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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Analysis of the test criteria for vehicle containment systems in the Standard EN 1317 regarding the number of vehicles in use</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1568774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1999, the harmonized standards EN 1317 relating to vehicle restraint systems came into force in Europe, in order to establish specific requirements based on safety features. For this reason, these systems have to overcome successfully the full-scale crash tests defined in these standards. However, some defined criteria are not in correspondence with the reality of Spanish roads. Almost a decade ago, in the United States, the evaluation criteria for crash tests were updated based on the new characteristics of the vehicles that circulated on their roads. Considering the registrations and fleet of light vehicles in Spain, a statistical analysis of the evolution that both parameters have undergone over the years is carried out in this paper. The outcome of this study shows, in a clear way, the change produced in the market in relation to the type of light vehicles that currently circulate in Spain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2018 18:00:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1568774</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Do Local Landmark Bridges Increase the Suicide Rate? An Alternative Test of the Likely Effect of Means Restriction at Suicide-jumping Sites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1105163</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of recent studies have examined the effect of installing physical barriers or otherwise restricting access to public sites that are frequently used for suicides by jumping. While these studies demonstrate that barriers lead to a reduction in the number of suicides by jumping at the site where they are installed, thus far no study has found a statistically significant reduction in the local suicide rate attributable to a barrier. All previous studies are case studies of particular sites, and thus have limited statistical power and ability to control for confounding factors, which may obscure the true relationship between barriers and the suicide rate. This study addresses these concerns by examining the relationship between large, well-known bridges (“local landmark” bridges) of the type that are often used as suicide jumping sites and the local suicide rate, an approach that yields many more cases for analysis. If barriers at suicide-jumping sites decrease the local suicide rate, then this implies that the presence of an unsecured suicide-jumping site will lead to a higher local suicide rate in comparison to areas without such a site. The relationship between suicides and local landmark bridges is examined across 3,116 US counties or county equivalents with negative binomial regression models. The author found that while exposure to local landmark bridges was associated with an increased number of suicides by jumping, no positive relationship between these bridges and the overall number of suicides was detected. It may be impossible to conclusively determine if barriers at suicide-jumping sites reduce the local suicide rate with currently available data. However, the method introduced in this paper offers the possibility that better data, or an improved understanding of which potential jumping sites attract suicidal individuals, may eventually allow researchers to determine if means restriction at suicide-jumping sites reduces total suicides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2011 07:11:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1105163</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Improvement of Safety on Bridges - Measured-Impact-Loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/987449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridges are constructed in a way that they ensure safe traffic and that they resist all actions durably. In order to ensure the traffic safety bridges are fitted with safety barriers. The safety barriers usually installed on German bridges are designed to protect lorries up to a weight of 13 t from breaking through the barrier and crashing down the bridge. But in case of accidents with heavier vehicles conventional safety barriers reach the limit of their capabilities. Therefore a research project was initiated in order to obtain safety barriers which are able to protect even heavy lorries from breaking through and crashing down, without simultaneously concerning about unacceptable bridge damages. Within the research project real crash tests of vehicles towards safety barriers were executed - for the first time inclusive measuring all important forces acting on bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 07:23:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/987449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Safe Impact Performance Vehicle Parapets for Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/980851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1998 the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) published the first two parts of Standard EN 1317 under the general title Road restraint system. The published sections specified the requirements and methods for full-scale impact tests on safety barriers. The safety barrier generally used in Finland on bridges, the standard vehicle parapet of the Finnish Road Administration (Finnra), did not conform to the standard according to the arranged full-scale impact tests. Thus began the development process described in this article. The new Finnish standard safety barriers to be used on bridges, Finnra H2 vehicle parapets, were successfully developed with the chosen method to adequately conform to Standard EN 1317. The costs of increasing the safety of vehicle parapets in Finland have been estimated as equaling the savings in accident costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2010 09:54:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/980851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preliminary investigation of driver head dynamics during impact of a small car with a high-containment safety barrier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/896237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a consequence of the impact of a small car with a high-containment safety barrier, the driver's head can break the side window and directly strike the barrier. This potentially fatal occurrence is not considered by the European norms for safety barrier certification. In this paper, a method is introduced to generate the limit surface of the positions occupied