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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A constant parameter time-domain simulator for a tugboat with forward-speed dependent hydrodynamics and speed control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stability of the tugboats in waves is critical in the wet-towing transportation operation. However, most recent research primarily focuses on optimising vessel shapes and predicting speed using machine learning models. To investigate the challenge of nonlinear motion responses and precise numerical assessments of the vessel during moving forward in waves, this study presents a state-space model (SSM) based simulator. The model is the Sequence Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm based on the modified hydrodynamic coefficient to consider the motion responses of the tugboat moving in waves. Initially, stability analyses are simulated in HydroD software to ensure the safety of the tugboat in the process of moving. The SQP algorithm is considered to calculate and optimise the forward speed of the tugboat under wave action. Additionally, the corrected hydrodynamic coefficients according to the speed of the tugboat are used in the SSM, the motion responses calculated through the constant parameter time-domain model in the time-domain analysis. Finally, the results from this simulator are compared with that of the professional simulation software, AQWA and OrcaFlex. The methodology and procedure are contributing to validating and improving engineering practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 09:34:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701362</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing the impact of self-e-learning, classroom teaching, and simulation training on learning of COLREG: a survey-based analysis among maritime students at the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) is crucial for maritime safety, yet maritime students often face challenges in mastering these regulations. This study investigates the effectiveness of different learning methods – self-e-learning, classroom instruction, and simulation training – on COLREG comprehension among maritime students at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The primary objective is to assess how these learning methods influence students’ mastery of COLREG. A mixed-method approach was employed, utilising a structured questionnaire for quantitative data collection and in-depth interviews for qualitative insights. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0 to explore the relationships between learning methods and COLREG knowledge. The findings of the study indicate that self-e-learning and classroom teaching significantly enhance students’ understanding of COLREG, while the impact of simulation training was less effective, necessitating a review of current simulation programs. The study recommends revising the curriculum to balance these learning methods, improve e-learning resources, and critically evaluate simulation training to better prepare students for maritime careers and enhance overall maritime safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 12:35:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675173</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Instructor Autonomy and Training Structures in Simulator-Based Education: A Study of Maritime and Aviation Training Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Simulator-based training is an essential component of both maritime and aviation education, yet the regulatory frameworks and pedagogical approaches governing these fields differ significantly. Aviation training operates under highly standardized and prescriptive regulations, ensuring structured progression through predefined exercises, while maritime training is more flexible, guided by the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) convention. This study explores how these differences impact simulator training design, instructor autonomy, and student learning experiences. Using a qualitative research approach, data was collected through instructor interviews and observations of simulator training sessions in both maritime and aviation institutions. Findings reveal that maritime instructors have significant freedom to design and adapt training exercises, leading to high levels of customization but also inconsistencies across institutions. In contrast, aviation instructors follow strict, externally approved training manuals, ensuring coherence but limiting adaptability. Another key difference is in assessment structures—aviation training includes mandatory level confirmation checks throughout the program, whereas maritime training relies on final exams, with simulator exercises seen as learning opportunities rather than evaluative assessments. This study highlights the advantages and challenges of both approaches. While the flexibility in maritime training fosters innovation and adaptability, it risks a lack of coherence between courses. Conversely, aviation’s structured training ensures standardization and regulatory compliance but may hinder responsiveness to technological advancements or evolving industry needs. The study suggests that a balanced approach—incorporating aviation’s structured assessments into maritime training while preserving instructor-driven adaptability—could optimize learning outcomes in the maritime sector, and that a balanced approach also could be considered for the aviation sector. