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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>On the Legal Deterrence of Pedestrian Hit-and-Run Collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hit-and-run collisions—those in which a driver involved in the collision leaves the scene before the arrival of law enforcement officials—are a unique type of traffic violation because the driver's decision is a question of damage control rather than damage prevention. To reduce hit-and-run violations, individual state laws impose legal sanctions to deter drivers from leaving the collision scene prematurely. Deterrence Theory dictates that compliance with laws is associated with the certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment. The purpose of this study is to explore the deterrent effect of legal sanctions on the rate of hit-and-run collisions. Legal sanctions for hit-and-run violations across the United States were compared with the prevalence of pedestrian hit-and-run collisions in those states. Specifically, the severity of punishment, the certainty of punishment, and the excess legal sanctions of hit-and-run were compared with the rates of hit-and-run. The results of these analyses suggest that legal sanctions do not have a significant deterrent effect on hit-and-run collisions. Uncertainty regarding the likelihood of being caught or the severity of punishment may impair the effects of legal sanctions to reduce hit-and-run incidents. However, the data indicate that social sanctions may deter drivers from hit-and-run violations. Further study is necessary to determine which deterrence mechanism would be the most effective for reducing hit-and-run violations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2026 19:11:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635322</guid>
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      <title>Market reactions to ESG sanctions in the European airline industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) concerns have gained centrality in the airline industry's strategic and regulatory landscape. While prior research has explored the effect of voluntary ESG disclosures on firm valuation, the market impact of regulatory ESG sanctions remains underexamined—particularly in sectors with high regulatory scrutiny like aviation. This study investigates stock market responses to 45 ESG-related enforcement actions issued by EU and UK regulators against 15 publicly listed airlines between 2000 and 2024. Using a standard event study methodology, we find significant negative abnormal returns, with cumulative losses exceeding -3.5 % in the [-5, +5] event window. Governance-related sanctions trigger the most severe investor responses, while social sanctions, though more frequent, have a more moderate impact. A clear temporal decay effect is also observed: the longer the delay between misconduct and public disclosure of the sanction, the smaller the market reaction—indicating information leakage and gradual price adjustment. This study adds new evidence on how ESG sanctions affect airline valuations, showing that compliance and transparency matter financially in a heavily regulated industry, like aviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 11:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601327</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The (Un)Intended Consequences of Oil Sanctions Through the Dark Shipping of Sanctioned Oil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examine the rise of dark shipping—oil tankers disabling Automatic Identification System (AIS) transceivers to evade detection— amid Western sanctions on Iran, Syria, North Korea, Venezuela, and Russia. Using a machine learning-based ship clustering model, the authors track dark-shipped crude oil trade flows worldwide and detect unauthorized ship-to-ship transfers. From 2017 to 2023, dark ships transported an estimated 7.8 million metric tons of crude oil monthly—43% of global seaborne crude exports—with China absorbing 15%. These sanctioned flows offset recorded declines in global oil exports but create distinct economic shifts. The U.S., a net oil exporter, faces lower oil prices but benefits from cheaper Chinese imports, driving deflationary growth. The EU, a net importer, contends with rising energy costs yet gains from Chinese demand, fueling inflationary expansion. China, leveraging discounted oil, boosts industrial output, propagating global economic shocks. The findings expose dark shipping's central role in reshaping oil markets and macroeconomic dynamics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 09:11:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511168</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Global Oil Tanker Market: An Overview as It Relates to Sanctions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sanctions on oil transport from Russia, Iran, and Venezuela that are enforced by the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) have drawn attention to the global oil tanker market and how it functions. The terms shadow, ghost, and dark fleet have been used to characterize the challenges in identifying and tracking tankers carrying oil from those countries. Many in Congress have expressed interest in how the sanctions are working and how to possibly restrict the flow of oil revenues further from those countries. An overview of the institutions and features of the oil tanker market may be helpful to understand both obstacles and opportunities for enforcing sanctions. This document includes information on (1) the global tanker fleet including tanker sizes, secondhand sales, tanker owners and operators, and flag registration; (2) international standards for the safety and security of ships and the role of ship insurers and banks; (3) tanker trading routes including vessel tracking; and (4) policy considerations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 09:09:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An exploratory study of parent acceptance of sanctions for driving offenses committed by their children</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2355403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveGraduated driver licensing (GDL) systems are effective at reducing young driver crashes but rely on active parental involvement. However, some parents may accept sanctions (e.g., demerit points, monetary fines) for traffic offenses committed by their children, leading to experiences of punishment avoidance by young drivers. This aim of this exploratory study was to investigate several demographic and psychosocial influences that could possibly be associated with parent acceptance of sanctions.MethodAn online survey was completed by parents of young drivers (N?=?149, M?=?48.88?years, SD = 4.76?years; female = 86%) from 3 Australian states. The survey included measures of sociodemographic characteristics and driving history (e.g., crash involvement), socioeconomic status, parenting style, knowledge of their child’s driving behavior, perceptions of their ability to manage their child’s driving, attitudes toward GDL, and previous or potential acceptance of demerit points or payment of fines for road offenses committed by their child.ResultsTwenty-nine percent of parents had accepted or would accept a sanction on behalf of their child. Number of children overall, number of children licensed, and household income were associated with parent acceptance of a sanction. Parenting style, attitude toward GDL restrictions, parent confidence in their knowledge of GDL restrictions and ability to manage their child’s driving, and belief that their child would follow rules were not associated with (non)acceptance of a sanction.ConclusionsThese exploratory findings suggest that family size and income may be important influences on parent acceptance of sanctions on behalf of their offending children. The findings related to the psychosocial variables are discussed considering other research and the limitations of the study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2024 17:08:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2355403</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Compliance and Accountability: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Argentina</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Does compliance with low-cost civic duties increase demand for social accountability? The authors address this question by conducting a field experiment at train stations in Buenos Aires. They create exogenous variation in compliance with paying the public transportation fare by i) highlighting sanctions for non-compliance and ii) appealing to