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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Recycling of scrap steel slag and waste rubber in asphalt mixtures: evaluation of road performance and environmental impact analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To recycle scrap steel slag and waste rubber in asphalt mixtures and improve road performance, this paper investigates the road performance of a coupling agent modified crumb rubber/SBS composite modified asphalt mixture with waste steel slag powder as filler, and explores the environmental impact of Cr⁶⁺ leaching from waste steel slag powder. The road performance of the asphalt mixture was assessed by radar plot method and the asphalt binder was tested for microscopic characterisation using atomic force microscopy. The results showed that compared with conventional asphalt mixtures (matrix asphalt and SBS modified asphalt), its high temperature rutting resistance was improved by 180% and 67.1%, tensile properties by 29% and 25.5%, and water damage resistance by 18.7% and 13.1% respectively. The low temperature performance meets the technical requirements for pavement use. The asphalt effectively inhibited Cr⁶⁺ leaching and the leaching concentration did not exceed the limit value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 09:16:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633388</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable EV Battery Recycling: A Technical Framework for EBRR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vehicle (EV) battery life cycle assessment (LCA) is emerging as a strategic necessity amid booming demand and tightening environmental regulations. This report consolidates key findings and recommendations for EBRR (Electric Battery Reuse & Recycling) to implement a comprehensive LCA program covering EV lithium-ion batteries from cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle perspectives. The study confirms that global Li-ion battery demand is skyrocketing – projected to increase 14-fold by 2030[1] – amplifying the urgency for sustainable battery management (see Figure 1). It outlines the full life cycle stages of EV batteries (raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life) and compares linear vs. circular approaches. Using the ISO 14040/44 framework[18, 19] and industry-standard LCA tools, the report evaluates environmental impacts and identifies hotspots. Key findings show that mining and manufacturing dominate the battery’s carbon footprint, but end-of-life strategies can reduce lifecycle emissions by 30–40% through hydrometallurgical recycling, renewable energy integration, and second-life battery reuse. The implementation plan details a phased approach: team setup and training, inventory data collection (3–6 months), impact assessment, interpretation, and integration into EBRR’s corporate strategy. Technical challenges – data uncertainty, regional energy variability, scaling new recycling tech, and regulatory compliance – are addressed with mitigation tactics like sensitivity analysis and scenario modeling. Finally, the roadmap recommends actionable steps: transitioning from pyrometallurgy to cleaner hydrometallurgy (cutting recycling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions nearly in half [3]), powering battery manufacturing with renewables (potentially halving production emissions[4]), designing for disassembly and second-life reuse (extending battery life and reducing need for new materials[5, 6]), and proactive policy engagement. Implementing this LCA-driven strategy will position EBRR as a frontrunner in responsible battery stewardship, achieving verified reductions in environmental impact (~30–40% GHG reduction) while meeting or exceeding emerging global regulations such as the EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542[53]and various Extended Producer Responsibility laws. This not only mitigates environmental and social risks but also enhances long-term profitability and resilience for EBRR in the fast-evolving EV industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 10:28:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669793</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Decarbonizing Aviation: Cash-for-Clunkers in the Airline Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348356</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The durability of the transportation capital stock slows down the pace of decarbonization since newer vintages feature cutting-edge technology. If older vintages were to be retired sooner, the social cost of travel would decline. This paper analyzes and explores the viability of a potential cash-for-clunkers program for the airline industry, which would help to hasten decarbonization of US aviation. The estimation and calculations show that airlines can be induced to scrap rather than sell older planes upon retirement with a payment that is less than the forgone carbon damage, yielding net social benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 08:59:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348356</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Experimental Approach Towards Sustainable Solution for Material Recycling of ELV Plastic Bumpers and EV Batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334814</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A general automotive car is majorly composed of high strength steel (6%), other steel (50%), Iron (15%), Plastics (7%), Aluminum (4%) and others (Rubber, Glass, Textile) about 18%. End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are a significant source of waste and pollution in the automotive industry.Recycling ELVs, particularly their plastic