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on simulator-based education by identifying areas for cross-sector learning and improvement. Recommendations include enhancing coordination between maritime training programs, implementing structured assessment milestones, and exploring adaptive simulation techniques to enhance both standardization and flexibility in training methodologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624144</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Physical Object-based Simulator of Ship's Electrical Power Plant and Its Application in MET Processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624143</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper deals with the analysis and practical verification of the possibilities of using the physical object-based simulator of the ship’s electrical power plant for crew members MET (Maritime Education and Training) in the light of more and more demanding competencies. The analysis is based on experience gained from the operation of a new real ship power plant simulator built on the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Gdynia Maritime University (FEE, GMU). Following the current curricula, this simulator is mainly used for ETO (Electro-Technical Officer) training. An important and worth emphasizing opportunity is to familiarize training participants with onboard challenges related to the safety operation and maintenance of a real electrical installation above 1kV.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624143</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Use of Simulators for the Emergency Response Training of Dynamic Positioning Operators of Class A Vessels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Dynamic Positioning System is classified into three types: DP class A, B, and C. DP class A vessels hold an overwhelming market share, but it lacks redundancy and is prone to failures. Therefore, in case of failure, there is a possibility of loss in positioning. Herein, we postulated that training Dynamic Positioning Operators (DPOs) for emergencies should mitigate maritime incidents. Accordingly, simulators have been proposed for achieving this objective. Using an experiential approach, nine DPOs were exposed to DPS simulation emergency response training at a lab in Japan. Each participant was given four tasks and a checklist to assist in decision-making to avoid collisions in various scenarios involving marine structures. An analysis of the simulator experiments and outcomes indicated that the length of experience in ship handling and prior training influenced DPOs performance. The study concluded that DPOs should take more effective training to maintain proper positioning for the safe operation of DP vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Consideration of Ship Reducing Speed as Collision Avoidance Action</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Navigation through the TSS represent a certain amount of stress for watch crew. In such areas the traffic is heavier and close quarter situations and collisions are more likely to occur. Despite the COLREG regulations for navigation in TSS there are always situations which are differently interpretated by navigators and due to dense traffic avoiding collision can be challenging. As the COLREG rules state the collision can be most efficiently avoided by altering ship course, however sometimes that can be difficult in TSS during heavy traffic. This paper analyses the collisions and close quarter situations in TSS which could be avoided by reducing ship speed and reproduce similar situations in navigation simulator. Such reproduction on navigation simulator is used to analyses behaviors of navigator in collision situations and what prevents them to use speed reduction in collision avoidance. The results of the research may be used to familiarize the navigators that in certain situations reducing ship speed could be most efficient action to avoid collision.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2025 11:37:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598372</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilot Research of AI-Generated Scenarios in Nautical Simulator Training Using ChatGPT Plus</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a pilot research into the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for generating training scenarios in nautical simulators, focusing on their potential to support competency-based maritime training. AI-generated scenarios were created using ChatGPT Plus, following the guidelines of IMO Model Course 1.22 and STCW Convention A-II/1. These scenarios were developed by three scenarists with different levels of maritime expertise and subsequently evaluated by five MET experts. The evaluation process incorporated Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) to assess scenario complexity, assessment methodology, and compliance with maritime training standards. The study explores the strengths and limitations of AI-generated scenarios and considers the role of expert feedback in refining AI-assisted content. The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on the applicability of AI in maritime education and highlight directions for further research, particularly in validating AI-generated training scenarios in real-world simulator environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2025 09:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572932</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seafarer Mental Workload Assessment Using a Hybrid Deep Learning Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Human errors in maritime operations are closely linked to seafarers' mental workload; however, traditional assessment methods lack real-time neurocognitive resolution. This study introduces a novel psychophysiological framework that integrates electroencephalography (EEG) analysis with deep learning to objectively quantify seafarers' mental workload during onboard operations. A high-fidelity bridge simulator was utilized to generate critical maritime scenarios, including ship encounters, narrow channel navigation, poor visibility, and emergency responses. High-density EEG signals were analyzed to extract spectral features (Gamma, Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta). A hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-BiLSTM) model was proposed to classify workload states of seafarers, combining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-extracted frequency patterns with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM)-captured temporal dynamics, which achieves 96% accuracy. Furthermore, SHAP interpretability analysis indicated that Theta and Alpha frequencies are key indicators in distinguishing between high