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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Two methodological approaches to assess the seismic vulnerability of masonry bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1574233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work describes the seismic vulnerability assessment of a railway masonry arch bridge. Its conservation state is initially investigated by means of a thorough field and laboratory test campaign, comprising destructive and non-destructive tests. Two different methods are used to evaluate the bridge seismic vulnerability. The first method adopts a deterministic approach and corresponds to a single non-linear static analysis, performed as described in the Eurocodes. The second method employs a probabilistic approach and considers the variability of the involved mechanical parameters (structure geometry and properties of the building materials) and seismic parameters (intensity of the action and site conditions). This method associates the probabilistic values of ground acceleration exceedance to the estimated seismic vulnerability. This is shown by means of fragility curves, which allow to take into consideration the uncertainty of the various components involved in the definition of the seismic vulnerability and display the seismic damage scenarios. Currently no code requires to perform this calculation procedure. In addition, this work compares the values of masonry mechanical properties specified in the Eurocodes with those obtained in an extensive investigation campaign involving more than one hundred masonry bridges. Compressive strength and longitudinal elasticity modulus are the relevant mechanical parameters investigated. The outcomes of this research can contribute to the development of a more efficient maintenance system of the masonry bridges belonging to the railway network. This has an important role when it comes to establishing the priority order of assets intervention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2018 17:18:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1574233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Vulnerability and Post-Event Actions for Texas Bridge Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1573427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research investigates the seismic vulnerability of bridges in Texas by characterizing seismic hazards in the State, developing computational tools to estimate the likelihood of seismic damage to various bridge types, and providing the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) tools to inform post-earthquake response planning and decision-making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2018 12:19:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1573427</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Seismic Performance Evaluation of Urban Bridge using Static Nonlinear Procedure, Case Study: Hafez Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1554069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridges as key elements in the lifeline of each country or urban transportation play a fundamental role economically, politically and militarily. The possibility of severe damage to bridges that are subjected to earthquake leads to the necessity of seismic evaluation of existing bridges, particularly those which have been either designed regardless of earthquake effects or according to moderate earthquake-resistant consideration. The assessment of safety and stability of these bridges while passing increasing traffic is of high importance in their seismic performance. In this study, an urban steel bridge in metropolitan Tehran which is accounted for as an important structure in the city transportation is studied using nonlinear static procedure at two hazard levels. The hazard levels were obtained by the use of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). Three-dimensional model of the mentioned bridge is developed and analyzed using nonlinear static procedure (NSP); thus its seismic performance is evaluated accordingly. The results show the vulnerability of this steel bridge during earthquake and the necessity of retrofitting for improving its seismic behaviour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Oct 2018 18:14:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1554069</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability and Failure Modes for Pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1553392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the most appropriate methods to assess seismic vulnerability, is reviewing damages that occurred during past earthquakes, especially for industrial plants, such as oil and petrochemical facilities. In recent 50 years, mega quakes have happened in regions with important oil facilities, so a detailed investigation of damages can lead to a better estimate of probable losses in future events. Also, examination of structures and equipment function during earthquakes can reveal defects in design, construction and maintenance. In this paper, after brief review of previous important earthquakes and consequent damages, reasons for specific concern about pipelines are presented. A table describing prioritization of activities related to the risk mitigation is shown and pipeline vulnerabilities, a very important part of the paper, are defined. Failure modes of above and underground pipelines are then explained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Oct 2018 18:14:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1553392</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Resilience of Concrete Bridges with Flared Columns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although recent earthquakes have revealed the vulnerability of flared bridge columns, many of the bridges, constructed in high seismic zones like California, are supported by flared columns. This article deals with the seismic vulnerability assessment of box-girder bridges supported by the flared columns. To achieve this goal, analytical fragility analysis is performed by focusing on the seismic evaluation of a bridge system. For this purpose, numerical bridge models are created in OpenSees accounting for geometric and material uncertainties, and dynamic analyses are carried out on the generated models. By conducting nonlinear time history analysis, probabilistic seismic demand models of the bridge components are developed, and the corresponding fragility curves are generated. The findings of the bridge column and system fragility analysis indicate the vulnerability of flared columns compared to those that are straight. It is also noted that neglecting the effect of flares leads to an unreliable estimation of the seismic risk and associated losses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Dec 2017 11:57:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Procedure for determining the seismic vulnerability of an irregular isolated bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A seismic vulnerability procedure, based on the capacity/demand ratio approach, is applied to an irregular isolated bridge. Special features are incorporated in both, demand estimation and capacity evaluation. The seismic demand is represented by an average pseudo-acceleration spectrum derived from 159 earthquake accelerograms recorded in the region where the bridge is located. The capacity spectrum method is adopted for estimating the structural expected performance for several limit states. The capacity curve derived from a static non-linear procedure is obtained by means of a lateral load pattern that follows the displacement configuration, previously assessed by the use of time history analyses