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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Partially corroded reinforced concrete piers under axial compression and cyclic loading: an experimental study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1666958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Twelve reinforced concrete (RC) pier specimens were developed and partially corroded to simulate severe corrosion in splash and tidal zones. Six target corrosion levels were applied to rebars and stirrups using an electrochemical accelerated corrosion technique. Axial compression loading and cyclic loading tests were carried out with six specimens per group. The test results showed that mechanical parameters of pier specimens degraded with an increase in corrosion. The ultimate load, ductility factor, energy dissipation decreased by 29.96%, 9.26%, 67.44% for axial compression specimen with 15.82% rebar mass loss compared to those of intact specimen; for cyclic loading specimens, they decreased by 10.69%, 21.47%, 57.46% with 15.71% rebar mass loss, respectively. Comparative analysis showed that the difference for the degradation level of dimensionless parameters was not obvious between axial compression loading and cyclic loading tests. Findings also showed that for severely corroded specimens, the plastic hinge zone transferred from the bottom of RC piers to the splash and tidal zones. Although the extent of the degradation of the results between the published paper and this test shows significant variations; degradation of dimensionless energy dissipation was always the most serious one.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2019 16:24:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1666958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-Term Corrosion Performance of Blended Cement Concrete in the Marine Environment – a Real-Time Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blended cement is widely used in critical structures mainly because of its enhanced corrosion resistance concerning its durability. This paper presents the long term corrosion performance of blended cements namely; Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) and Portland slag cement (PSC) concrete under the three marine exposure conditions such as, atmospheric zone (AZ), immersion zone (IZ) and splash zone (SZ). Offshore Platform Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India was selected as an exposure station. The concrete cubes were exposed over the period of 10years and their physicochemical properties such as compressive strength, alkalinity, free chloride content and sulphate content, bio-fouling attachment and electrochemical properties like, AC-impedance and potentiodynamic polarization were carried out and the results obtained were compared with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. XRD and SEM studies were also carried out for both OPC, PPC and PSC concrete samples exposed under various zones. It was observed that the strength and alkalinity of the blended cement concretes were relatively equal to that of OPC concrete. In addition, the pH values of the blended cement concretes are above the threshold limit recommended for depassivation. Furthermore, the resistance to chloride ion penetration was significantly reduced for blended cement concretes than that of OPC concrete and also exhibited very high amount of bio-fouling attachment. The electrochemical studies revealed that the blended cement concretes are having higher corrosion resistance in all three exposure zones than that of OPC concrete. From the results it is observed that the blended cement concretes are technically viable from the durability point of view and highly recommended for aggressive marine environments rather than OPC concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2018 09:18:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Vertical Non-Uniform Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Exposed to the Marine Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1520187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete (RC) structures usually are exposed to a wide variety of combined actions, which may cause various damages to the structures. The main objective of this study is to investigate the vertical non-uniform corrosion of reinforcement bar in concrete that was exposed to the marine environments. The concrete embedding rebar electrodes array (CRA) was designed and made based on the wire beam electrode (WBE). To simulate the submerged, tidal and splash marine environments, the marine environment simulation equipment (MESE) was set up. Electrochemical behaviors of rebar electrodes were characterized using the WBE method, linear polarization (LP) technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To monitor the carbonation and chloride ion penetration of concrete, the pH and chloride ion profiles of the concretes were analyzed. The vertical non-uniform corrosion of rebars was caused by the difference of oxygen concentration, moisture content, free chloride content and pH value in vertical direction. The macroscopic galvanic corrosion between the splash zone rebars and the tidal zone rebars was inhibited and the galvanic corrosion between the adjacent rebars was promoted by the high resistivity of the splash concrete. The concrete carbonation was a metathesis reaction between the bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) of seawater and the alkaline hydration products of concrete in the marine environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:06:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1520187</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Durability of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Pumice and Zeolite Against Acid Attack, Carbonation and Marine Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1505006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to their fluidity and simplicity of use, self-compacting concretes (SCCs) have undeniable advantages. Since the study on the behavior of SCC containing pumice or zeolite with respect to aggressive media as acid attack and carbonation is very rare in literature, the purpose of this study is to focus on this subject. In this study, the influence of the partial substitution of 10% and 15% of Portland cement by pumice and zeolite admixtures on the fresh state, compressive strength of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is investigated. For durability, resistance to acid attack, carbonation and marine environment is studied. The results show different behaviors depending on the nature of the pozzolan. SCCs containing pumice exhibit a compressive strength at least equal to that of control concrete at early ages and higher than the ones of the control mix at long term ages. In contrast, SCC based on zeolite has a lower resistance compared to the control concrete due to the presence of a large porosity formed during the preparation of the mixture. This study shows and quantifies the positive effect of the partial substitution of Portland cement by 10% and 15% of pumice and 15% of zeolite on improving chemical resistance in acid attack. The carbonation study showed a lower resistance of SCCs containing pozzolan, this effect is more important for SCC with zeolite. Additional studies on the formulation and the properties at the fresh state of concrete containing zeolite in order to improve the mechanical strength will surely make it possible to obtain better performance and thus better profits from this natural pozzolan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1505006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Temperature on Chloride Diffusion in