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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Study of Drill Tool Geometry in High Speed Drilling of Aluminum Sheet Metal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present scenario of increasing the production rates in drilling demands high speed drilling while at the same time maintaining the quality of the drilled holes. Of the many factors that affect the high-speed drilling process, such as speed, feed rate, material of drill and work piece, and drill geometry this study attempts only to study the effect of drill geometry in high-speed drilling of aluminum sheet metal. In the Experiments conducted, different speeds, feed rates and drill bits of varying geometry are utilized in order to study their effects on hole quality as it relates to hole diameter and burr formation. Also the variation of thrust and torque with increase in speed over a speed range of 6,000 to 30,000 rpm has been studied.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:01:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784741</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Lightweighting an automotive fuel tank through formability analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For lightweighting automotive sheet metal parts, it is important to use the right grade/material with the minimum possible initial blank thickness in the forming processes. Fuel tank is one of the most critical sheet metal parts in automobiles due to its complex shape and large depth. In this work, a simulation-based approach has been employed to study the feasibility of lightweighting an automotive fuel tank (for two wheelers) by reducing blank thickness and changing steel grade. Formability analysis has been carried out using numerical simulations of a 0.8?mm thick sheet of Extra Deep Drawing (EDD) steel which is being used to manufacture the fuel tanks. Simulations have been performed to find out the minimum initial sheet thickness which can be formed successfully without failure or excessive thinning. From the predictions of formability, thinning, and strain distributions in the formed parts, it has been found that the weight of the part can be reduced by 12.5% by reducing the initial thickness from 0.80 to 0.70?mm. To reduce the thickness further, simulations have also been carried out by changing the grade from EDD steel to Interstitial Free (IF) steel which has superior drawability than EDD steel. It has been found that the blank thickness can be further reduced to 0.65?mm in the case of IF steel which is expected to result in 19.0% reduction in the weight of the component. The predictions have been validated by the actual press trials in the industry with reduced sheet thickness. The predicted strain distribution and thinning in the formed parts have also been validated with the experimental press trails. In addition to the weight reduction, the proposed change in thickness and grade would lead to a reduction of 16.5% and 4.0%, respectively, in the raw material cost of the fuel tank.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Dec 2025 16:45:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617093</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of crashworthiness and fracture toughness at high deformation rates for advanced high strength steel sheets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Gradually more stringent environmental and safety regulations in the transport sector have made third generation Advanced High Strength Steel (3rd-gen AHSS) grades and new generations of press hardening steels (PHS) cost-effective and natural substitutes in the automotive industry. Increasing the strength of steel allows for potentially downgauging the sheet thickness while maintaining or improving structural performance, and thus reducing the weight of the vehicle. 3rd-gen AHSS and PHS grades have been continuously adapted by the automotive industry for body-in-white parts and energy-absorbing safety components. However, the limited ductility of these higher-strength materials can make them more prone to cracking, which in turn has a negative impact on the folding behaviour of safety structures in a crash. For further introduction of new high-strength steel grades in the design and production of safety parts, proper calibrated material models are needed, and their crash behaviour must be investigated and quantified. Plane stress fracture toughness measured with the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) method has recently emerged as a viable material parameter to rationalise edge crack resistance and crashworthiness. EWF offers a small-scale laboratory methodology capable of characterising important fracture characteristics of modern automotive steel grades. Hence, EWF together with well-instrumented crash tests in the laboratory are powerful tools for estimating the crashworthiness and quantifying energy absorption. However, much of the published fracture toughness data is based on quasi-static conditions, which do not reflect the conditions in a crash typically involving high deformation rates. To characterise the material for crash scenarios and validate simulation models, further investigation is necessary at higher deformation rates. In this PhD thesis, the crashworthiness and fracture characteristics of 3rd-gen AHSS and PHS grades at higher deformation rates were investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598594</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of K-factor for bridge columns considering rotational restraint in non-integral intermediate bents with closed diaphragms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the restraint at the top of the column in non-integral intermediate bents with closed diaphragms, a common connection configuration in bridge construction. Although closed diaphragms inherently provide some level of rotational restraint, the current design approach considers this type of connection as free, resulting in the use of design K-factors of 2.1 for bridge columns. However, rotational restraint significantly influences the K-factor. To address this, the study utilized experimental field testing, and finite element modeling to assess the actual level of rotational restraint provided by these connections. A representative bridge was instrumented and tested under static truck loading, and the data were used to validate the numerical model and to develop additional models representing various bridge configurations. The main source of rotational restraint was found to be the diaphragm to bent cap connection. A parametric analysis identified that dowel bar area, diaphragm width, and skew angle are critical parameters to be included in the simplified equation for predicting rotational restraint developed as part of this study. Based on these findings, a simplified equation was proposed for estimating rotational restraint, and a design