components, Li-ion batteries, catalytic converters, and critical technology components such as alternators, semi-conductor chips, and high tensile strength steel can reduce their environmental impact and conserve valuable raw materials. The paper conducts a SWOT analysis and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the long-term viability and potential of ELV recycling, environmental impact, and carbon footprint.This paper examines the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and proposes a sustainable recycling solution for waste bumpers that includes paint removal, modification, reprocessing & recovery of precious metals from xEV Li-ion batteries.Based on pilot line experiment sustainable recycling solution was established and validated through lab testing to compare the changes in physical properties.The paper also discusses the progress and challenges of achieving Carbon neutrality and circular economy objectives in the automotive industry and provides insights on sustainable material developments like e.g., long cellulose fiber reinforced thermoplastic for bumpers, reusability of raw materials in automobile parts manufacturing without compromising on quality requirements & provides data for rational decision-making and policy-making for ELV recycling in India.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2024 11:27:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334814</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Matching end-of-life household vehicle generation and recycling capacity in Chinese cities: A spatio-temporal analysis for 2022–2050</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2211270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) present both opportunities and challenges for the environment and the economy, where effective recycling management plays a decisive role. Recently, the primary focus of recycling management has shifted from simply meeting demand to refining and optimizing processes at the city-scale. However, the mismatch in recycling capacity has become a significant obstacle to maximizing environmental and economic benefits. To reveal this issue and propose improvements in the context of China, this study simulates end-of-life internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and new energy vehicles (NEVs) at the city-scale from 2021 to 2050, and analyzes their spatio-temporal pattern and recycling capacity matching. The results indicate that the number of ELVs in China will continue to increase, peaking between 3.5 and 3.7 million. This growth will be mainly driven by third- to fifth-tier cities, as well as central and southwestern cities. Regarding recycling capacity matching, most cities possess excess dismantling capacity, while first-tier cities face coordination problems in battery collection. Spatial coordination across cities or provinces is a viable approach for dismantling enterprises and should be prioritized over indiscriminate deregistration or establishing new facilities. The absence of initiative within the recycling system results in uncoordinated battery collection. Implementing a recycling-sharing mechanism and establishing a reuse market can effectively tackle this problem by leveraging market incentives. These analyses provide practical suggestions to maximize the environmental and economic benefits of resource recycling, thereby contributing to the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 15:24:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2211270</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is vehicle scrapping affected by low-emission zones? The case of Madrid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146978</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides an initial empirical evaluation of the possible impact a low-emission zone (LEZ) has on vehicle scrappage rates. The analysis is based on a quasi-experimental design, which is applied to the Spanish case known as Madrid Central. The authors' results, which are quite robust to reasonable changes in the geographic areas used as controls, reveal an excess of scrapping decisions by vehicle owners in the city of Madrid following the implementation of this urban policy. This excess scrapping is transitory and particularly notable for old vehicles subject to major traffic restrictions. The results suggest that establishing a LEZ in a relatively small area can generate some social gains, in terms of transport safety and removal of the vehicles that pollute the most, which may outweigh the simple benefit of improving air quality in the area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 May 2023 13:17:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146978</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Treatment Centre of End-of-Life Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1792591</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Problems generated by waste coming from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), the increase of the total number of cars and indiscriminate abandonment of vehicles has given rise to publishing of European Union Directive 2000/53/EC on ELV, in which measures intended for prevention and recovery of waste coming from ELVs are established. A methodology relating to depollution and disassembly of ELVs is presented in this article, aspects that shall allow to describing the main guidelines that define the future authorized centers for processing of ELV. The processes for depollution, disassembly, re-use, recycling and recovery for elements and components have been analyzed so that experience has been attained both for present treatment of ELVs according to the European Directive and what refers to the future recycling