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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A method for determining pickup and delivery locations of intercity customized bus based on passenger demand and POIs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intercity customized bus is a new mode of road passenger transport that relies on the internet platform to obtain passengers' reservation travel demands and provide passengers with “door-to-door” transport service between cities. The determining of Pickup and Delivery locations is essential for its operation, as it provides the possibility of “door-to-door” direct transport service. Existing methods for determining Pickup and Delivery locations mainly focus on clustering passenger demand data, which will lead to the problem of passengers and drivers having difficulty in quickly finding sites in the road network. Therefore, this study aims to propose a new method for determining Pickup and Delivery locations both considering passenger demand data and POIs. Based on the passenger reservation data and AutoNavi Map API, suitable POI categories are selected to derive the actual walking distances and routes between passengers and different POIs. Through two rounds of screening, The POIs with the wider service coverage and the smallest actual walking distance for passengers was selected as the sites. The results show that by utilizing the new method for determining Pickup and Delivery locations, we identified the locations of suitable sites and controlled the actual walking distance of passengers within 500 m in the road network, which will provide convenience to both drivers and passengers. This study will provide a reference basis for optimizing the site setting in intercity customized bus.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627412</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrative System Design and Implementation for Enhancing Public Transportation and Urban Mobility: A Case Study in Xi’an</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid advancement of technology and the urgent need for sustainable urban growth have driven the evolution of public transportation as a key component of smart city development. This paper explores an integrated city-level public transportation system designed for Xi’an, focusing on the seamless incorporation of advanced digital solutions to enhance urban mobility. The system comprises four core components: a mobile application, shuttle bus operations, an urban online bus-hailing service, and a 43-in. LCD electronic stop signs. These components are interconnected through a cloud-based data infrastructure that supports real-time data collection, analysis, and communication. By leveraging big data, IoT, and AI, the system facilitates adaptive service delivery, predictive route adjustments, and enhanced user experiences. The mobile application provides real-time navigation and trip planning, while the shuttle bus system incorporates GPS tracking, diagnostics, and passenger monitoring for safety and efficiency. The bus-hailing service uses data-driven algorithms to dynamically adjust routes based on passenger demand, improving coverage and reducing wait times. Additionally, the electronic stop signs ensure passengers receive timely updates at transit points. Despite the advancements showcased in this paper, challenges remain in scaling such comprehensive systems and integrating them within existing urban infrastructure. This study presents a scalable, adaptable model that demonstrates how intelligent, data-driven public transportation can be implemented to meet modern urban mobility needs, positioning Xi’an as a case study for other global cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613212</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Are low-speed automated vehicles ready for deployment? Implications on safety and urban traffic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban shuttles in the form of Low-Speed Automated Driving (LSAD) systems have been already introduced in many European cities, mostly as part of demonstrations or pilot test campaigns. They are the result of several years of development and are expected to be reasonable candidates for commercial deployment in the near future. Usually, the Operational Design Domain (ODD) of LSAD vehicles is restricted in several aspects, eliminating a vast amount of foreseeable critical cases. Nonetheless, the mixed traffic scenarios of the urban environment still expose them to a wide variety of unsafe situations, where in particular the interaction with Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) remains a critical aspect. Yet, deployment of LSAD vehicles on public roads may induce unsafe driving behavior of other road users, because they are perceived not to drive in an effective and dynamic manner. LSAD driving behavior might also negatively affect urban traffic efficiency in a mixed road user environment. For these reasons, this paper presents the results of a dedicated experimental campaign aimed at characterizing the performances of one of the LSAD vehicles commonly used in European demonstration projects. The aim is to to assess their current capabilities and draw inferences about the potential effects they may have on road safety and traffic dynamics. The assessment is believed to be valid generally, because the vehicle used throughout the test campaign represents the state of the art of LSAD vehicles regarding perception, localization, vehicle control, transmission, driving dinamics and finally the safety concept. Undertaking a performance evaluation of LSAD vehicles is not straightforward. In this work, we suggest using relevant requirements from the EU Type Approval Regulation for Automated Driving Systems EU 1426/2022. While those are originally devised to give