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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>SPR-5133: Evaluation of In-CAB Virtual Sign Network on CMV Safety and Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727696</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction work zones often have reductions in lane widths, reductions in shoulder widths, soft shoulders, and uneven pavement profiles that can present challenges for Class 9 vehicles. Although roadside signs can be used, it is believed that targeted incab alerts can perhaps be more effective at alerting commercial drivers of these issues and improve safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 11:42:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727696</guid>
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      <title>SPR-5132: Implementation of Proven CV Applications on the Local System LRS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adapting Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) connected vehicle safety and mobility metrics onto the local road network will provide a more uniform mechanism for identifying and assessing the anticipated benefits of projects on the local road system.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 11:40:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727695</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cycling (un-)safety in Japan: Explaining high road traffic crash numbers from a cultural and infrastructure perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cycling has a long history in Japan and it remains a vital means of transport in many urban areas, including Osaka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, which show some of Japan's highest bicycle commuting mode shares. However, Japan's cycling infrastructure, though well-developed, is characterized by numerous conflict points with other transport modes, contributing to relatively high accident rates for cyclists and pedestrians. This paper examines the evolution of cycling infrastructure and safety measures, highlighting the government's initiatives, such as the 11th Fundamental Traffic Safety Program, aimed at reducing accidents. It also addresses the impact of Japan's aging society on cycling popularity and safety, as well as cultural factors influencing the perception of cycling, such as helmet use and the view of bicycles as a “car-like” mode of transport. Further insights are provided on the regulatory landscape, including recent revisions to Japan's Road Traffic Act, which impose stricter penalties for cycling violations. As a result, the current measures by the state indicating a stricter regulation for cyclists can be seen as first implementations for approaching a “zero-crash” vision in the near future. In conclusion, while cycling continues to be a prominent mode of transport in Japan, its safety and popularity are shaped by both infrastructural challenges and demographic changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 09:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689872</guid>
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      <title>Dual-state safety assessment of high-speed railway bridges using velocity-related spectral intensity under seismic and post-seismic conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current seismic safety evaluations for high-speed railway (HSR) bridges primarily emphasize co-seismic excitation, while the operational risks associated with residual track irregularities after earthquakes remain insufficiently quantified. This study applies the velocity-related spectral intensity (VSI) index to enable dual-state (co-seismic and post-seismic) safety evaluation of train–bridge coupled (TBC) systems. A simulation matrix of 280 scenarios is established to span multiple near-fault ground-motion intensities and a broad range of train speeds. Post-seismic residual irregularities are reconstructed by considering earthquake-induced structural deformation and bearing degradation, and are incorporated into a consistent TBC systems. VSI is then used to characterize system responses under both transient inertial excitation and residual geometry-driven input, providing a unified response-based measure that reflects speed-dependent dynamic amplification across the two states. Relative to conventional running safety metrics (e.g., derailment coefficient and lateral displacement), VSI exhibits stronger correspondence with the underlying response mechanisms during earthquakes and preserves reliable directional trends in post-seismic conditions. Statistical analyses further indicate robust cross-state consistency and reveal clear speed-dependent patterns in VSI variation. These findings support the use of VSI as a consistent indicator for dual-state safety evaluation and offer quantitative insights into post-earthquake running safety of HSR bridges under residual irregularities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 09:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688721</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An overview of anti-drone systems: Technologies, challenges, and future directions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The explosive expansion of drone technology has ushered in significant benefits across various industries, from commerce to recreation. Nonetheless, numerous security threats have also been unleashed by this trend, warranting the development of effective anti-drone systems. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of expanding threats posed by drones in the form of weaponization, espionage, and smuggling contraband. In addition to kinetic technologies, jamming, spoofing, and directed-energy interdiction weapons, it discusses the array of modern anti-drone technologies, including radar, radio frequency detection, acoustic detection, and optical detection systems. The research also discusses integrated anti-drone systems, which combine multiple technologies to enhance their effectiveness. It also addresses the technical, ethical, and legal challenges these systems impose, such as resource and environmental constraints, privacy concerns, and regulatory bounds. The research closes by mapping the future of anti-drone research, pointing out emerging trends and technologies and the need for continuous innovation to counter shifting drone threats.