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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>FOUNDATION ENGINEERING PROBLEMS IN LOESS SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VAST AREAS OF EASTERN EUROPE AND SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL ASIA ARE COVERED WITH FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENTARY SOIL KNOWN AS LOESS, OCCURRING IN STRATA OFTEN EXCEEDING 50M. ALL SOILS OF THE LOESS TYPE ARE CHARACTERISTICALLY SUBJECT TO CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONAL SETTLEMENT ON INCREASE IN WATER CONTENT. THIS GIVES RISE TO NUMEROUS FOUNDATION PROBLEMS IN ALL TYPES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC ADDITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND SOIL PARAMETERS, SUCH AS MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION, GRAIN- SIZE DISTRIBUTION, POROSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT, DEGREE OF SATURATION, ETC. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ARE MADE. EFFECTIVE MEANS FOR IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LOESS, AND FOR ELIMINATING ITS SENSITIVITY TO WETTING ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THERMAL INFRARED IMAGERY AND ITS APPLICATION TO STRUCTURAL MAPPING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THERMAL INFRARED IMAGERY IS OBTAINED BY AIRBORNE SCANNING DEVICES THAT DETECT THERMAL RADIATION FROM THE EARTH'S SURFACE AND RECORD IT AS AN IMAGE IN WHICH BRIGHT TONES REPRESENT RELATIVELY WARM TEMPERATURES. SCANNERS SENSITIVE TO WAVELENGTHS BETWEEN 8 AND 14 MICRONS SPAN THE RADIATION POWER PEAK OF THE EARTH AT 9.7 MICRONS AND COINCIDE WITH AN ATMOSPHERIC 'WINDOW'. AN EXAMPLE OF 8 TO 14 MICRON NIGHTTIME INFRARED IMAGERY FROM THE IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, IS INTERPRETED AND COMPARED WITH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SAME AREA. IN THIS MONOTONOUS-APPEARING DESERT TERRAIN THE IMAGERY EXHIBITS GREATER CONTRAST AND GEOLOGIC DETAIL THAN THE PHOTOGRAPHY. ON THE IMAGERY, DEFORMED TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY BEDROCK (RELATIVELY COOL) IS DISTINGUISHED FROM HOLOCENE WIND-BLOWN SAND COVER (RELATIVELY WARM). OF ESPECIAL GEOLOGIC INTEREST IS A FAULTED PLUNGING ANTICLINE IN FLAT TERRAIN. IT IS OBSCURE BOTH ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND TO A GROUND OBSERVER. ON NIGHTTIME INFRARED IMAGERY, HOWEVER, THE FOLD IS CLEARLY SHOWN BY THE OUTCROP CONFIGURATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL SILSTONE AND SANDSTONE STRATA COMPRISING THE STRUCTURE. APPARENTLY THE RADIOMETRIC TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRATA ARE SUFFICIENT TO OUTLINE THE FOLD ON THE IMAGERY. THE OBSCURE EXPRESSION OF THE FOLD ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS MAY BE DUE TO INSUFFICIENT CONTRAST IN LIGHT REFLECTANCE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT STRATA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:39:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLIED SEDIMENTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CONTENTS: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEDIMENTATION ENGINEERING PROBLEMS INVOLVING STRENGTH OF SEDIMENTS APPLICATIONS OF PROCESSES OF SEDIMENTATION APPLICATIONS INVOLVING NATURE OF CONSTITUENTS ECONOMIC MINERAL DEPOSITS PETROLEUM GEOLOGY PROBLEMS MILITARY APPLICATIONS]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:24:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119575</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GEOSYNTHETICS CONTRIBUTE TO ISRAELI CONTAINER-TERMINAL EXPANSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To meet expanding demands for transporting goods, the Mediterranean port of Haifa, Israel, is building a new 100,000-sq-m container terminal.  The Kishon Container Terminal is situated on the Kishon River Delta.  The Harbor Authority for the Port of Kishon is also expanding its territory.  This expansion includes new container terminals, moorings, railroads, and traffic infrastructure.  Unfortunately, the clay subgrade upon which much of this expansion is taking place has a limited bearing capacity.  The underlying subgrade is composed of sediment deposits from the Kishon River and typically has a California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of approximately 1.5%.  Israeli engineers selected TRC-Grid to provide the reinforcement necessary to increase the CBR value of the clay subgrade, as well as required separation and filtration functions.  The multifunctional geogrid composite is composed of a coated aramid grid, embedded in a polyester nonwoven geotextile.  The final construction consists of two layers of the geogrid under approximately 1.5 m of granular fill, with a 100 mm concrete-pavement layer on top.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECENT STUDIES ON THE STABILITY OF SLOPES IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/476509</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses 4 slope stability case histories recently investigated in the State of Rio Grande do Sul.  Each case history includes geological interpretation, geotechnical site investigation, laboratory testing and slope stability analyses. The main failure mechanisms identified in this study involved (a) the mobilization of residual shear strength of a fine-gained colluvium, (b) the brittle failure of a residual soil, (c) the complex failure mechanisma of a sedimentary formation, and (d) the mass movement of a colluvium.