and low workloads for seafarers. These results provide a quantitative tool for cognitive assessment of seafarers in maritime training and serve as a guideline for workload allocation in ship bridge teams for shipping companies and maritime authorities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:06:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572903</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Positioning Training and Certification Scheme: Overview and Prospects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dynamic positioning operators must follow a training scheme developed by The Nautical Institute to obtain their license. The training scheme comprises two courses (basic and simulator) and two periods of dynamic-positioning training on board, which is recorded in a logbook. The documentation is carefully double-checked when these are completed before issuing the certificate. This paper aims to present the details of this training, currently covered in Section B of the International Convention on the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW), and to predict how the system would work if the scheme is referred to in Section A of the same Convention. The Dynamic Positioning training and certification scheme will be compared to other micro qualifications detailed in Section A of the STCW convention to achieve this prediction. The following items will be evaluated: access to the course, instructor's eligibility, control of materials and equipment, updating of the lesson plan, and certification control. The results show that the Dynamic positioning training scheme is much superior in all the researched categories due to the rapid capacity for updating the materials and for the strict controls placed in lieu by The Nautical Institute to accredit training centres, including equipment and personnel, and especially the certificate-issuing system, keeping frauds to a minimum.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:06:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572900</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maritime Education and Training: A Simulation-Based Approach for Enhancing Ship Electric Load Management Competency Through Emergency Scenario Familiarizations Quo and Outlook</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As ship automation advances, maritime training must adapt to ensure proficiency in manual operations during automation failures. Traditional Maritime Education and Training (MET) lacks standardized, simulator-based assessments for critical tasks such as manual generator synchronization, leading to skill gaps in high-risk scenarios. This study evaluates the effectiveness of high-fidelity engine room simulators in improving situational awareness, cognitive load management, and decision-making under stress. A Simulation-Based Training (SBT) framework using the Wärtsilä TechSim engine room simulator was implemented at the University of Genoa (UNIGE), aligning with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) (Reg. III/1, Section A-III/1; Reg. I/14). Pre- and post-training assessments, simulator logs, and instructor observations demonstrated significant improvements in synchronization execution time, fault diagnosis, and emergency response efficiency. However, the absence of structured, simulator-driven competency assessments in MET limits objective skill measurement and training effectiveness. Drawing insights from aviation competency models, this study proposes a structured assessment framework to standardize competency verification, enhance training methodologies, and better equip seafarers for automation-driven ship operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:06:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Manoeuvring Prediction for Safe and Efficient Ship Handling in Training &amp; Ship Operation â€“ Status Quo and Outlook</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Prediction methods and forecast of future developments and trends as well as related decisions or actions and reactions have been playing a vital role in human live and evolution. Human intelligence allowed for a dominating role in the development of our planet using our brains and more and more computers and merging artificial intelligence in the future. In the maritime domain, among others, the forecast of ships motion has been developed: from simple straight forward voyage planning in paper charts based only on rough measurement of estimated positions and ship motions, up to the latest developments using electronic navigation, ECDIS, communication technologies and high sophisticated Fast Time Simulation (FTS) methods. In the paper the already known technologies for supporting the ship handling process will be compared with potential new methods from single prediction up to multiple prediction and even step ahead prediction with unrivalled extension of the decision horizon. It reflects new requirements for preplanning of manoeuvres as part of berth-to-berth voyage planning specifically for arrival and departure segments - and increasing demands for safety and efficiency for the execution of manoeuvres in the conning process. Computer-based systems have been developed for â€sSimulation Augmented Manoeuvring Design, Monitoring & Conningâ€ and are used to analyse and demonstrate the different prediction methods. Complex models of ship manoeuvring dynamics are implemented in order to forecast the immediate response on commanded control settings or even external effects as wind and shallow water for a suitable time period of the future motion. The paper provides insights into the potential benefits of various prediction methods based on FTS, discussed both for long term preplanning and short-term prediction for real-time support during the manoeuvring process. The benefits for increasing the effectiveness of lecturing and simulator training using these methods are obvious specifically for complex manoeuvring systems and will be demonstrated in this paper. It is a break-through in lecturing and training for immediate knowledge generation and checking ideas, it works perfectly for self-study individual learning and