Saturated Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493696</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to marine environments is largely due to the transfer of chloride ions through the material. The prediction of the penetration of these ions in the concrete by the diffusion coefficient is a fundamental indicator for the characterization of its durability. Tests simulating chloride diffusion in saturated areas are developed at a constant temperature; however, in reality, the temperature fluctuates with the seasons and diurnal variations. To simulate the coupled temperature diffusion of chloride in RC structures in permanent contact with the Mediterranean Sea, an experimental program was developed in the laboratory to assess the migration coefficients of a pozzolanic concrete (CPZ10) and compared to ordinary concrete (OC). The tests of migration are made under an electric field, at different temperatures, from 5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F). Also, a study of the activation energy was made and compared with the Arrhenius theory. The test results showed that the migration coefficient of concrete increases with increasing temperature. The activation energy values of natural pozzolan incorporated concretes were lower than OC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 09:31:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493696</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Fragility Analysis of Deteriorating RC Bridge Substructures Subject to Marine Chloride-Induced Corrosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an improved reinforced concrete steel bar deterioration model that incorporates pitting corrosion and considers the change in after-cracking corrosion rate to assess the time-dependent seismic fragility of RC bridge substructures in marine environments. The proposed deterioration model is applicable for both existing and new RC bridge substructures and could be employed for life-cycle analysis of RC bridge substructures in marine environments. In this paper, the model is implemented to conduct a probabilistic seismic fragility analysis of a three-span continuous box girder bridge accounting for uncertainties in establishing bridge geometry, material properties, ground motion and corrosion parameters. Differences in the results obtained when reinforcing steel is subjected to general and pitting corrosion are investigated. The results show that the effect of chloride-induced corrosion cannot be neglected when performing the seismic fragility analysis of RC bridge substructures in marine environments. Additionally, the calculated time-dependent fragility curves indicate that there is a nonlinear accelerated growth of RC column vulnerability along the service life of highway bridges, especially after twenty-five years of exposure to chlorides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:24:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-Dependent Chloride Penetration in Concrete in Marine environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1483785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to study the effects of exposure conditions (atmospheric, tidal and splash zones) on chloride ingress into concrete and time-dependent chloride diffusivity of concrete, the chloride concentration of existing concrete in the Beibu Gulf was tested by field investigation. In addition, a reasonable calculation model was chosen by comparative analysis to achieve an accurate corrosion initiation time of the tested concrete. The results indicate that splash zone affects the durability of concrete structures more harshly than tidal and atmospheric zones. The age factor, which represents the time-dependent properties of chloride diffusion coefficient, is a normally distributed random parameter. In atmospheric, tidal and splash zones, the mean value of the age factor equated to 0.19, 0.35 and 0.43, respectively. Compared with the Life 365 model and the LNEC E465 model, the DuraCrete 2000 model can better characterize the chloride transport in the tested concrete. Based on this model, given the target reliability index ßd = 1.3–1.5, the corresponding corrosion initiation time is 42–47.5a.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Nov 2017 11:32:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1483785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Evaluation of Sea Salt Amounts Deposited on Bridge Girders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461194</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is important to evaluate the amount of airborne sea salt adhering to the structural members of a bridge for effective maintenance. This study sought to develop a method to estimate salt conditions on individual road bridge girders. The estimation was based on airborne sea salt concentrations obtained by on-site observations using new equipment, a steady flow of wind around the bridge with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, and the washing-out effect (detachment of adhered particles) resulting from raindrops. The estimated salt amounts adhering to bridge girders showed the same tendency in distribution on the seaward surfaces of the webs but not on the cliff-side surfaces. Additionally, the relationship between the amounts on the upper and lower surfaces of the bottom flanges was better reproduced by considering the effect of gravity on the sea salt particles. Consideration of the spatial distribution and changes over time of airborne sea salt concentrations and wind is needed to improve the estimation accuracy. The significance of the washing-out effect on the salt amount was also clarified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2017 09:15:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461194</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Remaining Life Estimation for Deteriorating Steel Marine Infrastructure under Global Warming and Nutrient Pollution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The longer-term serviceability and structural safety of steel infrastructure exposed to seawater conditions may be affected by global warming and by seawater nutrient pollution. These may affect abiotic and biotic (microbial) corrosion. A model for long-term corrosion is developed from data obtained from steel piling exposed for 33 years in a seawater harbour. The effects on corrosion losses on the structural reliability of steel sheet piling as used in harbours world-wide were investigated as a function of seawater temperature rise from global warming and of seawater nutrient pollution. The results show that structural reliability is more sensitive to likely nutrient pollution than to predicted increases in seawater temperature, noting also that global warming also could increase nutrient pollution from anthropological sources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:44:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427395</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study on Impact Load Resistance of RC Beam with Corroded Reinforcement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Japan, many concrete bridges along the coastline have suffered corrosion due to the chloride attack from seawater and airborne salt. Therefore, now, several researches on corroded RC structures have been ongoing around the world. Especially, as a basic research, many researchers have studied on the numerical and experimental method to evaluate static load resistant capacity of RC beams with corroded reinforcements. However, there has been almost no research to evaluate impact load resistant capacity. Of course, it is important that impact load resistant capacity is clarified, if the possibility of acting of impact load including