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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Study on the Sulfate Resistance and Drying Shrinkage of Mortars Containing Scoria as a Cement Replacement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369222</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Use of blended cements is growing rapidly in the construction industry due to economical, ecological and technical benefits. Syria is relatively rich in volcanic scoria. In the study, three types of cement were prepared; one plain Portland cement CEM I (control) and two blended cements: CEM II/A-P and CEM II/B-P (EN 197-1), each of them with three replacement levels of scoria: (10%, 15%, 20%) and (25%, 30%, 35%), respectively. Evaluation of sulfate resistance of mortars containing scoria-based cements was performed in accordance with ASTM C1012. Length measurements were performed up to 52 weeks after immersing the specimens into 5% Na2SO4 solution. Drying shrinkage has been evaluated using mortar bar method in accordance with ASTM C596. Lengths of mortar bars subjected to drying shrinkage were measured periodically up to 360 days. SRPC cement was employed for comparison in both tests. Test results revealed that the increase of scoria significantly improves the sulfate resistance of mortars. The expansion of scoria-based mortar bars decreased with the increase of scoria replacement level. Further, according to the expansion test results, CEM II/B-P can be used instead of SRPC in sulfate-bearing environments. The results of drying shrinkage showed that the CEM II/B-P-based mortar bars exhibited greater contraction when compared to the control mortar, especially at early ages. However, the long-term drying shrinkage of mortars was not influenced much by the addition of volcanic scoria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2015 09:09:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369222</guid>
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      <title>Evaluation of Powdered Scoria Rocks from Various Volcanic Lava Fields as Cementitious Material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the large deposits of volcanic scoria rocks (SRs) of the Arabian Peninsula were investigated as cement replacement materials. The powdered SRs procured from three separate regions (SR1, SR2, and SR3) were incorporated in concrete mixtures at three replacement levels (10%, 20% ,and 30%, by cement weight). Additionally, two reference concrete mixtures with silica fume (SF) and ground quartz sand (GS) were fabricated for benchmarking. Fresh properties, compressive strength, chloride-ion penetration resistance, and pore-size distribution from mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were obtained. Microstructural and elemental spot analyses using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses of samples from concrete mixtures were performed. The results showed that powdered SR samples exhibit clear variations in morphology and mineralogical compositions depending on the volcanic lava field. The strength activity index (SAI) of SR3 was higher than SR1 and SR2 indicating higher pozzolanic reactivity. The compressive strength of concrete mixtures incorporating SRs is affected by both SR source and its replacement level. SR mixtures yielded improved chloride-ion penetration resistance compared with GS and control mixtures but much lower than SF. The microstructural analyses revealed that SR3 particles have higher pozzolanic reactivity than SR1 and SR2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2015 16:20:18 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>HIGH-STRENGTH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MADE WITH SCORIA AGGREGATE CONTAINING MINERAL ADMIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lightweight concrete can greatly reduce the mass or dead weight of a structure.  This paper presents some results from ongoing laboratory work to design a structural lightweight high strength concrete (SLWHSC) made with and without mineral admixtures. Basaltic-pumice (scoria) was used as lightweight aggregate in the mixtures.  A control lightweight concrete mixture made with lightweight basaltic-pumice (scoria) containing normal Portland cement as the binder was prepared.  The control lightweight concrete mixture was modified by replacing 20% of the cement with fly ash.  The control lightweight concrete mixture was also modified by replacing 10% of the cement with silica fume.  A ternary lightweight concrete mixture was prepared, modifying the control lightweight concrete by replacing 20% of cement with fly ash and 10% of cement with silica fume. Two normal weight concrete (NWC) were prepared for comparison.  Cylinder specimens with 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height and prismatic specimens with dimension 100x100x500 mm were cast from the fresh mixtures to measure compressive and flexural tensile strength. The concrete samples were cured at 65% relative humidity with 20 deg C temperature. The density and slump workability of fresh concrete mixtures were also measured.  These results indicate that scoria can be used in the production of structural lightweight concrete (SLWC).  The use of mineral additives seems to be essential for production of SLWHSC.  Findings also indicate that the ternary mixture offers satisfactory strength development while being environmentally-friendly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744803</guid>