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/476509</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEBRIS-FLOWS: AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE DESIGN PARAMETERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/476511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The task of estimating parameters to design structures for debris-flow control is always a challenge for engineers.  This paper is an attempt to propose some guidance to define design parameters as the debris-flow discharge, the velocity, the impact forces applied to the structures, and the sediment volume transported by debris-flows.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/476511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DYNAMIC SITE PERIODS FOR THE JACKSON PURCHASE REGION OF WESTERN KENTUCKY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/573967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For this report, conventional seismic refraction and reflection techniques were used to determine the shear-wave velocities of the more poorly consolidated, near-surface sediments for a matrix of sites in the region.  Conventional seismic P-wave reflections along with existing drill hole and seismic reflection data in the region were then used to determine the depth to the top of the bedrock at the sites investigated. These data were used in SHAKE91 to calculate the fundamental period of the ground motion at the sites.  This period, identified in the study as the dynamic site period, is the period at which ground motions in the sedimentary column are most apt to be amplified as a result of a seismic shear wave propagating from the top of the bedrock to the surface.  Based on the results in this report, it is recommended that bridges, overpasses, and other engineered structures built in the region be designed so that their natural periods do not coincide with the fundamental period of the sedimentary column, thereby avoiding damage during an earthquake as a result of in-place resonance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/573967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT ON DRAINAGE-CULVERT SERVICEABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/426431</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The flow of a drainage culvert can be greatly impaired or completely lost due to the presence of deposited sediments.  The total head loss within the culvert due to sediments can be quite significant.  A case study is presented that reviews the performance of a highway drainage culvert, which is designed for clear-water flow conditions in an alluvial stream carrying sediments.  Culvert capacity, though, is only 20 percent of the presumed design capacity as a result of sediment deposition. This case study reviews design errors and emphasizes the necessity of sediment-transport computations when designing roadway drainage culverts in ephemeral alluvial streams.  Adverse effects, such as road and adjacent-property flooding, can result when sediment transport is ignored.  The most economic course of action is a complete sediment-transport study before design, rather than continuous maintenance costs after construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jul 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/426431</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE APPLICATION OF RADIOISOTOPE TECHNIQUES TO WATER ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/106589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE VALUE OF RADIOISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN WATER ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS IN THE HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC FIELDS IS DISCUSSED AND REFERENCE MADE TO THE NATURE OF RADIOISOTOPES, DETECTING EQUIPMENT, AND RADIONUCLEAR METHODS. FOUR AREAS OF APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUES (SURFACE WATER, GROUND WATER, SOIL MOISTURE, AND SEDIMENT AND LITTORAL DEPOSIT TRANSPORT) ARE REVIEWED WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO RECENT OVERSEAS AND AUSTRALIAN WORK. A NUMBER OF MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS ARE CONSIDERED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/106589</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GEOLOGIC ASPECTS OF SOFT-GROUND TUNNELING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SOIL MECHANIC FACTORS THAT DETERMINE TUNNELING CONDITIONS FOR A PROPOSED EARTH TUNNEL ARE DISCUSSED. IN CONNECTION WITH SOFT-GROUND TUNNELING, THE DIFFICULTIES IN COST OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE TUNNEL WITH GIVEN DIMENSIONS DEPEND ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ON THE STAND-UP TIME OF THE GROUND. THE STAND-UP TIME INDICATES THE TIME THAT ELAPSES BETWEEN THE EXPOSURE OF AN AREA AT THE ROOF OF THE TUNNEL AND THE BEGINNING OF NOTICEABLE MOVEMENTS OF THE GROUND ABOVE THIS AREA. THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE STAND-UP TIME OF AN UNSUPPORTED ROOF AREA WITH GIVEN DIMENSIONS DEPEND TO A LARGE EXTENT ON THE POSITION OF THE WATER TABLE. ABOVE THE WATER TABLE, THE STAND-UP TIME DEPENDS ESSENTIALLY ON THE TENSILE AND SHEARING STRENGTH OF THE GROUND. SIX PRINCIPLE CATEGORIES OF GROUND MUST BE DISTINGUISHED: FIRM, RAVELING, RUNNING, FLOWING, SQUEEZING, AND SWELLING. THESE CATEGORIES ARE DISCUSSED AND DEFINED. SERIOUS DIFFICULTIES THAT MAY BE ENCOUNTERED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN EARTH TUNNEL AR& DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY DUE TO THE PERCOLATION OF WATER TOWARDS THE TUNNEL. METHODS OF IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF SOFT GROUND ARE DESCRIBED. RELIABLE INFORMATION ON SUBSOIL CONDITIONS ARE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF TEST BORINGS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT MORE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED IN THE FIELD OF SOFT-GROUND TUNNELING ON THE DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS, THE BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT SEDIMENTS AT TUNNEL HEADINGS, AND THE LOADS ON TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TUNNEL SUPPORTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124782</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASURING RESUSPENSION OF SEDIMENT BY BARGE TOWS. LONG TERM RESOURCE MONITORING PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/405887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) is a multipurpose waterway.  