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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Monte Carlo simulation-based approach to optimal bus stops allocation in the municipality of Lasko</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper addresses the problem of optimal bus stop allocation. The aim is to achieve reduction of costs on account of appropriate re-design of the process of obligatory transportation of children from their homes to the corresponding schools in the Laško municipality. The proposed algorithm relies on optimization based on the Monte Carlo simulation procedure. The number of calculated bus stops is required to be minimal possible, which can still assure maximal service area within the prescribed radius, while keeping the minimal walking distances pupils have to go across from their homes to the nearest bus stop and vice versa. The main issues of the proposed algorithm are emphasised and the working mechanism is explained. The presentation of calculated results is given and comparison with some other existing algorithms is provided. The positions of the calculated bus stops are going to be used for the purpose of physical bus stops implementation in order to decrease the current transportation costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Sep 2011 08:16:33 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Computer Assisted School Bus Routing Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/841871</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how administrators in school systems that operate their own school bus fleets, particularly those with relatively large fleets, are continually increasing their interest in the ability of modern electronic computational techniques to assist in their management and operational tasks. Not the least of these tasks is that of school bus scheduling and routing. This paper presents the results of a multi-year series of projects in the state of North Carolina in order to develop a computer program for school bus routing called the Routing Assistance Model (RAM). The paper explores the conceptual basis of the program and some of the operational aspects of implementing this program in several local educational areas (LEAs) in North Carolina.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2007 11:29:12 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>The Implications of Schooling Systems and School Transport Best Practice for Home-to-School Transport Costs: An Evidence-Based Study of U.K. and U.S. Experience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/802671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Perhaps surprisingly, given geographical conditions and demographic patterns in the USA, average transport to school unit costs per pupil in the United States compare favorably with those in the United Kingdom and in particular Northern Ireland. Moreover eligibility rates for pupils receiving home to school transport assistance are typically higher than in the UK. It is hypothesized that, by comparing school transport eligibility rates in Scotland and the Republic of Ireland with Northern Ireland, it should be possible to determine whether the high rates of eligibility and transport costs found in Northern Ireland were due to the rural nature of the area as often claimed or are due to the segregated and selective nature of schooling there.  A statistical analysis undertaken in this paper indicates that selective and segregated schooling in Northern Ireland increases significantly the numbers of pupils eligible for free school transport.  School transport in Northern Ireland costs over £57 million per year. It was estimated that if Northern Ireland had similar levels of eligibility to Scotland and the Republic of Ireland, savings of up to £16 million could be made.   Although this review is primarily focused upon school transport in the UK and in particular Northern Ireland, comparisons with the USA have been undertaken with a view to informing a wider audience of the implications of different arrangements for the funding and supply of school transport. The paper offers some observations on the factors, which might explain the relative efficiency of the US school transport system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2007 12:47:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/802671</guid>
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      <title>Operational and Safety Guidelines around Schools in Texas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The State of Texas has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles. These realities, and other issues, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment. Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations. This paper summarizes the results of a two-year study to develop school site planning guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off/pick-up zone, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian/bicycle access. The research team based these guidelines on a comprehensive review of existing guidelines and the results of field studies at over thirty schools in Texas. Examples of good practices and of practices to avoid are provided to illustrate the guidelines. The guidelines are focused on transportation design, operations and safety within school sites – with a particular focus on parent drop-off/pick-up zones. The final portion of the paper contains a site plan review checklist based on the 21 consensus guidelines. Engineers, field crews, architects, and school district personnel can use this checklist to coordinate efforts and improve the safety and efficiency of school site access and traffic flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2006 15:12:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782498</guid>
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      <title>OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AROUND SCHOOLS: OVERVIEW OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/698313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The state of Texas, particularly the large urban areas, has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways originally designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles.  These realities, and many of the other issues associated with traffic around schools, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment.  Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations.  The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently focusing attention on these issues through its Precious Cargo Program.  Precious Cargo allows TxDOT staff to review school site plans and make recommendations before they are built.  Since the program's inception, more than 180 schools in 70 various school districts statewide have seen traffic safety improvements around their schools or future school sites.  This report provides an overview of the project activities and findings.  In the first year, researchers performed a state-of-the-practice literature review; conducted interviews and surveys with architects, school district personnel, and consulting engineers with considerable experience in school site planning and design; conducted surveys of site review practices of TxDOT and municipal engineers; examined findings and observations from case studies of 14 school campuses; and reviewed existing guidelines.  In the second year, the research team conducted field studies at 20 school sites concentrating on operations and conflicts in parent pick-up and drop-off areas.  Based on the findings, researchers developed school site planning and design guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off/pick-up zones, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle access.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/698313</guid>
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      <title>TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AT SCHOOLS: RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The state of Texas, particularly the large urban areas, has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways originally designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles.  These realities, and many of the other issues associated with traffic around schools, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment.  Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations.  The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently focusing attention on these issues through its Precious Cargo Program.  Precious Cargo allows TxDOT staff to review school site plans and make recommendations before the schools are built.  Since the program's inception, more than 180 schools in 70 various school districts statewide have seen traffic safety improvements around their schools or future school sites.  This report contains the recommended school site planning guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off/pick-up zone, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle access.  The research team based these guidelines on a comprehensive review of existing guidelines and the results of field studies at school sites in Texas.  The report provides examples of good practices and also examples of practices to avoid for many of the more prominent guidelines.  The guidelines are focused on transportation design, operations and safety within school sites--with a particular focus on the parent and bus drop-off/pick-up zones.  The final chapter of the report contains a site plan review checklist that TxDOT engineers, field crews, architects, and school district personnel can use to coordinate efforts and make sure that school access is safe and efficient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696534</guid>
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