the relevant authority a binary (pass/fail) result, we show how selected provisions can be used as an assessment methodology that can provide additional insights on a complex problem. There was no aim to prove regulatory compliance or non-compliance, but rather to test the technology readiness level of the systems tested around Europe. The results showed the limited capabilities of these vehicles compared to the minimum safety level required by the regulation. This suggests that development is still needed for these types of LSAD vehicles to achieve a generally accepted safety level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 09:04:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614750</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transit Network Timetabling: A Literature Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit Network Timetabling (TNT) optimizes public transportation operations by increasing service efficiency, passenger satisfaction, and environmental sustainability. Recent complex synchronization requirements and rapid developments in electrification and autonomous vehicle technologies, however, have made it important to perform an updated analysis of this vital step of transit planning. To this end, a structured examination was conducted of 34 peer-reviewed papers published after 2021 that focus on novel optimization methodologies, constraint formulations, and dynamic modeling techniques advancements. The literature was categorized by objective functions, modeling approaches, and employed solution methods, and the results showed that although the use of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) remains prevalent due to its effectiveness in modeling discrete operational constraints, there is a growing interest in metaheuristic, hybrid, and reinforcement learning-based approaches for navigating computations complexity and facilitating real-time decision-making. This review identifies critical research gaps, particularly in relation to integrating real-time scheduling adjustments and comprehensive stakeholder considerations, and recommends that future studies explore scalable, data-driven frameworks that simultaneously address dynamic passenger demands, vehicle fleet optimization, and sustainability targets. The results of this review provide a roadmap for policymakers and transport planners, to help them implement robust, efficient, and environmentally responsive timetabling practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 16:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of passenger flow control and parallel bus bridging in urban rail transit based on intelligent transport infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passenger flow control and bus bridging are used widely in the operations and management of urban rail transit to relieve the pressure of urban rail transit passenger flow, especially in peak periods. This paper presents an optimization method based on time-varying running time in links. We first develop a mixed integer nonlinear programming model seeking to achieve the minimum total passenger travel time and operation cost. An optimization network and an algorithm are then designed to solve the model. We use the developed method to solve both a small-scale simulated case study and a real-world case study involving the Chengdu Metro. The results obtained by the designed algorithm are comparable with those obtained by the CPLEX solver but with a shorter calculation time. The results show that parallel bus bridging can effectively reduce the number of waiting passengers. A sensitivity analysis of weight suggests that the algorithm successfully balances passenger travel cost and operating cost while incorporating time-varying running times leads to more realistic and dynamic infrastructure planning. This work contributes to the development of intelligent urban rail and road infrastructure systems, promoting safer and more efficient public transport operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 09:09:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal bus bridging service for urban rail transit disruptions with stochastic passenger demand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disruptions in urban rail transit (URT) systems can significantly impact operational efficiency, while well-designed bus bridging service (BBS) can effectively mitigate such effects. To address the surge in travel demand caused by disruptions, this study comprehensively considers alternative transportation modes that affected passengers may adopt (including taxis, shared bicycles, bridging buses, and walking), aiming to minimize both the operational costs of bridging buses and the total travel time of passengers. A travel choice model based on the random regret minimization (RRM) theory is developed to characterize passengers' decision-making behavior following station disruptions. Demand uncertainty is represented using trapezoidal fuzzy variables, and a distributionally robust credibility optimization model is established. An innovative reinforcement learning-based parallel genetic algorithm (RPGA) is proposed for solving the model. A case study of a bidirectional disruption during the 08:00-10:00 on the section of Xi'an Metro Line 2 demonstrates that: (1) The proposed model exhibits stronger robustness under demand uncertainty, achieving a reduction of 3 dispatched vehicles and a cost saving of 9,439 RMB by moderately increasing passenger costs by 850 RMB and extending bridging time; (2) The RPGA algorithm outperforms Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Reinforcement Learning-based NSGA-II (RLNSGA-II), and Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (MOPSO) in hypervolume (HV), generational distance (GD), and non-dominated ratio (NDR); (3) Increasing the rated passenger