by the driver's head during the impact of a small car with a safety barrier. Simulations of TB11 tests were performed and the results used to create the envelope of the driver's head positions outside the car compartment. The limit surface obtained from the envelope is shown to be a useful tool in the design of safe high-containment barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2009 13:48:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/896237</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of safety functions and barriers in accidents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new method for accident investigations is presented. It is based on the concept of safety function, which is defined as a technical or organisational function, a human action or a combination of these, that can reduce the probability and/or consequences of accidents and other unwanted events in a system. An analysis starts with the identification of safety functions related to the event. These are structured; an assessment is then made of whether they worked or not, and finally safety improvements are proposed. The method has been applied to five different incidents, coming from different types of work sites, such as electrical power distribution, a railway, and hospitals. For each case, around 40 safety functions were identified, of which less than half had worked. It was found that technical, organisational and human safety features existed side-by-side. The method supports a consistent analysis of a variety of safety features, and can integrate them into a common format. Each system contained formal and informal elements in parallel, often overlapping. This can be seen as safety redundancy, which makes the safety system less vulnerable to change that supports the preservation of safety. It might be more adequate to describe this as a safety web rather than a distinct set of barriers, and there is also an analogy with the concept of safety resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2009 07:49:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884241</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Review of State Motorcycle Safety Program Technical Assessments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A key effort initiated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), aimed at promoting motorcycle safety and understanding the factors that contribute to motorcycle crashes, is the State Motorcycle Safety Program Technical Assessments ("State Assessments"), which provide comprehensive reviews of State motorcycle safety programs and practices. During the assessments, reviewers examine the policies States have implemented to promote motorcycle safety and offer recommendations for additional steps States may take to encourage safe riding and reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities. This report reviews the implementation and barriers to implementation of the nine State Assessments completed by NHTSA at least one year before the start of this project. Drawing on information collected from follow-up surveys administered to motorcycle safety officials in these States in late 2007 and early 2008, the report addresses the following questions:  What were the most frequent kinds of recommendations made as part of the State assessments?  Which types of recommendations were most frequently implemented by the States?  What is the impact of those recommendations that were implemented according to the States?  What kinds of recommendations were least likely to be implemented by the States?  What are the reasons why certain recommendations were not implemented?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2009 16:15:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New concrete engineering - supplement to New Civil Engineer September 2005</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/873464</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Examples of recent concrete design and construction  in the UK are described. These include a new lifeboat station at Padstow, the transition to Eurocodes, the multi-storey car park at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5, wind turbines, the Terminal 5 runway, a precast concrete building system, a concrete dam in Scotland, precast concrete construction of student accommodation, sustainable aggregates, safety barriers, bridge design manuals, and the latest developments for the concrete industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2008 12:22:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/873464</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Efficiency of Aircraft Safety Barriers in Madeira Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/872502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Madeira Airport runway has recently been extended with a 1,000-m-long structure over the Atlantic Ocean supported by concrete columns. To prevent aircraft from falling down, special lateral reinforced concrete safety barriers were designed. In order to study the efficiency of these barriers in accident situations, small-scale models of the runway, safety barriers, and most frequent aircraft were tested at the Structures and Materials Resistance Laboratory of IST (Instituto Superior Técnico), in collaboration with the Portuguese National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, the Airbus Company, TAP (Air Portugal), and the Madeira airport authorities. The paper presents this study, including an initial evaluation of a set of aircraft accident related statistics from International Civil Aviation Organization databases, results of the tests performed at the TAP simulator of Airbus A-320, and the preparation and main results of experimental small-scale tests at IST. It was concluded that, under specific conditions, the designed safety barriers were efficient in preventing aircraft from falling during landing and takeoff accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2008 08:49:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/872502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk + barriers = safety?