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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Formulation and validation of resistance prediction scheme for ships in ice regime described in WMO egg code</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ice-going vessels encounter variable features of sea ice. An ice chart describes the variability of sea ice as the combination of an ice regime and a WMO egg code for each ice regime. It is utilized as one of the data sources for the risk assessment of ice navigation such as Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) by Transport Canada and Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) by International Maritime Organization (IMO). Toward the establishment of the methodology to apply an ice chart to the navigability assessment in ice, the authors propose the formulation for the resistance prediction scheme of ships in an ice regime reflecting variable nature of sea ice. The representative thickness and floe sid\ze are derived from the category of the stage of development and the form of ice in a WMO egg code, respectively. The mean, maximum and minimum resistances are predicted by assuming that up to three sub ice regimes exists independently in each ice regime. The accuracy of the proposed formulation was validated through comparisons with the full-scale thrust measurements and onboard visual observations of sea ice in the marginal ice zone in the south Okhotsk Sea. Good agreement was obtained between measured and calculated mean thrust showing the validity of the proposed formulation. Discussions are made on the physical interpretation of the minimum and maximum resistances and the applicability of the present formulation to the navigability assessment in an ice regime using an ice chart.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:38:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350193</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study on Oil/Water Separating System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391787</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the Nahotokha oil spill, which occurred in the Sea of Japan in the winter of 1997, recovery operations using buckets hauled by crane barges proved effective. However, one drawback of this method is that a huge volume of water is collected with the oil. This study aims to find an effective method for separating oil from seawater recovered using buckets in a low-temperature environment such as the Okhotsk Sea in winter. In order to separate oil from water, a model of a drainage system in which the recovered oil and water flow through a conduit with drainage holes in the bottom was constructed. Experiments were carried out to determine the relationships between water flow, slope of the conduit and void ratio at the bottom of the conduit. And a hydraulic model was discussed from the experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 May 2017 09:45:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391787</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Estimating the Navigation Informativity of the Earth’s Anomalous Gravity Field</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Application of modern global geopotential models to estimate the navigation informativity of the Earth’s anomalous gravity field (EAGF) is considered from the viewpoint of its use in autonomous (correlation- extreme) navigation. Various algorithms for calculating the characteristics of route and area navigation informativity, for which the authors use the variance and correlation radius of a measured EAGF parameter, are presented. The results of the experimental studies on estimation of the EAGF navigation informativity are discussed by analyzing vertical deflections and second derivatives of the perturbing potential in the Sea of Okhotsk with the use of the model EGM-2008 to degree 2190. It is shown that second derivatives of the geopotential demonstrate higher informativity as applied to navigation purposes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:44:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NSR Transit Simulations by the Vessel Performance Simulator “Vesta” Part 2 Simple Resistance Formulae of Ships in Floe Ice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1434738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ships encounter various ice conditions such as level ice, ridged ice, floe ice and ice-clogged channel. Various models have been developed so far for the prediction of ice resistance in various ice conditions. The authors proposed the hybrid model of resistance prediction of ships navigating in floe ice including small ice floes, ice-clogged channel and a large ice floe. This model consists of two existing models, i.e. Kashitelijan-Poznjok-Ryblin and Lindqvist model. The former model gives the ice load at the limit momentum condition and can be fundamentally applied to the resistance prediction of ships in small ice floes. The latter model is originally developed for resistance prediction in level ice. It gives the ice load at the limit stress condition and can be applied to the prediction in a large ice floe. Resistance in floe ice can be determined as the smaller resistance predicted by either of two models. The former model is also applicable to the resistance prediction in ice-clogged channel by taking the influence of the restricted ice area into account. The accuracy of each model was validated through comparisons with the model-scale experiments conducted at the ice model basin of the National Maritime Research Institute. Validation study was also conducted through comparisons with the full-scale thrust measurements in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, Japan. It is found that the proposed model is capable of predicting the resistance in floe ice of various sizes and concentrations with reasonable accuracy. This model is applicable to the transit simulation along the Northern Sea Route (NSR).