is excellent for the preparation of trainees for Full Mission simulator training, covering not only aspects of safe but also energy efficient and emission-minimized manoeuvres. Finally, potential future applications for wider navigation areas will be addressed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:06:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572897</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the mental workload of watch officers during maritime navigation training courses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2560219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study utilized a navigation training course conducted within a bridge simulator, combining subjective, physiological, and performance measures for evaluation to explore the impact of different tasks on the mental workload of watch officers. Fifteen naval officers participated in the experiment. Each participant was required to complete four different tasks simulating common maritime scenarios. These tasks replicated real conditions that they might encounter during actual missions. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in participants' mental workload under different tasks, primarily reflected in subjective perceptions and physiological data. Mental demands emerged as the most substantial contributor to perceived workload. As task changes (for example, introducing time limits and needing to avoid collisions with other vessels), participants' fixation duration and revisit counts for Areas of Interest (AOIs) increase. Participants showed a greater focus on AOIs that provided external information. Despite the increase in mental workload, participants' performance did not decline. The findings of this study can be applied to navigation training and bridge design, such as optimizing information presentation methods and developing stress management strategies to enhance navigational safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:56:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2560219</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact assessment of external factors on the constant radius turn technique in the calculation of wheel over point</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528602</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wheel over point (WOP) calculation is essential to keep the ship in safe waters and to minimize deviation from the intended track. This research examines the impact of various external factors and depth on the Constant Radius Turn (CRT) technique’s accuracy. Even though this technique has been widely used on board ships, there is still a lack of awareness on the impact of variables such as wind, current, and under keel clearance which can seriously affect the turn and may lead to undesirable conditions like grounding or collision, or just unwanted additional expense due to increased cross-track distance (XTD). In this research, simulations have been carried out using the ship’s simulator to record XTD during the ship’s maneuvers in open and confined waters as well as under the impact of wind and current. The results have been compared and it was discovered that CRT is an excellent method for identifying WOP in open and coastal waters but under minimal impact of external factors otherwise, it can cause significant XTD, especially for the light vessels and those with high freeboard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2025 11:37:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528602</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of a simulation model in sat for a fast boat</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528581</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the results of fast boat dynamics using a simulation model. Mathematical equations of ship motion dynamics, i.e. the run-up of the propeller shaft, are demonstrated with MATLAB and Simulink as simulation tools. The model presents acting thrust, hull resistance, rudder forces and propeller performance curves. The application models the dynamic differential equations representing the vessel dynamics in 3DOF. Modules of hydrodynamic forces, resistance, moments, and propeller performances were implemented to simulate the ship maneuvering process. The summary concludes a comparative analysis of the craft dynamics results at different rudder deflections. The results confirm the necessity of upgrading the simulation model to 4DOF.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 May 2025 14:22:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528581</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors contributing towards effective maritime simulator training: a systematic literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Training is essential in every industry, and the maritime industry is no exception. Effective training plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. The current study is a systematic literature review examining the factors contributing to effective maritime simulator training. The study identifies key factors that influence the success of simulator training programs, including the quality of training materials, the competency of trainers, the use of realistic scenarios, and the frequency of training sessions. Other important factors include the use of feedback mechanisms, the integration of new technologies, and the inclusion of human factors in the training curriculum. Considering all these factors, the study highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to maritime simulator training. It also suggests that using advanced simulation technologies, such as virtual reality and artificial intelligence, can enhance the effectiveness of simulator training programs. Overall, this systematic literature review provides valuable insights into the factors contributing to effective maritime simulator training and offers recommendations for improving the design and implementation of such programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2025 16:03:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511185</guid>
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