procedure was developed to incorporate this restraint into the determination of column K-factors. The results demonstrate that accounting for actual rotational stiffness can lead to more accurate and efficient bridge column design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572473</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Springback Analysis with a Modified Hardening Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previously-reported draw-bend tests showed large discrepancies in springback angles from those predicted by two-dimensional finite element modeling (FEM). In some cases, the predicted angle was several times the measured angle. With more careful 3-D simulation taking into account anticlastic curvature, a significant discrepancy persisted. In order to evaluate the role of the Bauschinger Effect in springback, a transient hardening model was constructed based on novel tension-compression tests for three sheet materials: drawing-quality steel (baseline material), high-strength low-alloy steel, and 6022-T4 aluminum alloy. This model reproduces the main features of hardening following a strain reversal: low yield stress, rapid strain hardening, and, optionally, permanent softening or hardening relative to the monotonic hardening law. The hardening law was implemented and 3-D FEM was carried out for comparison with the draw-bend springback results. Marked improvement was obtained, particularly for large springback angles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 09:33:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On Drawbeads in Sheet Metal Forming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines a history of numerical methods for evaluating drawbeads in sheet metal forming, from early work with Dr. Sing Tang at the Ford Scientific Research Laboratory on special purpose drawbead simulation software, to modern general purpose software simulations incorporating analytic drawbeads in full 3D sheet forming analyses. Future directions in the field are explored through an example utilizing nonlinear optimization for drawbead design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 11:12:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Failure Prediction of Sheet Metals Based on an Anisotropic Gurson Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A failure prediction methodology that can predict sheet metal failure under arbitrary deformation histories including rotating principal stretch directions and bending/unbending with consideration of damage evolution is reviewed in this paper. An anisotropic Gurson yield criterion is adopted to characterize the effects of microvoids on the load carrying capacity of sheet metals where Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion is used to describe the matrix normal anisotropy and planar isotropy. The evolution of the void damage is based on the growth, nucleation and coalescence of microvoids. Mroz’s anisotropic hardening rule, which was proposed based on the cyclic plastic behavior of metals observed in experiments, is generalized to characterize the anisotropic hardening behavior due to loading/unloading with consideration of the evolution of void volume fraction. The effects of yield surface curvature are also included in the plasticity model. Here, the Marciniak-Kuczynski approach or the initial imperfection approach is employed to predict failure/plastic flow localization by assuming a slightly higher initial void volume fraction inside randomly oriented imperfection bands in a material element of interest. The failure of sheet metals is reached when plastic localization becomes possible under a given deformation history. Applications of the failure prediction methodology to predict the sheet metal failure in a fender forming process and biaxial stretching processes with pre-bending/unbending are reviewed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 10:40:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787394</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Servo Guns for Resistance Spot Welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Resistance spot welding (RWS) guns driven by servomotors instead of pneumatic cylinders are called servo guns. They bring many new features to RWS process. In this study, the influences of servo guns on RSW process are systematically investigated based on comparative experiments. In addition, the costs of servo guns are also analyzed. The long-term applications of servo guns will be cost effective due to their technical features and savings on pneumatic systems although the acquisition cost of servo guns is high. Therefore, servo gun is an excellent alternative RSW machine for sheet metal assembly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2024 17:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the crash-box-structure’s ability to absorb energy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437431</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Protection under external loads often requires the use of energy absorbers. They are designed to absorb impact energy in a controlled way protecting the structures, as well as their possible occupants. This study examines the crushing performances of thin structures, made in sheet metal, as their shape and thickness vary. Three crash-box-structures were considered for their geometries (i.e. rectangular, rectangular with two inclined walls, and truncated pyramidal structures) with two variations in thicknesses (i.e. s = 1 and 2 mm). Their elastic-plastic behaviour under low-speed compression was analysed by experiments and simulations. The collision force reduction and energy absorption were compared. Based on outcomes a new absorber was developed and used for improving safety in the case of an innovative ultra-light solar racing vehicle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 2024 15:26:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437431</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hole Quality Study in High Speed Drilling of Composite and Aluminum Sheet Metal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drilling is one of the most widely applied manufacturing operations. Millions of holes are drilled today in manufacturing industries especially in aerospace industry where high quality holes are essential. Rejection and rework rate of the products because of the bad hole is quite high. In this research graphite/honeycomb composite material and aluminum sheet metal has been used. The results show that drill geometry, speed and feed rate have substantial effects on the hole quality and also there was gradual variation of the thrust and lateral forces with feed rates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Sep 2024 17:08:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Using Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet for Ship Superstructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Application