Commercial navigation, commercial fishing and clamming, recreational boating, hunting, sportfishing, and fish and wildlife conservation are all important uses for the system. The main environmental issue is to establish and maintain a balance between commerce, recreation, and conservation.  An earlier effort to measure resuspension of sediment relied on U.S. standard depth-integrating sediment samplers.  In designing a new effort to collect field data on resuspension, the advantage of obtaining samples at several points in a single vertical over the depth-integrated sampling procedure was recognized.  Typical data are presented and discussed for a straight reach on the Illinois River during low flow in the fall of 1988.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/405887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VIBRATION APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A VIBRATION APPARATUS IS DESCRIBED WHICH CAN DETERMINE THE DYNAMIC ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND POORLY CONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS AT CONFINING PRESSURES CORRESPONDING TO THOSE AT DEPTHS DOWN TO ABOUT 150 FEET IN THE EARTH. WITH LITTLE OR NO MODIFICATION THE APPARATUS COULD BE USED FOR SIMILAR MEASUREMENTS ON ROCK SAMPLES. IT IS HOPED THAT RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THIS APPARATUS MIGHT ALSO LEAD TO IMPROVED INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC DATA. /GA/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126755</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION CHANGES CAUSED BY BARGE TOWS. LONG TERM RESOURCE MONITORING PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/387056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Suspended sediment samples have been collected in the channel border area during tow passage events at several locations on the upper Mississippi river and the Illinois river.  Typical plots show the pattern of rapid increase and gradual decrease in concentration following tow passage.  Comparisons are made between a Mississippi river site with rather small changes in concentration and an Illinois river site with large increases in concentration.  Several parameters describing tow characteristics are discussed.  Preliminary conclusions are drawn from the comparative analysis of the two data sets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/387056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GRASSY SWALES TO CONTROL HIGHWAY WATER QUALITY RUNOFF</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors propose grassy swales for roadsides for new or upgraded highway facilities to provide water quality benefits. The proposal applies to state and local agencies responsible for highway infrastructure development, restoration, and maintenance.  The concept is to incorporate grassy swales into land development street design and into highway repair activities.  Vegetated side ditches are known to provide significant suspended solids and phosphorus reductions.  Within urban to suburban developments, the tendency has been to require relatively expensive curb-and-gutter street cross sections from developers.  Curbs and gutters concentrate storm flow and its suspended sediments, including phosphorus, and this contributes to non-point source pollutant loadings from developed areas. Providing grassy swale shoulders with underground storm drains to pick up flows that are on erosion thresholds may be an attractive alternative for new projects or for curb and gutter replacement if right-of-way costs are not a major factor. Concentrated flows would be slowed and subject to sediment deposition in swales.  Highway, road, and particularly local street developments could cost less, be more attractive, and provide water quality benefits for nutrient and suspended solids removal with the use of grassy swales.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389632</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WORLD GROUND WATER MAP AVAILABLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/377924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article discusses the World Map of Hydrogeologic Conditions and Ground-Water, a special thematic hydrologic map containing information of the quantitative distribution of ground water flow characteristics and the origin of the geologic and hydrologic conditions.  Ground water flow media are divided into 4 types: sedimentary and porous, sedimentary and fractured, metamorphic and magmatic, and Karstic.  The map shows data on these media, their lithology, the areal distribution of certain quantitative characteristics of the rocks such as average ground water discharge, annual flow coefficients, and coefficients of ground water base flow to rivers.  The map, which represents more than two decades of work, will be published shortly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/377924</guid>
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