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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF SHELLS, PLATES AND MEMBRANES WITH FINITE DEFLECTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/40072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a new perturbation method of analysis applicable to a class of geometrically non-linear problems of shells, plates, and membranes with translationally restrained edges.  The perturbation parameter is a linear function of Poisson's ratio.  The convergence of successive perturbations (i.e., approximations) is independent of the magnitudes of deflections.  Several solutions and results are obtained for the purposes of illustration and discussion.  Whenever possible, calculated values are compared with results obtained by other means.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/40072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL WITH AN ELLIPTIC APERTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/17753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The distribution of stresses at a large elliptic aperture located on the lateral surface of a circular cylindrical shell was studied in previous papers where it is assumed that the shape of the aperture differs only little from the circle on the evolute of a cylinder. To eliminate this restriction, an alternative method of numerical determination of stresses in a shell with curvilinear aperture was proposed in yet another paper. In the present paper, this method is applied to the case of an elliptical aperture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/17753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR LARGE DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE AXISYMMETRIC SHELLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although it was believed that the linear theory is unable to predict actual state of stresses and deformations in shells of revolutions made of parts of different geometries, yet no work was done to obtain solution of these problems based on the more advanced theory of shell capable of accounting the shortcomings of linear theory.  Thus, analysis of composite shells based on the nonlinear theory has been achieved here with specific attention to problems of pressure vessels.  Moreover, the present literature is almost devoid of works on stability problems of ellipsoidal, conical, deep spherical, and all types of composite shells. The computer program presented here can be used to determine the critical pressure of these problems and prepare curves of critical pressure versus shell characteristics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON SHELL EFFECTS IN FERRO CEMENT VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/18593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shell effect in ferro-cement vessels has been investigated.  The loading was quasistatic and consisted of a hydrostatic part and of a dynamic wave equivalent part. The geometry of the midship section was varied systematically.  Finite element analyses have been carried out to find membrane and bending stresses in the shell.  The structural behaviour was discussed, and considerable shell effects demonstrated in doubly curved shells.  Simplified calculation procedures have been proposed.  Vessels of other sizes are assumed by a simple scaling of the geometry and loading.  The influence of the scaling on the stress distribution has been discussed.  For the topologies considered, the stress will, in general, increase in the same proportion as the increase in dimensions and loading. The design of ferro-cement vessels has been considered in view of the results obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/18593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS FOR THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF STIFFENED SHELLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The natural frequencies and mode shapes for the vibrations of stiffened cylindrical shells with, or without, hemispherical end caps are evaluated.  The approach utilizes a theory in which the shell elements and the circumferential stiffeners are considered as separate structures and compatibility is enforced at their junctures.  The results are compared with those from orthotropic theory in which the stiffener effects are smeared over the shell. Numerical results are presented for frequencies and mode shapes for several cases of interest.  The theoretical results have been compared with a set of experimental results from the Ordnance Research Laboratories and excellent agreement has been found Comparisons of theory and experiment are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VIBRATIONS OF THICK ORTHOTROPIC CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/9203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Higher-order shell equations are developed for thick, orthotropic, circular cylinders undergroing axially symmetric, non-torsional, harmonic motion.  Systems of governing equations for three, five, seven and nine mode theories are obtained from Reissner's variational principle by assuming stress and displacement states which include higher-order terms through the shell thickness. Frequency spectrums and mode shapes obtained from the solution of the resulting generalized characteristic-value problems are presented and compared to known elasticity solutions. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/9203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHER-ORDER SHELL THEORY FOR THICK CIRCULAR CYLINDERS UNDER ARBITRARY LOAD AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/9204</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thick shell equations of circular cylinders under axisymmetric load are developed by assuming a stress and displacement state that is a generalization of the classical thin-shell theory, i.e. the in-plane stresses contain, in addition to the classical membrane and bending stress, resultants. The governing differential equations and the associated boundary conditions are obtained by utilization of Reissner's variational principle in conjunction with the generalized stress and displacement state. Comparison of results obtained from known elasticity solutions shows that the present solution accurately represents the stress and displacement states for shells with mean radius to thickness ratios of the order of 3.0.