capacity of car vehicles coming into service at the present time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 May 2023 13:28:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1792591</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Properties of Small Boat Construction from HDPE Blue Drum Scrap</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the mechanical properties of alternative wood substitute materials in the construction of small boats (jukung/cadik type). Jukung/cadik boat as a small fishing boat with a length overall 6,400 m, design beam 1,530 m, design draft 0.380 m, displacement 2,442 tons, wetted surface area 15.58 m2, the pressure acting on the submerged hull needed minimum material used has a strength of 0.0039 MPa or 3.92 kN/m2. The replacement material used is the HDPE blue drum scrap, which has an average thickness of 3mm, then made into two layers as laminate. The laminate process uses welding. The results of HDPE laminate material from these two layers are tested for tensile and compressive strength to meet the material strength requirements for small ship hulls. They were testing the strength of HDPE welded joints with type A1 specimens. Tension and compression of the two-layer laminate material was tested with specimens of type A2, A3, and A4. The tensile test results for A1 specimens obtained for welding tests are pretty good at 17.1 MPa, then the results of compression tests for specimen type A2, A3, and A4 on average are 23.36 MPa, which is greater than the need for the strength of the jukung/cadik hull.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:29:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on the structural performance of full-scale tyre wall for residential housing applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[End-of-life (EOL) tyres infilled with compacted soil can form segmental tyre-encased-soil elements (TESEs) with considerable load-bearing capacity. The TESEs can be laid course by course in a staggered manner similar to masonry walls to build a load-bearing structure, namely tyre walls. Tyre walls, commonly used in Earthship housing constructions, proved to offer numerous environmental and economic benefits as EOL tyres are effectively upcycled and soil is a widely available and environmentally friendly construction material. However, these walls have been designed based on experience, and there are no certified design guidelines or code provisions available for such systems. Insufficient understanding of the structural performance of tyre walls restrict further applications. This study investigated the structural performance of a tyre wall by conducting experimental tests on a large-scale model. Both axial and horizontal loads were applied. The wall was loaded axially to simulate the roof load before it was subjected to incrementally increasing cyclic out-of-plane load applied at the wall’s mid-height. The wall’s hysteresis load–displacement response and other key behavioural parameters were studied. The influence of vertical compressive load on the wall’s out-of-plane capacity was also investigated. Results revealed that the tyre wall has a linear elastic vertical compressive load–displacement response, and an inelastic out-of-plane load–displacement performance. The out-of-plane failure of the tyre wall was characterized by a joint rotation opening mechanism at the wall’s mid-height. “Fat” force–displacement hysteresis curve indicated the tyre wall could perform well in the case of seismic events. The increment of the vertical compressive load had small impact on the tyre wall’s out-of-plane performance. Analytical approaches based on the stability of the wall were proposed for calculating the out-of-plane resistance and the results agreed reasonably well with the observed experimental results. This research concluded that tyre walls can be used as structural members for residential housing constructions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:27:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993166</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Slim Based Approach for Human Error Probability of Steel Scrap Cargo Operations as a Critical Process in the Maritime Sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1991448</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation of steel scrap cargoes in global trade has been increasing over the years. According to the researches, the demand of steel scrap materials will be more than double in the late 21st century whereby forecasting of steel scrap production and so steel scrap cargo operations will also evenly rise in ports. Increasing steel scrap cargo operations will bring along several undesirable accidents and injuries. Investigations show that the most paramount reason for these incidents or accidents related with steel scrap cargo operations in maritime sector is human error. In this sense, it is aimed to identify human error probabilities (HEPs) for steel scrap cargo operation that is performed frequently in maritime sector, especially in bulk carrier vessels. In this study, Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM), which is one of the methods for Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), is used to determine HEPs in steel scrap cargo operations due to the limited data availability on this topic. Accordingly, the most common error modes that are determined via detailed literature review are ranked in accordance with HEP values. It is put forward which and how much error mode is affected from Performance Shaping Factor (PSF) such as education, supervision, environmental condition, equipment and tool condition, and experience mostly. According to the analysis results, “the falling piece of