuse of equipment in the engineer-to-order shipbuilding industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583436</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ship equipment is of extremely high value, making them prime products for remanufacturing and reuse. However, despite increasing efforts to regulate the impact of shipping on the environment by promoting circularity, the strategies extending the product life of marine equipment, especially in European shipbuilding, are limited. This paper aims to identify critical success factors that enable better decisions making for remanufacturing and reuse of equipment in the engineer-to-order (ETO) shipbuilding industry. It contributes with an empirical study addressing circularity in the maritime industry for ETO products, which are typically designed for a specific customer. The research is based on an inductive study incorporating multiple workshops within the Norwegian ship building industry and includes actors such as original equipment manufacturers (OEM), shipyards, ship operators, and a classification society. The type of equipment in focus includes thrusters, cranes, generator sets, and hydraulic power units. Critical success factors specific to shipbuilding remanufacturing and reuse are identified, which are compared and contrasted with existing generic factors from the literature. The authors also examine the potential tensions and areas of agreement between the actors in the supply chain in relation to the identified factors. The authors' results confirm the potential for interfirm tensions, indicating that tensions in terms of perceived levels of importance exist in relation to damage, transport, product types, product value, and material composition. The study proposes self-reflective managerial questions, as well as new research lines to undertake a whole systems evaluation of the opportunities for adopting remanufacturing and reuse in the shipbuilding supply chain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583436</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Plasma Cutting Machine’s Nozzle Degradation Detection Method Based on Cutting Noise Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cutting of steel plates in shipbuilding predominantly employs plasma cutting. To mitigate the deterioration of cutting quality, operators are compelled to vigilantly monitor the degradation of cutting torch nozzles. The timing for nozzle replacement hinges upon the operator's experience, with no universally standardized criteria in place. Within this investigation, an innovative technological advancement has been conceived for the identification of nozzle deterioration predicated upon alterations in cutting noise. A frequency scale capable of scrutinizing the ultrasonic frequency attributes of cutting noise has been postulated, and an acoustic feature founded on this proposed frequency scale has been devised. The acoustic features of cutting noises emanating from nozzles in both prime and deteriorated conditions have been visualized. Employing these acoustic images as training data, machine learning is conducted to cultivate a classifier for sound feature representations. Optimization of the acoustic feature extraction process is undertaken to accommodate variations in the cutting noise profiles across distinct cutting apparatuses, concurrently exploring the correlation between machine learning parameters and classification accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 08:35:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Modularization and Optimization of Container Vessel Structure to Improve the Efficiency of Inquiry Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582529</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the concept of modularization is paid attention in order to improve the efficiency of design and structure. On the other hand, the shipbuilding industry has mainly focused on the optimization of individual vessels, because individual order production is the mainstay of shipbuilding. As for the modularization, there is few research accumulation on the modularization of hull structures although there have been some research reports on modularization of engine rooms. This study focuses on modularization of the structure of containerships and their modularization and structural optimization are discussed. In this study, basic modules are defined based on the ISO 20-foot container size and basic modules for double bottom, bilge part and ship side section are defined. The hull structure is defined by the combination of above basic modules. Moreover, both of communization and diversity of components are considered based on an analysis of past design examples. The determination of dimensions is automated using an optimization method to reduce design man-hours and improve performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying above concepts to container ships of different sizes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 08:35:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582529</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the shipbuilding industry with a value-oriented approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, increasing green transformation and sustainability-oriented efforts in the maritime sector may soon trigger significant developments in the shipbuilding industry. As in all sectors, it is widely predicted that artificial intelligence will take its place in the shipbuilding industry, digitalization will become established in the sector, and alternative fuel and even sail-assisted shipbuilding may increase. In this study, the shipbuilding industry in Türkiye is addressed with a value-oriented approach and deep analyses are applied, and strategies are determined with sectoral participation. In this context, a detailed SWOT analysis was prepared based on a literature review, a review of industry reports and information obtained during site visits. Then, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were prioritized using the AHP method by taking the opinions of experienced experts from the shipbuilding, shipbuilding sub-industry and maintenance and repair sectors. As a result, recommendations were made on value-oriented approach practices to increase the competitiveness of the Turkish shipbuilding industry in the global system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589512</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical calculation of line heating for hull curved plate based on strain direct boundary</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerous complex curved plates need to be formed in shipbuilding industry. Line heating is the primary method of curved plate forming. To solve the problem of low efficiency and difficulty for numerical calculation of curved plate forming with multiple heating lines forming, numerical calculation of curved plate forming based on strain direct boundary (SDB) is researched. Considering the temperature gradient of ship plate forming and strain direct boundary, a numerical calculation model of line heating forming for curved hull plate is established based on the idea of equivalent load. The temperature and deformation fields numerically calculated by the strain direct boundary method are compared with the experimental data. The accuracy of the numerical calculation model is verified. The laws of influence of plate geometrical parameters and forming parameters on the deformation are analyzed. Numerical model is applied to calculate the deflection of all the heating lines of real hull plate. Comparing the calculation deflection with the desired deflection of the real hull plate, deflection deviations at all positions meet the requirements of shipbuilding quality standards. Accuracy of strain direct boundary for hull curved plate forming deformation calculation is verified. The paper provides reference for intelligent manufacturing of ships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599047</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural optimisation for minimising weight and welding in confined shipbuilding spaces: Enhancing safety and reducing costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599044</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing demands for reduced weight and lower carbon emissions in modern shipbuilding necessitate advanced structural optimisation techniques, particularly within the challenging context of confined manufacturing spaces. Numerous studies on ship structural optimisation have focused on achieving lighter designs, primarily by increasing the number of stiffeners while reducing the thickness of base plates. However, such approaches often lead to higher production complexity, extended fabrication time, and increased costs, especially when introducing new stiffener types. Moreover, welding in confined spaces presents significant challenges related to worker safety and project scheduling. This research proposes a structural optimisation approach that not only minimises structural weight but also reduces the extent of welding required during assembly. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) integrated with a response surface methodology and constraint rules classification is employed. The optimisation variables include plate thickness, stiffener thickness, and stiffener dimensions, while maintaining a constant number of stiffeners to avoid additional welding operations. The results demonstrate that stiffened ship panels can be optimised to achieve lighter structures with reduced welding paths, particularly on web plates, thereby enhancing safety and lowering production costs in confined shipbuilding environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599044</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Supply Chain Mitigation for Shipbuilding in Indonesia Shipyard by using Bayesian Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The implementation of modular construction in shipbuilding is increasing production by approximately 50%. However, supply chain remains a critical component of the project, particularly in the material inventory system, which significantly affects shipbuilding process. Delays in supply chain are caused by various factors, including a limited number of goods or service providers, changes in material or service specifications, supplier challenges, cash flow limitations, failed negotiations, incomplete documentation, customs clearance, failure to optimize networks and procurement system, redundant or unordered materials, limited storage capacity, insufficient transportation equipment, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, this study aims to introduce a new method for evaluating supply chain performance in Indonesian shipbuilding industry. Using Bayesian Network (BN) method, the evaluation process started by identifying constraint factors, assessing the probability, mapping associated risks, and providing mitigation strategies to enhance supply chain performance in support of new ship construction. The results showed that the procurement of materials, specifically sensors, weapons, communication system, as well as electrical and electronic components, carried the highest risk. These items were difficult to procure because of sudden specification changes and complex technical requirements. Project schedules often deviated from plans, causing an increase in equipment costs and procurement, as well as extended times. Consequently, early coordination between the procurement, planning, and supplier divisions is recommended to confirm and lock in equipment specifications, minimizing disruptions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 12:23:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592106</guid>
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