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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Characterizing a Local Sewage Sludge Ash for Developing Alkali-Activated Geopolymer Mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has significant adverse effects on the environment and accounts for 5%–7% of CO2 emissions globally. Geopolymer cement is potentially a sustainable alternative to OPC and is created by the activation of aluminosilicate materials with an alkaline solution that induces geopolymerization, causing gelation of the materials. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) contains relatively high contents of aluminosilicate materials and can be a precursor for geopolymers. This study aims to characterize a local SSA as a precursor to develop geopolymer mortar. Chemical and leaching analysis found no significant adverse environmental implications of the SSA. Strength activity index tests showed that the SSA has a moderate pozzolanic activity. The SSA was then utilized to develop a geopolymer mortar in conjunction with an alkaline solution consisting of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Factors that influence the geopolymerization and strength gain of geopolymers were examined, including the molar ratio between silicon dioxide and sodium oxide and the activator/binder ratio. An optimal activator/binder ratio of 0.22 and a SiO2/Na2O molar ratio of 0.80 were determined to yield the highest compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2023 16:54:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145286</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An integrated process for struvite recovery and nutrient removal from ship domestic sewage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2085682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marine pollution caused by the untreated and substandard discharge of ship domestic sewage has received widespread attention. A novel integrated process for struvite recovery and nutrient removal from ship domestic sewage (SRNR-SDS) based on seawater magnesium source was developed in this study. Removal efficiencies of the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for the activated sludge unit in SRNR-SDS process were approximately 67.61% and 41.35%, respectively, under the salinity of 7.85 g/L. The coupling-induced struvite crystallization unit significantly improved the removal efficiency of TN and TP, and the scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrated that magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystals were successfully formed on the surface of zeolite. The SRNR-SDS process had an ideal performance for pollutant removal and MAP recovery under the optimal hydraulic retention time of 20 h. The effluent concentrations of COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP in SRNR-SDS process were approximately 34.73 mg/L, 4.31 mg/L, 10.07 mg/L and 0.23 mg/L, respectively, which meet the Chinese and international ship sewage discharge standards. SRNR-SDS process has obvious environmental, social and economic benefits, which could save 6.20%~57.14% of the operation cost of ship domestic sewage treatment via MAP recovery. The results could provide theoretical and technical support for the development and application of ship sewage treatment process with the functions of pollutant removal and resource recovery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2085682</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The necessity of adoption of new national regulations to prevent the pollution of Croatian coastal sea by sewage from various vessels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses international, Croatian and EU legislation on the prevention of sea water pollution by sewage from vessels. The paper also highlights the disadvantages of international legislation on the protection of coastal sea against pollution by vessel sewage. International legislation is enacted at the global level rather than for each individual coastal sea due to each sea having different exposure to pollution. Either the insufficiently comprehensive national legislation needs to be amended or, more suitably and effectively in the case of the Republic of Croatia, new rules regulating the prevention of coastal sea pollution at the national level and the prevention of negative influence on the marine eco-system, human health and economy established.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:17:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Model to Assess the Implementation of Technical Conditions Defined in Annex IV of Marpol Convention 73/78: The Case of the Baltic Sea Port of Klaipeda</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission members seeking to implement MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV amendments which recognize the Baltic Sea as special are, in which discharge of uncommitted sewage from passenger ships is forbidden, must ensure that ports are equipped with adequate reception facilities. To ensure implementation of amendments of Annex IV in port of Klaipeda, the analysis framework model was defined by authors. The model evaluates the readiness of the port to changes brought by the amendments of MARPOL Annex IV. The scientific problem comes with perception of adequacy. Resolution MEPC.200(62) amending MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV states, that port reception facilities must be adequate to the needs of passenger ships using them without causing undue delay. Concept of adequacy is not defined, therefore other guidelines explaining adequacy were used: EU directive 2000/59/EC and IMO resolution MEPC.83(44) Guidelines for ensuring adequacy of port reception facilities. Based on these sources, criteria that must be met to ensure adequacy were identified and tested in article: 1) reception facilities meet needs of ships normally using them; 2) discharge of sewage does to cause undue delay; 3) reception facilities does not provide disincentive to use them; 4) facilities are accessible; 5) facilities contribute to the improvement of the marine environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Mar 2017 09:14:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459432</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Current State of Sludge Production, Management, Treatment and Disposal in Romania</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1446738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For many years, the large amount of sludge generated at the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Romania has been of great trouble, raising significant concerns for plants operators. This paper reviews the current situation of sludge production, management, treatment and disposal routes. The continuous development of the wastewater sector and the need to align to the European regulations that state that all settlements with over 2000 inhabitants should have