in natural disaster on corroded RC structures is dealt with. With a background like this, this paper describes an experimental investigation of the structural behavior of corroded RC beams. To be precise, in this study, RC beams with corroded reinforcement by using electrolytic corrosion method were made, and both of static loading test and repeated impact test for those RC beams were conducted in order to clarify the static and impact load resistant capacity of them. As a result, the authors could get some findings. At first, through repeated impact tests (which has 1.0m/s impact velocity and a 100kg steel weight), the number of impacts to the failure of corroded RC beams were less than half of healthy RC beams. It was also found that fracture pattern was completely different due to some axial cracks by corrosion. In addition, even though the corrosion rate is same level, the impact load resistant capacity reduce greatly compared to the static load resistant capacity because of the existence and pattern of cracks due to corrosion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2016 09:07:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418823</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal Cracking of Mass Concrete Bridge Footings in Coastal Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) identified several mass concrete footings in coastal bridges with cracking that needed to be assessed in the context of current North Carolina mass concrete specifications. Cracked concrete in coastal environments is of particular concern due to the higher potential for corrosion damage. Site visits were made to assess the extent of the cracking observed in mass concrete footings of three different bridges. A finite-element model was developed and used to analyze the footings and assess them for their early age thermal cracking potential. Finite-element model results showed that reasonably sized mass concrete footings that followed typical NCDOT control plans did not have a high likelihood of significant cracking from thermal stresses. However, a much larger mass concrete footing had a distinctly higher risk of significant cracking even when typical NCDOT control plans are followed. Further, cracking was even more likely when formwork was removed early. The model results correlated well with observations from the field. A comparison with temperature rise results from the Schmidt method, as implemented in the design of the mass concrete structural elements, shows the Schmidt method’s limitations in predicting temperature differences for very large mass concrete footings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2014 09:20:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cathodic protection by sacrificial anodes or impressed current, comparative analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1307198</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cathodic protection represents a widely spread method for controlling the corrosion of metallic structures in contact with various environments, such as soils and seawater, containing enough ions to conduct electricity. The principle of cathodic protection consists of controlling the corrosion rate of a metallic structure by reducing its corrosion potential, bringing the metal closer to an immune state. This could be achieved by two main ways: using a  sacrificial anode or using an impressed current. The main difference between the two methods is that the impressed current cathodic protection uses an external power source with inert anodes while the sacrificial anodes cathodic protection uses the naturally occurring electrochemical potential difference between different metallic elements to provide protection. The paper’s aim is to realize a comparative analysis of these methods with regard to their benefits, features and also to the economic point of view. Another aspect presented is the way the cathodic protection system differs for the commercial ships to the special purpose vessels - Floating Production Storage and Offloading - which, regardless of their shape which still looks like a ship, have special requirements regarding the corrosion protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2014 11:43:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1307198</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Underwater pile repair using FRP - state of the art</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) were first used for repairing corrosion damage in a prestressed concrete bridge spanning the Bay of Tokyo, Japan in the 1970’s. Twenty years later when the bridge was replaced and selected girders examined it was discovered that FRP had prevented further intrusion of chlorides. Subsequently, research studies were undertaken to quantify the benefits of using FRP in chloride-induced corrosion repair. This paper provides an overview of the findings from long term laboratory studies and several field demonstration projects undertaken by the University of South Florida over the past decade to explore the use of FRP for repairing corroding piles in tidal waters. The findings are presented in the form of answers to questions that are of interest to highway authorities considering using FRP for corrosion repair.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2014 09:25:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetic Consideration on Strength Decrease of Concrete Immersed in Liquid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212507</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to clarify the lowering effect of an immersion liquid on the compressive strength of concrete, nucleation of internal cracks under static compression was investigated on the basis of surface energy. The energy consumed in the nucleation of cracks is calculated from the area of hysteresis loop on the stress-strain relationship in the compression test. As a result, it turned out that the calculated energy is closely related to the surface energy in the nucleation of cracks. It is also found that the energy increases exponentially with the increase of strain, and decreases with increasing of surface tension of immersion liquid under the same strain ratio. It is concluded that the compressive strength decrease of concrete immersed in liquid results from the decrease of surface energy consumed in the nucleation of internal cracks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 09:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212507</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Concrete Surface Hydrophobation Against Chloride Penetration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For concrete construction work in marine environments, the concrete may be exposed to splashing and spraying of seawater already during early age before the concrete has gained sufficient maturity and density. If the risk for such early exposure is high, a surface protection should be applied as early as possible after formwork removal when the concrete still has a high suction ability. If the surface treatment is applied at a later stage where the chlorides have already reached a certain depth, a further chloride penetration may still take place for some time due to a redistribution of the chloride content. In such cases, the chloride penetration should not be too deep at the time of surface treatment for the protection to be effective. In the present paper, the results of some field investigations with surface hydrophobation of two concrete structures in Norwegian harbors are briefly outlined and discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2012 15:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212456</guid>
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