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:42:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1434738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of Arctic Ships in the Light of Recent Technological Development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The efficiency of ice navigation is of great importance to societies in the Northern area; the Great Lakes, Canada and Alaska as well as the Baltic, Russian, Arctic, the Caspian Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Bohai Bay in China. Along the industrial progress, all of these areas have seen their own efforts for the creation of better ships for winter operations. After finding better solutions for the Great Lakes and the Northern European waters focus gradually over years changed into the Arctic areas. Arctic developments have been of cyclic importance in many parts of the world; Russia, Northern Europe and Canada, but the activities have been rather isolated. The recent international political progress has opened new opportunities and the establishing of the Arctic Council provides for a new forum also for more integrated developments in marine transports and technology developments. Finland has this year taken over the chairmanship of the Arctic Council. The Finnish chair intends to bring questions of improved, more economic and sustainable Arctic transportation on the Council's agenda. The authors paper is an overview of the technological developments and especially an assessment on the potential of the technological achievements as well as review of the cross-relationships of the North-American and European developments in the Arctic marine technology and naval architecture. In spite of the rather quiet Arctic market in recent years, especially the Finnish industry has been able to make significant steps in regard to new icebreaker propulsion devices, reduced ice resistance and innovative economical vessel concepts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ice Floe Impact Interaction with Pile Structures on Vertical Breakwaters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395393</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At Japanese ports on the Okhotsk Sea in winter, ice floes overtop breakwaters (called ice overtopping) and have damaged pipelines, vessels and other facilities behind breakwaters. To design piles on the breakwater as an ice barrier, the ice force resulting from ice overtopping the breakwater and colliding with a pile at high speed (6-8m/s) must be determined. This study involved large-scale experiments to clarify the force of ice sheets colliding with a pile of circular cross section. Two ice failure modes occurred, crushing and splitting, and the ice deformed within approximately 2-4 times the pile diameter, rather than throughout the ice sheet. In light of these characteristics, an equation for ice force calculation derived by the energy balance was proposed. It agreed closely with the experimental results. Furthermore, the probabilistic distribution of ice force was analyzed by Monte Carlo Technique.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395393</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>First Year Ridge Acting on a Vertical Sided Structure Placed in Shallow Water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[First year ridges or hummock fields will give a design global ice load acting on offshore structures placed in sub-arctic region like the Sea of Okhotsk. The global loads are calculated by the sum of forces from consolidated and unconsolidated layers. Although the force from unconsolidated layer is thought to be much smaller than one from consolidated layer, there exist unknown factors in terms of effects of grounding, velocity dependence and interaction with consolidated layer etc. The Authors performed extensive model tests in ice tank using 1/100 scale model to clarify interference between unconsolidated and consolidated layers. From the series of tests, the authors showed that both loads due to consolidated and unconsolidated layers would increase by grounding of rubbles, and proposed the multiplier factors for load calculations separately with and without grounding. Furthermore the authors evaluated the load due to hummock ice in full scale when water depth is shallow on the basis of the test results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1395559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Definition of the Internal Structure of Large Ice Features by Thermal Drilling Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391802</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For calculation of ice loads on offshore structures information on the internal structure of large ice features, in particular, ridges and stamukhas is required. For this purpose, experience of thermal drilling can be used, which is widely applied in ice studies. This paper describes a thermal drill system using an electrical heater. The system proposed uses the technology based on computer recording the drill penetration rate. This technology is based on the penetration rate record during drilling to computer. The drilling rate depends on the ice structure, density and temperature. The drilling rate record provides reliable data on the internal ridge and stamukha properties. This technology was tested and successfully employed in the expeditions to the Pechora Sea (1996-1999) and the Sea of Okhotsk (1998). The paper contains a description of the technology, a block-diagram and technical characteristics, as well as examples of the drilling rate record.