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 09:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-Time Warnings and Variable Speed Limits: Safety and Travel Reliability During Weather Events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and high winds pose significant challenges to roadway safety and mobility. These conditions not only increase the risk of crashes but also contribute to travel delays, congestion, and unpredictable driving behavior. To mitigate these risks, transportation agencies are increasingly deploying variable speed limit (VSL) and real-time warning (RTW) systems, which use real-time data to dynamically adjust speed limits and provide timely hazard alerts. This report, produced by Transportation Research Board's (TRB’s) National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is a guide designed to support transportation professionals in understanding, evaluating, and implementing these systems in response to adverse weather conditions. The strategies and case studies included in this guide are intended to help transportation agencies enhance roadway safety, improve traffic flow, and ensure drivers receive accurate, timely information to navigate hazardous conditions effectively. The same project that produced NCHRP Research Report 1176 also documented its methodology and findings in NCHRP Web-Only Document 447: Evaluating the Impacts of Real-Time Warnings and Variable Speed Limits on Safety and Travel Reliability During Weather Events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Impacts of Real-Time Warnings and Variable Speed Limits on Safety and Travel Reliability During Weather Events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and high winds pose significant challenges to roadway safety and mobility. These conditions not only increase the risk of crashes but also contribute to travel delays, congestion, and unpredictable driving behavior. To mitigate these risks, transportation agencies are increasingly deploying variable speed limit (VSL) and real-time warning (RTW) systems, which use real-time data to dynamically adjust speed limits and provide timely hazard alerts. This report, NCHRP Web-Only Document 447, produced by the Transportation Research Board's (TRB’s) National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents the methodology and findings associated with development of NCHRP Research Report 1176: Real-Time Warnings and Variable Speed Limits: Safety and Travel Reliability During Weather Events. Contents include: literature review, state of practice, real-word data analysis, driving simulation, web survey, synthesis of findings, and example case study application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equestrian Transportation Safety in the Northeastern San Fernando Valley</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Northeastern San Fernando Valley is a historic, passionate, and diverse equestrian community in suburban Los Angeles. It hosts approximately three-quarters of the equestrian population of the City of Los Angeles. Though the region has an extensive network of equestrian trails, many of these trails are unofficial, not clearly mapped, or lacking in safe infrastructure. Additionally, many community members have expressed concerns about future access to the trails given proposed land use changes. In response, the City of Los Angeles and the Office of Councilwoman Monica Rodriguez, who represents the Seventh Council District encompassing many of these neighborhoods, are working to improve equestrian mobility throughout this region and to other key recreational areas. To supplement this effort, I conducted a safety project to both understand the existing activity patterns of equestrians and to identify potential improvements to the network. This project seeks to answer the question: “What transportation safety improvements can be made to the equestrian network in the Northeastern San Fernando Valley?” In order to identify equestrian transportation safety improvements, I analyzed geographic information system (GIS) data and qualitative information from equestrian community stakeholders, and reviewed equestrian best practices from official guidelines and from other equestrian communities. I then constructed a list of potential improvements which will aid Council District Seven in creating and maintaining a safer equestrian transportation network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Bike Ridership Data Can Improve Bike Safety in Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724822</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biking is a crucial mobility option for cities as it is dramatically more space-efficient than cars. Los Angeles, however, has failed over the last ten years to increase the viability of biking, as the number of cyclist deaths and serious injuries has not changed, while ridership has stagnated, and may be decreasing. One reason for this may be that LA’s bike infrastructure planning does not take into account where people are actually biking. This project examines the many benefits that an understanding of bike ridership patterns can provide for bike infrastructure planning. In order to estimate LA’s bike ridership, several data sources are analyzed through spatial, temporal, and longitudinal lenses. One key source of data was recorded trip data from Metro Bike Share, Los Angeles’s rentable bike share program. I find that bike share users exhibit travel patterns that closely resemble those of other cyclists within the same areas, suggesting that bike share data can serve as a useful proxy for broader ridership trends. Further, this report shows how bike ridership data can enable cities to invest proactively in areas where ridership is growing, build adaptively around shifting time-of-day trends, prioritize important connectivity bottlenecks, and identify interventions that will impact the greatest number of cyclists. For two examples, Koreatown exhibits the most nighttime ridership and areas around UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) and USC (University of Southern California) exhibit the fastest-growing ridership compared to all other LA neighborhoods. Finally, ridership volume is a key factor in understanding cyclist risk, and in strategically leveraging the “safety-in-numbers” phenomenon for cyclists.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724822</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Assurance for Artificial Intelligence/ Machine Learning in Safety Critical Airborne Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report addresses the challenges of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies into aviation while ensuring safety and reliability. AI/ML applications in areas such as autonomous flight control and collision avoidance show great potential, but there is uncertainty around how to employ them and certify them confidently. This report evaluates current verification and validation (V&V) methods and explores new approaches to safety assurance for AI/ML-enabled systems. The project assessed AI/ML assurance techniques, implementation frameworks, and risk mitigation strategies, including run-time assurance (RTA) and contingency management (CM). It highlights the need for improved methods to manage uncertainties in AI/ML models. Recommendations include the development of new AI-specific standards and certification processes, along with continued research into AI/ML safety, particularly in human-AI interaction and real-time monitoring. The findings emphasize that while AI/ML technologies have transformative potential for aviation, significant advancements in safety assurance frameworks and certification processes are required to support their safe and effective integration into safety-critical systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accident/Incident Bulletin: Calendar Year 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2719331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railroads are required to file monthly accident/incident reports with the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Safety in accordance with 49 CFR 225. Bulletin 156 summarizes reportable accidents/incidents that occurred in the United States during 1987.