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      <title>SCORIA STABILIZATION STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/33812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The literature review revealed that North Dakota scoria was included in an extensive soil stabilization study by Manz. The data is summarized in a table which indicates that safisfactory stabilization results from the following additions: 4,6 or 8 percent cement; 4 percent high calcium hydrated lime and 8 percent lignite fly ash; and 3 percent calcium hydrated lime and 4 percent cement.  The results of studies led to the development of gradation recommendations. A table is presented of test results which indicates that cement is the only material which satisfies all the tests (unconfined compressive strength requirements & durability requirements).  It also shows that lime is better than SS-1 for combining with scoria.  The minimum additive ranges to satisfy strength, durability or both for the scoria are as follows: lime, 6-9 percent; cement, 4 percent and SS-1, 8 percent.  Work is outlined which considers the use of amines to reduce the optimum water content of scoria, as well as the use of lime and cement to stabilize scoria.  The results are summarized of tests of California Bearing Ratio with scoria with two different amines as well as cement lime and phosporous pentoxide.  An extensive investigation of Bituminous stabilization of Wyoming Heat-Altered Shale is outlined, as well as a report of the use of Pierre Shale as aggregate (after firing to 2000 degrees F) to make concrete. Abstracts and bibliographic data are presented relating to the use of scoria in soil cement.  The literature review leads to the conclusion that the use of cement alone with scoria has promise: the use of emulsion and asphalt cement should be investigated; firing of scoria in a rotary kiln to reduce the absorption should be tried.  Preliminary tests reveal that a combination of lime, fly ash, scoria and soil holds promise for a 1-mile test road; Poz-O-Pac or soil cement will be most promising for oil-well haul roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EXPANDED LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/108415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ADEQUACY, LOCATION AND PROPERTIES OF RAW MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE MANUFACTURE IN NEW ZEALAND ARE REVIEWED. THE ECONOMIES OF TRANSPORT AND THE EFFECTS OF COMPETITION WITH PUMICE AND SCORIA ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED. RESULTS OF TESTS ON LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MADE WITH THREE EXPANDED ARGILLITES INDICATE THAT THESE MATERIALS ARE SUITABLE FOR PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. /RRL(A)/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 May 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/108415</guid>
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      <title>CEMENT-STABILIZED BASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119620</link>
      <description><![CDATA[USE OF CEMENT STABILIZED SCORIA AS A BASE ON TWO PROJECTS IN WYOMING IS DESCRIBED. SCORIA IS A BURNED CLAY FORMED BY BURNING VAST COAL BEDS ONCE UNDERLYING THIS REGION. SCORIA IS GENERALLY RED IN COLOR, HAS AVERAGE ASORPTION OF 13% AND A LIQUID LIMIT OF THE MINUS 40 MESH CRUSHER FINES OF 32. SCORIA IS NONPLASTIC. SURFACE CRACKING BEGAN TO APPEAR IN THE CEMENT-STABILIZED SCORIA BASE ABOUT THREE WEEKS AFTER PLACING. NOTHING MORE SERIOUS HAS DEVELOPED AND THE SURFACE HAS SMOOTH RIDING QUALITIES. COST DATA ARE GIVEN.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119620</guid>
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      <title>WYOMING'S FIRST USE OF SOIL-CEMENT FOR HIGHWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A HUGH DUMP OF SCORIA REJECTS (MINUS NO. 4 WASTE FROM BURLINGTON R.R. CRUSHED BALLAST OPERATION) WAS AVAILABLE SIX MILES EAST OF GILLETTE. IT WAS SELECTED AS MATERIAL FOR SOIL-CEMENT, AND VARIOUS TESTS (MOISTURE-DENSITY, COMPRESSION, AND FREEZE-THAW) WERE RUN BY THE WYOMING HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS, THE COLORADO HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, AND THE PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION AT CHICAGO. THE FINAL DESIGN CALLED FOR A 6-IN. THICKNESS OF BASE STABILIZATION WITH 7.0% OF CEMENT BY VOLUME, OR 93 LB. OF SCORIA (BURNED CLAY) AND 6.58 LB OF CEMENT PER CU. FOOT. THE SURFACE COURSE MATERIALS WERE SHIPPED IN BY RAIL 120 MILES FROM SHERIDAN, WYOMING.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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