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jan 2016 17:13:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391802</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real Time Ice Management and Forecasting in the Sea of Okhotsk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391687</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the open water summer months, Sakhalin Energy produces oil at the Molikpaq structure just off the east coast of Sakhalin Island in the Sea of Okhotsk. Oil is transferred via a sub sea pipeline to a buoy (SALM) and from there into a storage vessel (FSO). Ice management is required during breakup in the spring and when new ice is forming in the early winter to allow oil loading in take place efficiently and safely. This paper describes the ice observations required to support the ice management operations. An empirical ice forecast model has been developed which uses forecast winds and tidal currents. A comparison of the measured ice drift and the drift calculated using the measured winds indicates excellent agreement. However, because of the quality of the wind forecasts, ice forecast are good to 24 hours, and generally reasonable up to 3 days. The model indicates the hour-by-hour movement of the ice, including the times of ice direction changes, which are used for ice management and operation’s planning. macro has been developed to allow the real-time optimization of the model based on the ice drift hindcast. The optimized model can then be used for the forecast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jan 2016 17:13:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391687</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ice Gouge Risk to Offshore Pipelines – Making the Most of Available Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376844</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marine pipelines, and sub-sea oil and gas production facilities are potentially at risk from gouging ice features. Risk depends on structural configuration, structural resistance, the physical dimensions of the ice gouges (i.e.,width, depth, length and orientation) and the frequency with which these occur. Characteristic expressions for calculating risk of ice damage to buried pipelines are provided in the paper, with some discussion on the consequences. While many of these are straightforward, they are not presently in the ice engineering literature. The scope includes iceberg and pressure ridge keel gouge processes. The authors have been involved in studies of ice gouge risk over the last few years for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the Okhotsk Sea off Sakhalin Island and Lake Erie in  Canada. In each case, ice gouge processes posed unique challenges. Strategies are outlined for  dealing with the absence of comprehensive data on ice gouge presence and dimensions due to the limitations of site-specific seabed surveys.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2015 08:09:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376844</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ice Load Exerted on the Hull of Icebreaker PM Teshio in the South Sea of Okhotsk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors conducted the short-term measurement of ice load exerted on the hull of icebreaker PM Teshio of Japan Coast Guard in 1999. Measurements were conducted in the selected vast ice floes in the south Sea of Okhotsk, near the coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Local ice load experienced by six transverse frames were measured using a pair of shear strain gauges. The measured maximum ice load attains to about 750kN/m, which is above the design ice load specified by the class IA-Super in the Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules. This sporadic event was observed in the bow area during the continuous icebreaking of 0.49m-thick ice. The magnitude and distribution of local ice load was discussed in relation to the icebreaking mode, propulsion power, and advancing speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 07:46:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376201</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural Peculiarities of Ice Features on the Offshore of the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk
and the Pechora Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1375995</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active operations for the development of hydrocarbon fields are being carried out at present in the local shelf areas of the ice-covered seas of Russia. The processes of ice formation, growth, pressure, ridging and decay in these areas depend on the climatic and geographical conditions. These determine the significant differences in the geometry and internal structure of ice features and the physical-mechanical ice properties, which are necessary for the design of platforms, terminals and underwater pipelines. The paper provides a comparative analysis of the boundaries of landfast ice and the main parameters of ice ridges and stamukhas investigated in recent years in the local areas of the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pechora Sea . The following ice features parameters – thickness, sail height, keel draft, consolidated layer, extent and fraction of voids were reviewed. A conclusion about the key ice processes in different local regions producing the greatest impact on offshore structures is made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2015 08:33:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1375995</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Forces on the Grounded Hummock and Piled Ice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Paper presents outcomes of statistical analyze of published data about geometry and dimensions of the grounded hummocks (GHs) in the Okhotskoe Sea and piled ice (PI) in the Bohai Sea, and also present the results of evaluation of forces applied on them by currents, wind, heaving, and drift ice. Base on the carried out evaluations and comparison of loads it is stated that grounded hummock is able to move and plough seabed not only due to loads from drift ice, but also due to loads from the wind waves which uplifts and swings GHs and PI. These effects are important for designing of pipelines and cable lines, which connect offshore constructions with coastal infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2015 09:38:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352037</guid>
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