of the hot-rolled steel sheet for the members of superstructure, where the strength requirement of these parts in ships is not severe, is expected as a solution to reduce the hull construction cost. Because the hot-rolled steel sheet is applied after recoiling by cold working to return it to a flat plate, the material properties is deteriorated due to excessive plastic working and the residual stress induced by the plastic work might affect for the thermal cutting and welding. There is a possibility that the hot-rolled steel sheet has poor properties comparing with the flat rolled steels applied for hull parts where the structural integrities are required by the classification societies’ rules. The difference of properties between the hot-rolled steel sheet and the flat rolled steel are investigated in this research. Investigated items are mechanical properties, microstructures, initial residual stress distributions, hardness distributions, distortion after thermal cutting and laser-arc hybrid welding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Aug 2024 11:20:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BiG A2023-02 Utveckling av stoppkriterium vid vibrationsdrivning av stålspont</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many construction and civil engineering projects require deep shafts which in turn require support structures in the temporary stages of the projects. The most common is vibro-driven steel sheet piling, which is often the most cost-effective. However, the method is so effective that you sometimes do not realize that the rafters are being destroyed by, for example, hitting blocks, bottom moraines or rocks. The operation of stilts therefore involves risks such as delays and additional costs. There are currently no clear guidelines regarding the assessment of drive and stop criteria that contractors and clients can relate to. This can put the contractor and client in an unfruitful dialogue regarding the assessment and associated regulation of additional costs incurred. The project aims to, through modelling, simulation and experiments, create an understanding of when vibrodrive is a suitable method. Opting out of vibro-drive when it is not suitable requires being able to get a signal in the form of acceleration or strain that indicates that the sheet pile can be destroyed. The proposed project is intended as a continuation of previous work that gave promising results regarding the possibility of finding such a criterion. The project must provide a basis for driving and stopping criteria in difficult soil layers that can be used by both the client and the contractor. The results must also form the basis for the development of equipment to stop the drive in time. The results of the project must be continuously conveyed to the industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Läsbarhet av lysande VMS i jämförelse med reflexfolie</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic variable message signs (VMS) that display different road signs are used more and more at roadworks. The size of the VMS limits what dimensions a displayed road sign can have, as well as the text size on the additional board (“tilläggstavla”). When road signs on VMS are placed on vehicles, there is also a limit to how large a VMS can be. It is therefore important to know what dimensions and what text size a road signs on VMS at least can have, to ensure sufficient readability. In the regulations of today, no difference in size is made with respect to whether the sign is made of retroreflective sheeting or as a VMS. However, it could be the case that the legibility of VMS signs differs from the legibility of signs with retroreflective sheeting. Today, there is a lack of knowledge for determining whether this is the case or not. A road sign frequent at road works is F25 ”Körfält upphör” (lane discontinues). The current requirements on retroreflective sheeting is that the size ”large” is used at road works on highways. These requirements also apply to electronic VMS, although it might be that the dimensions could be made smaller and still fulfil the requirements of legibility. In this project we want to investigate what dimensions an electronic VMS needs to have to have at least the same legibility as a retroreflective road sign in the dimension ”large”, when the signs are showing F25. This is investigated by conducting a controlled legibility study, as well as a verification study on road in a real traffic environment. The results of the project will provide materials for the Swedish Transport Administration to evaluate what requirements should be made on dimensions for electronic VMS. For the Swedish Transport Agency, the results will provide materials for upcoming work with regulations related to road signs with retroreflective sheeting and electronic VMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Three Generations of Advanced High Strength Steels in the Automotive Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sheet metal forming is one in all the foremost important production processes in car manufacturing; therefore its developments are significantly determined by the demands of the automotive industry. Recent trends in car production are also characterized by applying lightweight principles. Its main priority is to fulfil both the customers’ demands and also the increased legal requirements. Applying high strength steels could also be thought to be one in all the potential possibilities. Applying high strength steels have a positive response for several of the requirements: increasing the strength may result in the appliance of thinner sheets leading to significant mass reduction. Mass reduction ends up in lower consumption and increased environmental protection. Increasing strength often leads to a decrease in formability. In this paper, an outline of recent material developments within the automotive industry concerning the employment of recent generation advanced high strength steels are going to be given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 09:20:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973413</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Retroreflective Sign Sheeting Materials by Accelerated Laboratory Weathering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2224451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary goal of this project is to conduct accelerated laboratory weathering test protocol recommended in BE717 to predict acceptable performance of retroreflective sign sheeting and validate the proposed protocol. The test results of accelerated weathering protocol established in BE717 will be used to compare data with outdoor weathering exposure of approved materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Aug 2023 15:31:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2224451</guid>
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