capacity within a certain range can reduce average passenger delays but correspondingly raises transportation costs. This method effectively enhances the system's ability to cope with demand fluctuations and provides decision-making support for emergency scheduling in urban rail transit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:40:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does implicit attitude affect travel mode choice behaviors? A study of customized bus attraction to urban railway riders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban railway (UR) systems in densely populated cities face oversaturation during peak hours, yet bus ridership keeps declining. Shifting some UR riders to buses is crucial. Customized bus (CB), a demand-responsive transit mode, could attract riders from congested rail systems. This study investigates mode choice behaviors between CB and UR, focusing on implicit and explicit attitudes. An online survey combining revealed and stated preference scenarios is designed, incorporating the implicit association tests and Likert-scale questions to measure the implicit and explicit attitudes. Multinomial logit models are adopted to analyze responses from 1,500 commuters. Then, investment strategies to enhance the attractiveness of CB are designed and simulated. Results show: (1) incorporating implicit and/or explicit attitudes significantly influenced choice behavior but does not improve the goodness-of-fit; (2) female and high-income individuals hold the most positive implicit attitudes toward CB; (3) equity-based resource allocation proves more effective than other strategies in enhancing attitudes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding metro-connected micro-transit services performance: A data-driven study in Chongqing, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the expansion of urban rail transit networks, micro-transit emerged as an efficient first- and last-mile option to connect metro stations with surroundings. To evaluate and explore the performance of metro-connected micro-transit services, this study proposed a two-stage methodological approach, in which an enhanced fuzzy AHP method is utilized firstly and then a quantile regression model is embedded to explain critical factors for performance differences. Such a novel framework is adopted to assess 61 metro-connected micro-transit lines in Chongqing, China. Results reveal that: 1) A branch road ratio exceeding 50 % allows micro-transit lines for better leveraging their advantages. 2) Maintaining a fleet size of more than 8 vehicles is crucial to enhancing the service quality of micro-transit lines. 3) Micro-transit lines would perform better when connecting more low-income communities with housing prices lower than CNY 20000 per square area. Such findings provide validated and practical guidelines for improving micro-transit services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:20:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625755</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Urban Livability: Exploring the Impact of on-Demand Shared CCAM Shuttle Buses on City Life</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Livable cities involve such quality-of-life factors as transportation, convenience of daily life, education, and a safe and stable built and natural environment. The livability of a city also has social and psychological dimensions, such as emotion and perception. This paper explores how the advantages of new transportation technology can be realized under mixed-traffic conditions, while meeting the requirements for safety, convenience, and high educational standards. One of the key challenges to realizing the advantages of a new technology, such as autonomous shuttle buses, under mixed-traffic conditions and under adverse weather conditions is how to strike a balance between innovation and adherence to essential urban demands. Ensuring that the introduction of advanced technologies like autonomous shuttle buses does not compromise safety is of the utmost importance. Under mixed-traffic conditions, autonomous shuttle buses must negotiate interactions with human-driven vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. Predictable and safe driving behavior is vital to gaining the confidence and acceptance of all road users. Additionally, adopting vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication enables real-time information exchange with other vehicles and infrastructure, which enhance safety. Autonomous shuttle buses also face crucial challenges in adverse weather conditions. Robust sensor systems are required to accurately perceive the environment despite rain, snow, fog, and other weather-related constraints. Continual learning and software updates ensure the system's ability to adapt to changing weather conditions. To overcome these challenges, collaboration with regulatory bodies and traffic management authorities is essential. Furthermore, public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives can inform the public about the safety measures and benefits of autonomous shuttle buses, fostering acceptance and reducing concerns during the transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:44:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What if passengers experienced cyberattacks in a level 5 automated and connected shuttle? Impact of cyberattack type and contextual factors on perceived safety: A scenario-based study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Connected and Automated shuttles are increasingly accessible on public roads. These vehicles, will be characterized by extensive connectivity, enabling them to make driving decisions and share information. This connectivity will increase exposure to malicious attacks, which could lead to accidents, thereby