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 09:40:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2719331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel method for calculating tunnel pressure drop independent of resistance coefficient</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnel environmental control governs operational safety and energy consumption; ventilation design remains the primary means of regulating the tunnel air environment, where accurate airflow pressure-drop prediction is critical. Current methods rely on the Darcy–Weisbach equation whose accuracy hinges on resistance coefficients obtained through table lookup or back-calculation, neglecting fluctuating velocity gradients induced by local vortices and causing systematic airflow-rate deviations from design values. We present a resistance-coefficient-free method derived from the inviscid Navier–Stokes equations under the inviscid-flow assumption, coupled with ensemble-averaged velocity and pressure fields. Scaled duct experiments validate and optimize the model with an average error of 8.57%; field measurements in the Pingkan–Hanzhong Highway Tunnel of the Shaanxi Dinghan Line confirm its effectiveness at 8.99% average error, with nodal-method recursive error below 0.25%. Compared with traditional methods, the formulation reduces average relative error by 48.62% and keeps overall error controlled within 14.59%, offering a robust basis for refined tunnel-ventilation design. The proposed framework eliminates empirical resistance coefficients, addresses systematic prediction errors caused by neglected velocity gradients, and provides a computationally efficient tool for complex ventilation network analysis, thereby advancing tunnel ventilation design methodology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerodynamic characteristics of a road vehicle passing by bridge tower areas under interfered crosswind</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aerodynamic interference of the bridge tower to the road vehicle aerodynamic force is crucial to the driving safety under crosswind. This study aims to elucidate how aerodynamic forces of vehicle model affected by the tower structure from the perspective of wind tunnel tests. Firstly, the interference from the girder deck on the vehicle model is investigated while vehicle model located in different lanes. Additionally, the aerodynamic interference from tower structure on the vehicle aerodynamic forces are measured, the impacts of yaw angle and different locations on aerodynamic forces are discussed. Results show that the headwind significantly affected the side force and yawing moment of the vehicle model. In terms of the variations of aerodynamic forces and the flow-field distribution, a ‘speed-up’ effect on the wind speed is emphasized, revealing that the aerodynamic forces of the vehicle model are amplified significantly under the tower effects. Additionally, the most adverse yaw angle and location for the vehicle model is identified. Finally, the driving safety status is evaluated based on the measured wind forces from the perspective of wind-induced risk ratios. Results show that the aerodynamic interference of vehicle model and tower structure significantly impacts on the vehicle driving safety status, as well as the road conditions. Finally, the relationship between critical driving speed and wind speed is suggested. These conclusions improve the understanding of aerodynamic interference of road vehicles and provide a reliable reference for vehicle driving safety evaluations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686761</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Traffic rule violations by cyclists in the western world: a scoping review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic rule violations by cyclists are fervently discussed in the research community as well as in the general population. Their relevance with regard to traffic safety and conflicts between road users and the situational context in which cyclists commit them remains not fully understood. This review aims to descriptively synthesize the research focusing on specific and spontaneous traffic rule violations by individual cyclists in road traffic. 59 studies were assessed for their methodologies, investigated traffic rules, and violations rates. Surveys relying on cyclists’ self-reported frequency of violations as well as observations based on video-recordings are the most used methodologies. Red-light violations are investigated in about 2/3 of all studies in the scope of this review. Reported violation rates are heterogeneous between methodologies and types of rule violations. Tentative comparisons across studies suggest that the frequencies of some violations reported in observational studies are not necessarily well-aligned with the proportion of cycling-related crashes resulting from these violations types in other studies. Research gaps identified are (1) an evaluation of which traffic rule violations are relevant to study in order to increase cyclists’ safety as well as to reduce conflicts with other road users, (2) a greater focus on integrating different methodologies, and (3) a lack of theoretical frameworks accounting for dispositional, situational, and motivational factors underlying cyclists’ traffic rule violations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:58:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685554</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Which method do you prefer to calm down? Evaluating multimodal anger regulation in autonomous driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anger while driving negatively affects performance in both manual and supervised driving scenarios. While numerous studies have focused on detecting anger behind the wheel, research on its regulation remains limited and does not extend to automated driving. Moreover, previous work used alone emotion regulation strategies while combined methods work best in emotion modulation. This study explores a multimodal approach to regulate anger in autonomous driving by integrating auditory and visual modalities. Specifically, we combined low-arousal music, unconscious biofeedback via green ambient lighting, and participants’ photos. In our experiment, 36 participants were split into three groups. Anger was induced in two groups with only one benefiting from the regulation. The third is a control group with neutral induction and no regulation. Our findings highlight that the multimodal intervention effectively improves subjective and physiological emotional responses without specific impact on driving performances. Additionally, participants reported high acceptance and perceived relaxation, highlighting the potential of this approach for enhancing driver well-being in autonomous vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:58:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683183</guid>
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