steel scrap on the deck during steel scrap loading or unloading operation” has the most probability occurrence. Consequently, it is understood that training and experience factors are critically important for preventing errors in steel scrap cargo operation in overall view. On the other hand, environmental condition, supervision, and equipment and tool condition factors include the prominent level of significance to bring down the probability of accruing of some specific errors. Accordingly, the proposed approach not only make a theory-based contribution to the maritime literature, but also to active contribution to the sector involving P&I Clubs, shipping companies, and classification societies toward focusing point for minimizing the accidents about steel scrap cargo operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 11:42:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1991448</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Life Cycle Assessment of a Passenger Vehicle to Analyze the Environmental Impacts Using Cradle to Grave Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1836404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate change is primary driver in the current discussions on CO2 reduction in the automotive industry. Current Type approval emissions tests (BS III, BS IV) covers only tailpipe emissions, however the emissions produced in upstream and downstream processes (e.g. raw material sourcing, manufacturing, transportation, vehicle usage, recycle phases) are not considered in the evaluation. The objective of this project is to assess the environmental impact of the product considering all stages of the life cycle, understand the real opportunities to reduce environmental impact across the product life cycle. As a part of environmental sustainability journey in business value chain, lifecycle assessment (LCA) technique helps to understand the environmental impact categories. To measure overall impact, a cradle to grave approach helps to assess entire life cycle impact throughout various stages. LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, disposal or recycling. A study was conducted on a passenger vehicle for life cycle assessment as per ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. Data has been collected from various sources for this study. This technique evaluates impact of all the stages in manufacturing a vehicle till vehicle reached its end of life. This analysis helps conduct environmental cost benefit analysis and comparison between various choices for existing materials processes, product. This study gave a comparative analysis of various material choices and processes available to make same components and assemblies by analyzing material composition for complete vehicle. Study for complete life cycle with service life use of 300,000 km, maximum impacts like global warming potential, human toxicity, eutrophication and acidification potential occurred during the use phase followed by manufacturing phase and end of life phase. Data for actual environment impact for processes and material for product under study need to be considered from global data base where actual data is not available. This study helped to assess extent of various environmental impact like GWP, water consumption, acidification potential, ozone depleting potential etc., with only soft data collected from various internal stakeholders without making actual parts or vehicles. LCA helps in design improvements, right material selection, high impact processed to be focused upon. Thus, life cycle assessment can be used as an effective tool to provide sound knowledge on environmental impacts of product and help in environmentally sound decision making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:38:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1836404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of World's 1st Mechanical Inline Pump Engine Meeting BSIII Emission Norms with Technology of Exhaust and AT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry is one of the industries that have visibility suffered a strong demand for higher environmental performance. This industry have enjoyed years as the main source of employment and economic growth, today it is being pointed out as one of the major contributors to air pollution in urban centers. Indeed the benefits of automobile provide the means of gaining access to life's necessities and employment and a source of pleasure. However, despite these benefits there are environmental burdens as well: local air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, road congestion, noise, mortality and morbidity from accidents and less open space to roads. Thus companies in the sector have been trying different strategies to overcome these challenges         Evaluation of Emission development for commercial vehicles had always been great challenge to continuously migrate from one level of emission norm to other maintaining the business continuity. With every migration its necessary to cross the technological barriers one such challenge had been during the migration from BSII to BSIII the option available had been to go for CRS engines with an incremental cost of approximately one lakh rupee per engine compared to conventional IL engines this would have eventually impacted the customer base for reasons of high cost and high maintenance. The goal has been set to achieve this migration without CRS technology by optimization of combustion and developing advance Catcon technology to achieve BSIII levels. This paper illustrates the development of an integrated muffler achieving emission targets and also gives the advantage of space and cost. Some of India specific challenges are customer awareness, cost