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/9204</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-5TH REPORT CONSTANT STRAIN MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF PLATE BENDING PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a triangular model for analysis of plate bending problem, which is not a conforming model but is a constant strain model having 6 degrees of freedom in one element. An investigation is made on relative accuracy of results obtained by the use of this model and 4 other triangular models, and it is verified that this model provides exceedingly accurate results by using reasonably fine mesh and has the advantage of monotonic convergence. Some examples of analysis of 3-dimensional plate structures using this model are presented. This triangular model is to be recommended for analysis of plate, 3-dimensional plate structure or shell with arbitrarily shaped boundaries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION OF A THICK SPHERICAL SHELL WITH CIRCULAR HOLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A singular perturbation analysis is developed for a spherical shell, containing two diametrically opposite holes, subjected to an axisymmetric external pressure.  The asymptotic formulation decomposes the shell into three subregions: an interior region, a wide boundary layer, and a narrow boundary layer.  The subregional solutions are matched and a uniformly valid solution is obtained.  Stress concentration factors, radial normal and shearing stresses, and displacements are presented for the case of a uniform external load acting on a spherical shell containing two diametrically opposite holes, each of which is subtended by a half angle of one-tenth of a radian.  It is shown that the narrow boundary-layer region is of the order of the shell thickness, while the wide boundary-layer effects may be neglected at distances greater than 2 x sq rt (Rh) from the hole.  (R is the shell radius, and h is the shell thickness.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW VARIATIONAL FUNCTIONAL FOR THE FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO PLATE AND SHELL PROBLEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11925</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new variational functional for the finite-element method is derived by using the Lagrange multiplier method.  The derived functional is a very general one and almost all the functionals ever used in the finite element analysis are included as its special cases.  For practical applications, a stiffness matrix of a triangular finite element for plate and shell problems is derived and some numerical examples are illustrated to demonstrate the validity of this method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Mar 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11925</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLADE: A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE STATIC ANALYSIS OF THIN SHELLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Presented is a finite element method FORTRAN program designed for the static analysis of thin shells.  A doubly curved, arbitrary quadrilateral element is utilized.  The element is based on a minimum potential energy principle for thin shells.  Since the majority of aerospace structures are based on shells of revolution, the program is designed specifically for a shell the reference surface of which is a portion of an axisymmetric surface.  The program allows up to five separate layers and up to five separate elastic anisotropic materials with temperature-dependent properties. The program handles variable thickness shells and allows thickness discontinuities along element boundaries.  It provides for both normal and tangential surface loads and for temperature changes through the thickness as well as varying temperatures over the reference surface.  Over any portion of the boundary, a choice of thirteen separate boundary conditions is available.  To ease data preparation, simple but effective generation schemes are built into the program.  The program computes static deformations, stresses, and stress resultants occurring in the shell. Since it is designed for use by a large number of people, it contains error checks wherever possible and, except where needed for efficiency, very straightforward logic.  The FORTRAN used is a low-level variety which aids in conversion from one computing facility to another.  In its current form, it will accept up to 650 elements and 700 nodal points and requires a 64,000-word core.  The program uses a singly dimensioned storage array for the total stiffness matrix and for the load vector.  If a given problem fits within the limits of this storage array, the program functions as an in-core program.  If additional storage is required, the program seeks on-line auxiliary storage which must be randomly accessible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 25 Feb 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPROVED FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD APPLIED TO THIN SHELLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New methods of deriving more accurate difference equations are given.  These are used to compute the stresses in thin shells.  The governing shell equations are derived making the L.H. Donnell assumptions, so that unknowns are expressed in changes of curvatures and normal forces.  These equations are then solved using improved finite difference formulas in which terms of higher order, compared to ordinary finite difference formulas, are taken into account. Several examples are given showing results comparable to other methods but using far fewer unknowns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRESSES IN SPHERICAL SHELLS DUE TO LOCAL LOADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maximum stresses in a spherical shell are obtained which is lifted or towed by a cable or any mechanical power hoist. In view of the highly localized nature of the maximum stress induced in a spherical shell due to local loading, the nonlinear (large deflection) shallow shell theory is adopted for the analysis.  A nonlinear relaxation technique in conjunction with finite difference approximations is introduced for the numerical integration.  Results obtained here are presented in the graphic form which may be readily used by engineers in practical design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Nov 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1821</guid>
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