sewerage systems connected to a wastewater treatment plant which includes a sludge processing line, will lead to a great increase in the total amount of sludge generated. The total sludge production in Romania has been growing in the past decade and current studies estimate that by the end of 2018 the total amount will exceed 400000 tonnes. Choosing the most appropriate sludge treatment technology is a key factor in the application of integrated sewage sludge management system. Together with economic and social considerations, sludge managers need to implement more sustainable management systems. Decision makers should combine in an optimum way the alternatives for sewage sludge handling, considering all available information on technical, economic and environmental issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2017 15:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1446738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wash cycle : boatyards must prevent wash water discharge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 May 2016 15:09:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Addressing Rehabilitation Challenges for the Underwood Creek Force Main</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1366266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the challenges associated with the rehabilitation design and construction of the 36-inch ductile iron pipe (DIP) Underwood Creek force main. Based on the condition assessment and risk analysis, the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) minimized the risk of continued pipe failures by rehabilitating the force main. The rehabilitation design was based on a review of the currently available technologies and methods to identify those that appeared to be feasible. The four methods selected for further evaluation were cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) (for pressure), swagelining, tight liner (rolldown), and fold and form rehabilitation technologies. The final design documents included the use of two methods, CIPP and high density polyethylene (HDPE) liner, allowing the contractor to select the method and provide MMSD with the most cost-effective solution. The challenges that were addressed included minimizing the number of pits for construction of the liner because of location and constraints, the need to minimize impacts on the Underwood Creek Parkway and crossing a railroad and highway. This paper also discusses the challenges associated with implementing the design during construction and the coordination with many stakeholders, including the full reconstruction of a U.S. Highway 45 interchange by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), and the construction of overhead high voltage trans¬mission lines by the American Transmission Company (ATC).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2015 16:20:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1366266</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Urban Runoff from Combined Sewer and Storm Sewer Catchments in Beijing, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121757</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to investigate the characterization of runoff from combined sewer and storm sewer, two monitoring systems have been installed separately in separated and combined catchments, which have been held since July 2010 in urban area in Beijing (China). The results revealed that COD, TSS, TN, TP, and NH3-N concentration values exceed the Class V surface water quality standard developed by Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). A strong correlation is observed between COD and TSS concentrations, meanwhile, stronger correlation is observed between TSS and any other pollutant according to cumulative load of pollutants. First flush was seldom observed in storm sewer runoff and CSO due to the influence of sewer sediments, sewer system characteristics, catchment characteristics, etc. The Event Mean Concentration (EMC) approach was used to quantify the pollution of runoff and CSOs. The EMC of various pollutants in storm sewer runoff between rainfall events is comparable to the typical values observed in similar areas, according to other studies reported in literature. Based on quantitative analysis, urban nonpoint pollution resulting from surface runoff and CSO emissions is recognized as one of the major causes of quality deterioration in the receiving water bodies in Beijing. An integrated system, which combines runoff source control and sewer control, will be an effective and economic approach to urban runoff pollution control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 13:48:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121757</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dump, no dump : keeping your MSD operating efficiently works best for everyone</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1142877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jul 2012 12:31:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1142877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMO Environmental Regulations - ls There a Case for Change to the Standard Entry-into-Force Requirements?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1139664</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1973 Annex IV to MARPOL on the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships was adopted and, despite being ratified by 75% of the parties to MARPOL, has yet to enter into force some 28 years after its adoption. In 1997 Annex Vl to MARPOL on the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships was adopted and, after more than three years, has only been ratified by 3 of the required 15 States. In October 2001 a Diplomatic Conference is scheduled to be held in London to finalize, and it is hoped, adopt a Convention to protect the marine environment against the use of toxic antifouling systems on ship hulls; the draft text of the Convention is nearly complete but the question of entry-into-force conditions remains to be resolved. Likewise, another Convention on "Unwanted Aquatic Organisms in Ballast Water" is likely to go to a Diplomatic Conference in the biennium 2002/2003 and again, entry-into-force requirements have not yet been formalized but will undoubtedly form a major part of future discussions. The conundrum, therefore, is whether environmental legislation which directly or indirectly affects all countries, and not just those with a coastline, should be subject to the same standard entry-into-force requirements presently being applied to other maritime legislation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2012 10:55:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1139664</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced MARPOL IV Sewage and Graywater Pollution Prevention - Holland America Line Westours Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1139657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Presented