of the bridge supported on non-linear isolator bearings. Based on a moment–curvature analysis of the pier's sections, the maximum curvature ductility was established for each of the four defined performance limit states. Finally, probability density functions of the bridge capacity and demand were assessed and fragility curves were proposed aimed at determining the expected behaviour of the bridge as function of peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the typical strong motions recorded in the area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2013 09:55:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fragility Considerations in Highway Bridge Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report integrates statistical and analytical methods for the prediction of seismic performance of highway transportation networks. For this purpose, an integrated framework involving the structural engineering module of multilayer simulation scheme is developed. This module is a key component of the performance simulation of such spatially distributed systems. In the analysis, it is assumed that bridges are the only components of the network system vulnerable to earthquake ground motion. Bridge seismic damageability at various damage conditions is expressed in the form of fragility curves associated with the states of minor, moderate, major and collapse damage, mechanistically defined in terms of the extent of ductility rotation of bridge columns at the bottom and top. This report demonstrates the application of fragility curves in the performance-based seismic design of bridges. On the basis of statistical and analytical tools discussed here, a design acceptance criterion is suggested that can verify the target performance level of a newly designed bridge under a prescribed level of seismic hazard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2011 07:38:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118991</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Bridge Seismic Retrofitting Practices in the Central and Southeastern United States</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1087870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper conducts a detailed review of the seismic hazard, inventory, bridge vulnerability, and bridge retrofit practices in the Central and Southeastern United States (CSUS). Based on the analysis of the bridge inventory in the CSUS, it was found that over 12,927 bridges (12.6%) are exposed to 7% probability of exceedance (PE) in 75-year peak ground acceleration (PGA) of greater than 0.20 g, and nearly 3.5% of bridges in the CSUS have a 7% PE in 75-year PGA of greater than 0.50 g. Since many of the bridges in this region were not designed with explicit consideration of the seismic hazard, many of them are in need of seismic retrofitting to reduce their seismic vulnerability. While several of the states in the CSUS have retrofitted some of their bridges, systematic retrofit programs do not currently exist. The review of retrofit practices in the region indicates that the most common retrofit approaches in the CSUS include the use of restrainer cables, isolation bearings, column jacketing, shear keys, and seat extenders. The paper presents an overview of the common approaches and details used for the aforementioned retrofit measures. This paper serves as a useful tool for bridge engineers in the CSUS as they begin to perform systematic retrofit of vulnerable bridges in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jan 2011 13:03:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1087870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Vulnerability Scenarios for Horizontally Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges Under Earthquake Loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1083624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Horizontally curved steel I-girder bridges are located in all seismic zones in the United States. Research has shown that damage can occur to steel bridge components under earthquake loads. Probabilistic-based techniques are one tool that can be used to assess more accurately the seismic vulnerability of curved bridges for various damage states and at various seismic hazard levels. To examine probabilistic-based vulnerability criteria efficiently, the study used response surface metamodels (RSMs) in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations to generate horizontally curved steel I-girder bridge fragility curves. The generated curves were then used to evaluate bridge damage in terms of previously published structure damage states. The use of RSMs reduces the required number of computer simulations needed to generate the fragility curves. The paper summarizes the fragility curve generation procedure for a group of horizontally curved steel I-girder bridges using RSMs in association with Monte Carlo simulation. Probabilistic vulnerability scenarios are presented via application to existing horizontally curved steel bridges located in Pennsylvania, New York, and Maryland to estimate seismic demands for those bridges and to generate fragility curves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Dec 2010 11:56:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1083624</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic fragility of jumbo port container cranes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/927218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The seismic behavior of jumbo container cranes has been largely ignored, despite their importance to daily port container operations. This paper aims to quantify the vulnerability of jumbo cranes to seismic loading. Detailed nonlinear finite element models are constructed representing two different jumbo cranes, one modern and one more classic. These models are used to perform extensive dynamic time-history analyses in order to evaluate their vulnerability to various damage modes. The modern crane exhibits derailment during earthquakes, but is unlikely to suffer other significant structural damage. However, the older crane performs poorly, and is likely to suffer considerable damage during fairly frequent earthquakes. These results suggest that a port relying heavily on older jumbo cranes would be wise to consider retrofit options in order to decrease their overall seismic risk. Copyright 2010 ASCE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2010 10:26:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/927218</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Vulnerability of Oregon State Highway Bridges: Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Major Mobility Risks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/907623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Oregon Department of Transportation and Portland State University evaluated the seismic vulnerability of state highway bridges in western Oregon. The study used a computer program called REDARS2 that simulated the damage to bridges within a transportation network. It predicted ground motions for a specific location and magnitude of earthquake, resulting bridge damage and the cost of the damage, as well as the cost to the public for traffic delays due to detours around damaged bridges. Estimated damage and delay costs were presented for major highways in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Dec 2009 16:05:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/907623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Retrofit Recommendations for State Highway Bridges: Case Studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/890069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Much of Utah’s population dwells in a seismically active