compliance norms whereby 90 percent of passengers pay the fare. The authors find that both sanctions and norms treatments raise compliance. However, only appeals to compliance norms make treated passengers more willing to sign a petition demanding quality public transportation service—the authors' measure of demand for social accountability. To probe the mechanisms explaining these patterns, they show that compliance invoked by adherence to norms makes subjects feel more entitled to demand accountability and trust the government to respect this right to a greater extent. These findings suggest that raising compliance through appeals to social norms may thus have wider benefits for civic behaviors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Aug 2023 09:32:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213775</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact Assessment Support Study for the Revision of Directive (EU) 2015/413 Facilitating Cross-Border Exchange of Information on Road-Safety-Related Traffic Offences</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2204156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Impact assessment support study for the revision of Directive (EU) 2015/413 analyses the problems identified in detection of specific road-safety-related traffic offences (‘detection phase’), cross-border investigation (‘investigation phase’) of these offences and cross-border enforcement of imposed sanctions (‘enforcement phase’). Three policy options, including relevant sub-options, are proposed to address the objectives of the revision. The preferred option consists of measures to improve the control of compliance with road-safety-related traffic rules in place and establishes streamlined mutual assistance and recognition procedures between Member States (‘Lex Specialis’) to improve cooperation in the cross-border investigation phase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jul 2023 16:38:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2204156</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Problems of the Carrier's Liability for Violation of the Terms of Cargo Delivery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Territorial changes in the modern world cause an ambiguous reaction of participants in international relations. The entry of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation entailed the application of restrictive measures against Russia, the Russian economy was under severe pressure. In modern realities, the correct legal regulation of market segments, one of which is the transport system, is of great importance. The article discusses the proposal of the deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on the release of the open joint-stock company "Russian Railways" (hereinafter referred to as RZD) from paying penalties for late delivery of goods. Through the analysis of the concepts of "force majeure" and "international sanctions" on the example of the situation in the Eastern Railway region, this aspect is critically comprehended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2023 15:12:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The social dilemma of car sharing – The impact of power and the role of trust in community car sharing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1976357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car sharing represents a promising solution for sustainable transportation. Considering that there are already many cars that are not used to their full capacity, car sharing communities, whereby a group of people share access to a car, represent a sustainable alternative. However, sharing a car within a community results in the challenge of shared contributions and shared requests and thus, constitutes a social dilemma. From a social dilemma perspective, rational individualistic interests collide with collective interests of the sharing group: While each member would be better off contributing as little as possible and using the car as much as possible, it is in the collective interest of the group that each member pays a fair share and uses the resource fairly. This paper analyzes the problem of contributing to a shared car through the social dilemma framework and focuses on two potential factors that might influence drivers’ behavior: power (e.g., sanctions, expertise) and trust mechanisms (i.e., presenting badges) used by the car sharing community. This paper presents the results of two laboratory experiments. Study 1 (N = 183) reveals that power mechanisms, e.g., sanctions, affect the contribution to a shared car. Study 2 (N = 246) replicates the results of Study 1 and further shows that the presence of a trust mechanism (i.e., badge system) shapes the impact of power on contributions. The current research provides valuable insights for research on car sharing and the sharing economy in general and is particularly relevant for the constitution of sharing communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jun 2022 17:07:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1976357</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Criminal Law Aspects of Piracy at Sea According to the UNCLOS With Reference to the Croatian Legal ¹</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Piracy is traditionally one of the oldest forms of violation of international law and a global threat to maritime traffic. It is a serious international offense against which criminal protection is ensured in the domestic legal system, relying on the postulates of international maritime law, and in particular the Convention on the Law of the Sea. In this paper, the authors deal with the legal analysis of the incrimination of piracy at the international and national levels. In relation to the Republic of Croatia, the authors present recent regulations regarding this international criminal offense in the domestic legal system. This paper aims to point out the fundamental problems caused by the existing regulations regarding this international crime, especially when it comes to jurisdiction over piracy, universal jurisdiction, taking over criminal prosecution, etc.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2021 17:48:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760225</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>National Security Cutter Conducts National Defense Mission</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf was deployed in the Western Pacific from January to July of 2019. This was a mission of national defense, even though it took place on the Pacific as opposed to a U.S. coastline. There were three main objectives for this deployment: enforcement of sanctions against North Korea; reinforcement of partnerships with regional navies and coast guards; and demonstration of professional adherence to international law and rules of behavior. National Security Cutters are ideally equipped to perform this type of mission, with their SeaCommander combat systems allowing them to integrate with the Navy and Air Force. Additionally, the Coast Guard has built relationships with coast guards around the globe to ensure maritime security. National Security Cutter Bertholf was able to use those relationships to enhance the Coast Guard's strategic position in the Western Pacific in ways no naval ship could.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2020 12:24:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744891</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>North Korean shipping sanctions take on urgency : legislation targeting North Korea's shipping interests following tension with the US</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2020 18:41:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735217</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Winners and losers of Qatari trade ban</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2020 18:40:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735185</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>US sanctions ruling spreads risk wider : TMT Group decision imperils foreign ship operators seeking bankruptcy protection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2020 18:40:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735150</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Trump victory scrambles sanctions risk equation : shipping faces even greater uncertainty on America's complex sanctions regime</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1734347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2020 17:32:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1734347</guid>
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