of the vehicle, urbanization, need for a synchronized transportation system and vehicle retirement. The research and work has led to developing world's first mechanical inline pump engine with customized exhaust and after treatment meeting BSIII emission norms with significant cost advantage compared to CRS engine]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:37:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Life Cycle Analysis to End of Life Vehicles Recycling Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to determine environmental aspects of an end-of-vehicle recycling process through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Functional unit of the study was an end-of-vehicle with a weight of 1432 kg. System boundaries included transportation of the scrap car to disassembly and shredding facility, disassembly and shredding processes and transportation of the materials to recycling facilities. Data regarding process was gathered from a shredding facility, literature and the libraries of the SimaPro 7.3.2. Gathered data was evaluated through CML 2 baseline 2000 methodology by the means of abiotic depletion, acidification, global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity and photochemical oxidation. According to results, transportation and diesel consumption are the important factors for ELV recycling. It is thought that decreasing of diesel consumption and selection of closest sites to material recycling facilities for disassembly and shredding facilities will decrease the environmental effects of ELV recycling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:36:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828429</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Innovation of Material Recycles: World's First Implementation to Use ELV Bumper Materials for New Car Bumpers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to define requirements for technological and business success in the world's first implementation of Reverse-Supply-Chain, in which bumper materials of end-of-life vehicles (ELV) are recycled for use as ingredients in new bumper materials.         In Japan, ELVs are recovered following to the government regulation. About 20% (700,000 ton) of such collected ELVs are automotive shredder residues (ASR), most of which are burnt as fuel or used as landfill trash. ASRs are mainly plastics, which are largely used as materials of bumpers.         The reverse-supply-chain was started as a small business by a collaboration between the car manufacture (Mazda), dismantler, and resource-recycling business operator, and enhanced by the development of easy-to-recycle bumpers, technologies of paint removal from crushed bumpers and sorting-out, a material quality control method, and improvement in transportation efficiency.         In this paper, requirements for the establishment of the reverse-supply-chain are defined, which enable continuous horizontal-recycle of discarded bumpers of low utility value, further promoting recycling activities of disused plastics, contributing to the reduction in the use of underground resources and green-house gas emissions.         Future tasks include the establishments of a classification standard for material and thermal recycle of the ASR plastics, and data base/reconstruction technology applicable to discarded vehicles of any makes, and the reverse-supply-chain on a national level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:35:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Treatment of End of Life Vehicles in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1827069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Style changes and technological advances have led to reduced service life of current products as automobiles. These are among the goods that are constantly re-designed to meet our growing needs for improved products.         However, these demands for new products and more modern has meant a great cost to our natural resources, such as excessive use of raw materials, water and energy during production, use and end of life cycle of these assets.         The increasing scarcity of land available for the proper disposal of waste in landfills, in addition to the high cost of implementing these areas and the increasing distances to urban centers imply the need to reduce solid waste generation, including here the automotive. The growth of the automotive market has created a serious problem due to the disposal of urban waste volumes generated, the great diversity of materials involved and their toxicity.         The objective of this study is to analyze the various constituent materials of the vehicle and its impact on the environment (APPENDIX 1). We will deal with some aspects of the project, construction, use and final disposal of automotive vehicles. We will understand how the decisions within the project to meet the performance requirements and vehicle safety may have an impact on the recyclability of motor vehicles.         We are also going to discuss implications of the taxes and how they can encourage or obstruct sustainable practices. We will look at how the legislation must be improved to develop the automotive recycling industry. In the end, we will examine the current conditions present in the country for treatment of vehicles at the end of the cycle of life and identify the challenges, barriers and opportunities for the treatment of End of Life Vehicles (ELV) in Brazil.         We will discuss the current disposal ELV in Brazil and how this impacts on the environment and natural resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:35:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1827069</guid>
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