region, and many of the bridges connecting transportation lifelines predate the rigorous seismic design standards that have been developed in the past 10-20 years. Other states in the west have instituted seismic retrofit programs in response to damage to transportation networks in past California earthquakes. In a parallel report, seismic retrofit guidelines were developed for Utah based on the "Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures" published by the Federal Highway Administration. In this report, representative case study bridges are evaluated in detail using the guidelines. The case study evaluations include the following for each bridge: (1) selection and presentation of analysis method, (2) development of numerical model in LARSA 4D and/or additional programs as needed, (3) evaluation of the seismic response of the unretrofitted bridge, (4) design of a possible retrofit scheme. The bridges evaluated include a four-span simply supported prestressed concrete girder bridge, a four-span continuous concrete T-beam, and an eight-span curved steel girder bridge with in-span pin and hanger joints. A variety of different evaluation methods are presented including linear response spectrum analysis for demand assessment, capacity spectrum method and pushover analysis for capacity assessment, and nonlinear response history analysis. A variety of retrofit techniques are presented including column jacketing, cable restrainers, selectively closing pin and hanger joints, and seismic isolation. The varied examples and techniques presented in this report are meant to be representative of assessment and applicable retrofit approaches for many of the bridges in the state inventory that may be seismically deficient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2009 16:23:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/890069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Loss Modeling for Pricing Catastrophic Bonds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the research, a loss estimation framework is presented that directly relates seismic hazard to seismic response to damage and hence to losses. A Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) approach towards assessing the seismic vulnerability of structures relating an intensity measure (IM) to its associated engineering demand parameter (EDP) is used to define the demand model. An empirically calibrated tripartite loss model in the form of a power curve with upper and lower cut-offs is developed and used in conjunction with the previously defined demand model in order to estimate loss ratios. The loss model is calibrated and validated for different types of bridges and buildings. Loss ratios for various damage states take into account epistemic uncertainty as well as an effect for price surge following a major hazardous event. The loss model is then transformed to provide a composite seismic hazard-loss relationship which is used to estimate financial losses from expected structural losses. The seismic hazard-loss model is then used to assess the expected spread, that is the interest rate deviation above the risk-free (prime) rate in order to price two types of Catastrophic (CAT) bonds: indemnity CAT bonds and parametric CAT bonds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2009 16:39:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Vulnerability Assessments of Bridges in Areas of Low to Moderate Seismic Activity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/839931</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the northeast United States, there has been an increased interest in seismic design over the past 15 to 20 years. Although this part of the country is mostly of a low to moderate seismic activity, a Magnitude 5 event could have severe consequences. In October 1985, a Magnitude 4 event occurred approximately 25 miles north of midtown Manhattan. This created much concern among government officials. In March 1990, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) issued its first seismic policy, which primarily involved adopting the 1983 AASHTO Guide Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges. In October 1995, NYSDOT issued its first Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Manual (NYSDOT, 2004), which was based in part on FHWA’s Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges (May 1995). The assessment procedure used by NYSDOT is both empirical and qualitative. This method of assessment is useful for evaluating existing structures in areas of low to moderate seismic activity. It allows for a quick and reliable identification of vulnerable structures and their conditions. It allows a bridge owner to prioritize structures that need to be retrofitted, rehabilitated, or replaced; and it identifies areas where further study is needed. In 2003 NYSDOT began a pilot program to assess 450 bridges in New York City.  These bridges are on and over designated emergency routes. The results of the study indicate that 50% of the assessed bridges require some form of remedial work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2007 10:33:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/839931</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Vulnerability of Typical Multiple-Span California Highway Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/839908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multiple-span reinforced concrete highway overpass bridges constitute a large number of the total inventory of bridges in California, particularly bridges of new design. Performance of these bridges is therefore integral to the evaluation of transportation network performance under high intensity earthquake scenarios. Additionally, probabilistic quantification of bridge response and vulnerability will provide insight into the evaluation of current designs at different levels of seismic hazard. Performance of bridges at the demand, damage, and loss levels can be evaluated using the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center’s performance-based earthquake engineering framework. This paper illustrates probabilistic seismic bridge vulnerability evaluation using two typical single column-per-bent, five-span, post-tensioned box girder, reinforced concrete highway bridge types. The first bridge type has a straight deck and 22-foot columns of equal height above grade. The second bridge type has 50-foot high columns. Each bridge type has a variety of column configurations designed for different seismic demands typical for a variety of bridge sites in California. A complex model of the structures is created in OpenSees that accounts for nonlinear behavior of the columns, deck, abutments, and expansion joints at the abutments. This model is developed in a modular fashion to allow incorporation of improved soil models, models for emerging structural components, technologies, and use of new analysis methods. Seismic demand models are then developed using nonlinear time history analysis, including far- and near-field excitation. Damage in the columns is determined from a database of experimental tests and, finally, approximate repair cost ratios are estimated from the ascertained discrete damage states. Four bridge models are implemented for both types of bridges considered. The vulnerability of the base bridge types is presented in this paper as a benchmark with which to compare the use of enhanced performance structural elements and demands due to liquefaction and lateral spreading, when coupled with geotechnical models of the bridge-soil system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2007 10:33:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/839908</guid>
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