causing psychological or physical harm to passengers. However, the effects of such attacks on passengers remain understudied. This study explored the effect of the type of cyberattack (target, consequences, alert message source) and contextual factors (social presence, traffic density) on perceived safety. A total of 420 participants were exposed to scenarios in which a character had a ride in an automated shuttle under different conditions and rated their level of perceived safety. Results highlighted that the target of the attack, consequences of the attack, alert message source and traffic density influenced perceived safety, except for social presence. Perceived safety scores were the greatest when the target of the attack was the passenger’s mobile phone, when the consequences of the attack were mild, when the alert message was provided by the vehicle’s antivirus, when the traffic density was low, with few vulnerable road users crossing the road. Cluster analyses highlighted three passenger profiles: alarmed, pondered and relaxed. This cluster formation was linked to sociodemographic characteristics, anxiety levels as car passengers and subjective cybersecurity knowledge. This research contributes to understanding passengers’ reactions to cyberattacks in public transport. Future studies should focus on cyberattacks’ impact on trust, acceptance, and on the specific information to provide passengers with during such events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611756</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of rearward countdown timers at highly automated shuttle buses to announce departing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Integrating highly automated shuttle buses (HASB) into today’s road traffic promises benefits regarding traffic efficiency and accessibility. However, one challenge is the implementation of adequate interaction concepts with other traffic participants to ensure safe and comfortable encounters with HASBs. In the present study, the interaction concept to announce the HASB’s departure from a bus stop was examined with regard to the predictability of the HASB’s upcoming driving actions and the characteristics of HASB stop situations. Future potential on-demand HASB stops may require additional information provided to surrounding traffic participants by the HASB itself. The conventional interaction concept currently applied to signal departure, mainly via turn indicators, provides merely few and less detailed information. Therefore, the concept of the countdown timer (CDT) as rearward external HMI at HASBs was introduced and evaluated. CDTs provide information with high temporal precision and potentially well in advance, as HASBs usually have this information in their programmed route planning. In an experimental online study, 148 participants assessed three interaction concepts (conventional, CDT with complementing text, CDT with complementing icon) from two perspectives (following driver, pedestrian on the way to the HASB) concerning understanding/predictability, perceived interaction comfort, and acceptance. As additional behavioral measurements, participants indicated their overtaking behavior as a following driver and behavior when approaching the HASB as a pedestrian for each interaction concept. Results revealed for all dependent variables that participants preferred the CDT as interaction concept compared to the conventional interaction concept from both perspectives, with higher ratings for the CDT complemented with text. Behavioral measures indicated that following drivers initiate overtaking maneuvers earlier and, therefore, faster but also choose larger and, therefore, safer time gaps when initiating overtaking maneuvers behind a stopped HASB with a CDT. CDTs also supported pedestrians in achieving more correct assumptions regarding the reachability of the HASB. Overall, CDTs as rearward external HMIs proved to be a promising approach for safer and more comfortable interactions at HASB stops.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acceptance of autonomous shuttle among Indian users: A UTAUT model analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automation in vehicles is one of the promising solutions to enhance road safety by minimizing human error, a primary cause of road crashes. However, the introduction of highly autonomous vehicles in countries like India with complex, mixed traffic conditions remains a long-term goal. Nevertheless, the pilot deployment of autonomous vehicles under controlled road environments can offer valuable opportunities to examine the public acceptance of autonomous vehicles for travel. In this study, the TiHAN-Autonomous Campus Shuttle, developed at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, was assessed for user acceptance inside the institute campus. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology framework was employed to examine the Indian road users’ acceptance of the autonomous campus shuttle. The autonomous shuttle operated between the academic blocks and the institute’s main gate, with five intermediate stops. The shuttle users participated in a survey that included questions on user demographics and the constructs: social influence, hedonic motivation, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intentions. The demographic parameters considered for analysis included age, gender, and past shuttle ride experience. The study revealed that hedonic motivation, facilitating conditions, and effort expectancy positively influenced the users’ intention to use the shuttle service. Additionally, age negatively impacted the shuttle usage, and female passengers displayed significantly lower user acceptance. The findings from the study provide valuable insights to technology developers, transport planners, and service providers to support the autonomous shuttle deployment under similar operational road environments in India.