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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF RADAR RETURNS IN THE PRESENCE OF A ROUGH SEA SURFACE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155769</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analytical study described in this report was originally undertaken in an attempt at a theoretical explanation of certain experimental results on radar return from ship targets corrupted by sea return. The analysis, like a number of previous treatments of this problem, is based on the classical perturbation approach credited to S. O. Rice. It assumes small fluctuations ('capillary waves') superposed on a large-scale 'sea swell.' Certain cross-correlation functions of the radar return are calculated. The radar-target system geometry is modeled, allowing for consideration of various antenna beam patterns, pulse shapes, sea-swell geometries and discrete targets on or near the sea surface. Terms beyond first order (second and third) are included in order to explain cross-polarization effects, which have been observed experimentally. Limited results on fourth-order terms are also obtained. However, when the analysis is carried only to fourth order and these terms are averaged, they do not contribute to the cross-polarization and their effect is seen only if specular returns are present.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155769</guid>
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      <title>MONTHLY AVERAGE SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND ICEPACK LIMITS ON A ONE DEGREE GLOBAL GRID</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/28129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climatological monthly ocean-surface temperatures obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research and from Fleet Numerical Weather Central are merged and interpolated onto a 1 degree global grid. Monthly distributions of the main ice packs of the Arctic and Antarctic are digitized from Fleet Weather Facility ice charts and Navy Atlases and then incorporated into the global arrays. Machine-analyzed maps show the 12 monthly distributions, and maps and tabulations of averages of these data for the months of February and August are shown on a global grid of 4 degree latitude x 5 degree longitude.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/28129</guid>
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      <title>FORECASTING FOR OFF-SHORE DRILLING RIGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/24897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a discussion of weather forecasting provided for offshore drilling rigs in the North Sea.  This drilling activity started in 1964 and has continued with the use of many types of drilling rigs.  These various types are described, considering their sensitivity to weather. The general principles of weather forecasting is discussed with application to drilling operations.  Finally a discussion is provided concerning both wave forecasting and wind forecasting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/24897</guid>
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      <title>A DYNAMIC ROUGHNESS EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO WIND STRESS DETERMINATION AT THE AIR-SEA INTERFACE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/17214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A dynamic roughness equation including major wind and wave interaction parameters (wind shear velocity, wave height, and phase velocity) is derived. Because this equation implicitly incorporates the effects of wave steepness, relative water depth, and wind duration and fetch, it may be applied to a wide variety of natural conditions. This equation was used to construct a nomogram which can be utilized to determine the wind stress at the sea surface, given phase velocities, wave heights, and the wind verified by the available field and laboratory data under near-neutral atmospheric stability conditions from which the appropriate parameters could be determined. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/17214</guid>
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      <title>SEA ICE OBSERVATION BY MEANS OF SATELLITE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For a small area (about 120 km x 150 km) of the Arctic Ocean off the shore of north Alaska the ice conditions were examined in detail by satellite imagery. Instead of using 64 steps of gray, 15 brightness steps were distinguised by computer for each data point. To suppress the transient cloudiness, minimum brightness composites were used. The ice conditions could be drafted in great detail for 5-day periods for the summer of 1969, this fact showing the value of satellites as a unique tool for sea ice reconnaissance. The conditions were found to depend strongly on the wind direction. Offshore wind moved the ice out, and wind toward the shore brought it back. A good correlation was found with the wind taken from the weather maps, although the data from a ground-based climatological station were not always in good agreement with the ice movement, probably because of orographic effects. A comparison with ice charts mapped by more conventional methods showed good agreement in most cases. The satellite picture, however, gave much greater detail. Monthly mean albedo maps were constructed from the brightness composites for the 4 months from mid-May to mid-September and compared with previous measurements. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14065</guid>
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      <title>HINDCASTING WIND SEA AND SWELL IN THE NORTH SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how a pure numerical model for forecasting wind sea and swell by means of an electronic computer is used for hindcasting in the North Sea.  The model is used for the hindcasting of three situations that might be of some interest, because the routine forecast gave very inaccurate results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Nov 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698</guid>
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      <title>A STUDY OF THE ONSET OF WHITECAPPING WITH INCREASED SURFACE WIND SPEEDS; AND A REPORT ON A PRELIMINARY DRIFT-BOTTLE STUDY OF THE SURFACE CURRENTS OF LAKE SUPERIOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At present, the existence of abrupt changes in the physical character of the sea surface at certain wind speeds is indicated by measurements of certain surface related quantities while measurements of other such quantities indicate only smooth transitions in the nature of the sea surface.  The data currently available on the occurrence of whitecaps, one measure of the character of the sea surface, are contradictory.  It is the purpose of this study to investigate the onset of whitecapping as a function of wind speed, atmospheric stability, and water temperature in order to determine whether the concentration of whitecaps increases abruptly with wind speed, in which case it will be of interest to see how this critical wind speed varies with atmospheric stability and water temperature, or whether whitecap concentration increases slowly with wind speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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