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/850736</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to a common safety model, safety can be brought about either by eliminating hazards, by preventing initiating events, and/or by protecting against outcomes. The two primary types of responses, prevention and protection, both involve the use of barriers in one way or another. The paper discusses the characteristics of different barrier systems (physical, functional, symbolic, and incorporeal) and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It is argued that while barriers are necessary, they basically represent a reactive approach which is insufficient by itself to guarantee safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2008 10:28:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/850736</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaction Between Safety Barrier and Soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/847314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dynamic soil-structure interaction which takes place when the guardrail posts of a safety barrier transfers the kinetic energy coming from an impact is a rather complex and relatively little known phenomenon. The experimentation described here has the purpose, therefore, of understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in this  dynamic event. Three impact tests were carried out on a real scale, using a pendulum having a known mass on as many guardrail posts fitted out with strain gages, fixed into a soil having known features, since it had been reconstructed. Knowing the kinematic and dynamic features of the impact, the authors were able to describe the interaction of the structure with the soil right up to breaking of the latter, basing themselves on energy balances and on the stress state in the guardrail post. Depending on the maximum energies which can be dissipated into the soil, it is also possible to assess the suitability of installing very resistant barriers on the edge of the road embankments and above all to settle a new simplified design method for soil posts interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 08:20:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/847314</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driving safety forward</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794092</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of the European Standard that regulates safety barriers, EN 1317, removed the requirement for barriers to conform to the Highways Agency design. This has allowed companies such as Corus to develop new designs. Corus uses computer-aided technology to test how metals react under different conditions and to simulate high speed crashes into barriers. This led to the creation of Vetex steel barriers. All safety barriers must be physically tested to meet EN 1317, but simulations improved the performance in physical tests. Vetex is an untensioned barrier that does not need regular maintenance. The number of components used is reduced, making installation simpler and quicker. Vetex can be integrated with existing UK barriers. Improved engineering has allowed the distances between the supporting posts to be increased and the length of beams to be increased. New products in the Vetex range include Vetex N2W2 and N2W4 barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2008 10:22:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794092</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Investigation of Car Movement Trajectories after Contact in the Case of Collisions with Stationary Safety Barriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/840739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes car collisions with immovable obstacles. One of the most frequent cases is sidelong collision with road fencings and curbs. These road accidents are caused by the wrong choice of speed on road turns as well as skidding due to road and weather conditions. Certain issues occur while investigating such road accidents such as the place of the collision, the speed before the accident, and the car movement trajectory after the collision. These are the issues covered in this paper. With the help of computer software, different car accidents with road safety barriers have been modeled and the trajectories of car movement are defined in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2007 07:11:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/840739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Platform Increased Road Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/840179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The platform which supports automobiles on a highway is composed of the driving lanes and side shoulders. Following the rules guarantees the driving safety of the vehicles that respect the recommended speed limits. However, the number of accidents and deaths that occur every year on Spanish highways is high and this is a serious concern for highway authorities. Most of these accidents occur off the driving platform or as a result of crashing against the safety barriers. Distractions, sleepiness and the consumption of harmful substances are the principal causes. The authorities continue to install increasing numbers of barriers and while the impacts against them have declined, they do not prevent accidents. This paper defends the theory that care must be taken to avoid obstacles in proximity to the platform for vehicles that go out of control. The adjoining elements: embankments, curbs, must be accessible without the vehicles overturning. The indispensable obstacles: piles, abutments, light posts and road sign supports, etc. must be located as far as possible from the platform. The separation between carriageways must be ample. The use of braking strips (like those on racetracks) is defended over the use of concrete or metal protections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2007 09:54:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/840179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Barrier Performance Predicted By Multi-Body Dynamics Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/837018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents results obtained from analyses using the multi-body dynamics program MEPHISTO. Particular aspects of the applied method are described. The comparison of numerically predicted and corresponding full-scale test results of several impact tests carried out in cooperation with industry partners indicates the reliability of this tool. Impact severity and containment capacity are predicted with acceptable accuracy for various flexible or rigid road restraint systems. Hence, the collected data allow for the drawing of a correlation between severity indices such as ASI and THIV. This knowledge could be a help to solve the quite contentious discussion concerning the addition of an impact severity-level class C and the introduction of more reliable limits for the occupant injury severity, particularly against the background of the recently issued open letter "The Safety Barrier Scandal" by the road safety equipment industry and the European Road Federation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Oct 2007 10:26:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/837018</guid>
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