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2025 16:10:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Before and after riding: changing comfort attitude towards autonomous shuttles from perspectives as riders, drivers, and pedestrians</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automated vehicle (AV) shuttles are emerging mobility technologies that have been widely piloted and deployed. Public attitude is critical to the deployment progress and the overall social benefits of automated vehicle (AV) technologies. The AV shuttle demonstration was regarded as a good way for possible attitude improvements. However, not all existing AV shuttle technologies are mature and reliable enough. Some frustrating uncomfortable issues in AV shuttle demonstrations may adversely affect public attitudes toward AV technologies. Studying the impact of the comfort of the demonstration on attitudinal change can help us provide guidance for future demonstrations. Thanks to the AV shuttle project piloted at Dunedin, Florida, this paper interviewed 161 people before and after taking an open road AV shuttle ride. In addition to the participant’s demographic information, driving-related information, and psychological-related information, the authors collected the AV shuttles’ operation status (e.g., abrupt brake). A series of discrete outcome models were employed to estimate the factors influencing people’s initial opinions before the AV shuttle ride and people’s attitudes change after the ride. The most important finding is that an unsatisfactory riding experience could negatively affect participants’ attitudes toward AV shuttles. Particularly, the number of abrupt brakes raises more concerns when the participants are drivers who share the rights of way with the AV shuttle compared to when the participants are pedestrians or AV shuttle riders. Moreover, the participants’ attitudes toward sharing public space with AV shuttles as pedestrians and human drivers exhibited more negative changes compared with simply riding on AV shuttles. These results improve the authors' understanding of public attitudes toward the existing AV technologies and help identify new opportunities to improve AV technology adoption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2025 08:49:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trust in automated shuttle buses predicts intention to use and behavioral expectations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automated shuttle buses (ASBs) hold significant potential for improving public transportation by enhancing urban mobility and sustainability. However, public trust in ASB and people’s intention to use them may depend on factors such as age and expectations of ASB behavior. This study examined how trust in ASBs’ capabilities influences the intention to use them and expectations of their braking behavior, specifically from the perspective of pedestrians and cyclists. Additionally, the study explored how age affects this relationship. Five hundred participants completed an online questionnaire assessing trust and behavioral intention to use ASBs. Participants then viewed video scenarios depicting ASBs interacting with pedestrians and cyclists and reported their expectations regarding the ASBs’ braking responses to prevent collisions. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that trust positively predicted both the intention to use ASBs and expectations of their braking performance. Age was negatively associated with trust but did not predict intention to use or braking expectations. These findings show that trust is a critical factor in ASB adoption across age groups. To foster trust and encourage the adoption of ASBs, developers, providers, and policymakers, should prioritize delivering reliable, transparent, and user-friendly information and services that demonstrate ASBs’ safety and performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-World Observations and Human Factors Evaluation of AV Shuttle Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591968</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of autonomous vehicle (AV) shuttles and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) into public transit is positioned as a means of enhancing safety, accessibility, and operational efficiency. However, these technologies also transform the role of human operators, who must intervene during complex and high-risk scenarios. This study examined human factors in AV shuttle operations and ADAS testing through ethnographic observations, interviews, and human factors evaluations in both live service and controlled testing environments across the U.S. and Canada. Findings reveal that ergonomic strain, sustained cognitive workload, unclear communication protocols, and insufficiently realistic testing conditions can diminish the intended safety benefits of automation. AV shuttle attendants faced physical discomfort from poorly designed seating and display placement, while remote monitoring staff contended with fragmented alert systems and inconsistent communication pathways. ADAS collision avoidance testing often failed to reflect real-world operating conditions, limiting the relevance of results. Recommendations include ergonomic workstation redesign, improved alerting and communication systems, operator-centered training, and scenario-based testing that mirrors operational complexity and diversity. Embedding operator perspectives in design, testing, and deployment processes can ensure that automation effectively supports safe and efficient transit operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:53:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591968</guid>
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