in this paper is a synopsis of the status of MARPOL Annex authorizations, current federal and state sewage and graywater regulations, latest EPA/GAO action and the International Council of Cruise Lines mandatory waste management practices. The efforts of Holland America Line Westours to comply with pollution regulations and a review of their upgraded sewage and graywater treatment equipment, procedures and internal reporting in excess of the regulations are examined. Through this examination and understanding of the current regulations and capabilities available for both existing vessels and new designs, it is hoped educated decisions can be made about future regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2012 10:55:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1139657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Protection of the seas from pollution by vessel's sewage with reference to legal regulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1122836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with the rules and regulations pertaining to the protection of the marine environment from the pollution by vessel’s sewage. There is an international perspective on legal regulations dealing with this matter, but the sensitive marine environment has not been properly covered. Some maritime countries have set forth their own and more strict regulations to provide for a more efficient protection of their marine environments. Having compared the international legal regulations for the protection of the seas from pollution by vessel’s sewage with the regulations of individual countries that have stricter regulations, a certain similarity has been noticed in some criteria, but also significant differences in some other criteria concerning allowed discharge of treated or untreated waste waters from the vessels. Amendments to the valid legal regulations and establishment of new rules pertaining to the marine environment are of particular importance in order to provide for a more effective protection of the seas from the increasing pollution from vessel’s sewage preventing thus the negative influence onto marine organisms, human health and economy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 13:43:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1122836</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Dry Sludge Stabilization from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in Taiacupeba to Use as Compacted Soil in Earthwork Ditches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is part of a research study that has been carried since 2005 at Mackenzie University. This research takes part in the Research Group of CNPq denominated “Sistemas viários (Road Systems)” for re-use of the sludge from the water or sewage disposal treatment. The study involves procedure of dosage with addition of chemical stabilization products as the hydrated lime or the Portland cement and soil for potential use in workmanships of earthwork ditches. Moreover, this research intends to study the technician-economic-environmental viability of the improvement in the dry sludge generated by the water treatment plant of Taiaçupeba, searching for the stabilization of this material to use as compacted soil in earthwork ditches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 09:07:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geotechnical Properties of Solidified Sludge by Mixing Cement and Calcium-Bentonite</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/934254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[China generates up to 4 million ton dried sewage sludge every year. How to reasonably handle this huge amount of hazardous waste has become a concern. However, sewage sludge is hard to handle due to its poor geotechnical properties, such as high water content, low compressibility, and low resistance to environmental change. The use of solidification/stabilization (S/S) into sewage sludge can improve not only its geotechnical properties but also its environmental properties (e.g. stabilization of the pollutants in the sludge). Therefore, S/S can make the waste re-usable as a construction material or pre-treat it prior to landfill disposal. In this study, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and calcium-bentonite were used as the S/S for local sewage sludge from the Nanjing Wastewater Treatment Plant in China. Geotechnical properties of the solidified sludge were studied in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and durability after the wet and dry cycles. The test results show that in a short curing time, cement alone-S/S sludge had a low compressive strength but a significant improvement was observed when bentonite was added to replace some amount of cement. In a long curing period, cement played a major role in increasing the compressive strength as compared to bentonite. In addition, initial water content of sewage sludge influenced the UCS, which should be taken into account before S/S. The test results of the dry and wet cycles indicate that bentonite was beneficial to improve the durability of solidified sludge when the ratio of bentonite was less than that of cement. Considering both UCS (>100kPa) and dry/wet cycle (<30% relative mass loss) requirements, the ratios of sewage sludge, bentonite, and cement should be approximately 5:1:2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Sep 2010 09:12:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/934254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing Municipal Blockage Failure Datasets for Sewer Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/924476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research is to analyze historical records of random non-mechanistic failures in civil infrastructure systems. In this paper, the aurthors particularly focus on blockage failures in sewer systems that result from combination of external factors, such as variations in usage loads, construction quality and soil characteristics. The study uses historical blockage failure records maintained by municipalities. However, such datasets often tend to be incomplete and/or not representative of failure patterns. The authors discuss the application of statistical tests — specifically the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and Anderson-Darling (AD) goodness-of-fit test — to estimate (i) if the datasets are complete and representative enough, and (ii) estimate parameters of distributions that appropriately characterize failure event arrival pattern. A dataset consisting of sewer blockage failures for ten years from a small municipality in the State of Michigan was used. The methods discussed in this paper can be used to implement reliability models of other related infrastructure systems as well.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2010 07:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/924476</guid>
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