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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Public Transport and Harassment of Women: Synopsis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Harassment while using public transportation is an unpleasant but common occurrence for women who use public transport as their means of mobility. Despite the prevalence of harassment, the issue has not received sufficient attention in transportation planning and policy. In this research, we synthesize the existing literature on women’s harassment in public transportation, analyze key factors contributing to harassment, and propose policy recommendations to improve the current situation. This study also highlights how harassment remains a persistent issue in modern society, despite growing calls for equality and inclusivity. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing this challenge to support sustainable development and create safer, more equitable environments for all. Such factors as insufficient lighting, overcrowded transit, poorly organized bus stops, and difficulties during boarding and alighting are identified as significant contributors to harassment. Furthermore, the study highlights that victims often feel unsafe reporting incidents, owing to a lack of trust in authorities and social stigma. Fear of harassment negatively affects women’s mental, social, and personal well-being, limiting their mobility and participation in society. The paper concludes with the proposal of a 6Rs policy framework aimed at ensuring safe, secure, and efficient transportation for women, contributing to sustainable societal development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 09:34:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684237</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Objective Microscale Utilitarian Walkability Based on Subjective Pedestrian Needs in Baguio City's CBD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current objective walkability maps often generalize pedestrian experiences, overlooking variations in prioritized needs, thus posing challenges in identifying areas for improvement and understanding how these needs align with pedestrian perceptions. The paper aimed to integrate established Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) priority values to Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial data to develop microscale walkability maps of Baguio City’s Central Business District (CBD) based on subjective pedestrian needs—traffic safety, public security, convenience, and comfort—and compare perceived assessments of CBD streets with these generated maps to evaluate discrepancies between objective and perceived walkability. The generated walkability maps effectively identified the areas within the CBD requiring improvement. The comparison between objective and perceived walkability showed alignment in traffic safety and comfort, but divergence in public security and convenience, suggesting that objective metrics alone may not fully capture pedestrian perceptions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:21:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobility-related harassment: Assessing individual and situational factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility-related harassment in public spaces is a persistent barrier to safe and inclusive urban mobility. Yet, research on the situational factors that contribute to such harassment remains limited. Mobility-related harassment limits access to public spaces and transit, making it fundamental to identify both individual and situational risk factors to improve urban safety. This study contributes to this knowledge base by examining mobility-related harassment in the province of Valencia, Spain, using data from an open-access Mobility Survey (𝘕 = 445) and from fieldwork inspections. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and regression models are used to analyse individual and situational factors linked to mobility-related harassment. The findings reveal that disability is a key determinant of mobility-related harassment, with additional risks for individuals travelling with dependents, and bicycle usage, even after accounting for frequency of transit usage, neighbourhood centrality, and income levels. Fieldwork inspections reveal that these incidents are concentrated in areas near transit environments and green spaces with limited surveillance. The findings underscore that effectively reducing mobility-related harassment in public spaces requires attention not only to traditional individual characteristics (e.g., gender, age) but also to disability and the situational factors in which harassment occurs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:49:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>India’s maritime security dilemma and geopolitical competition in Indo-Pacific</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime security is a major concern in the contemporary global environment. Rapid technological progress has facilitated the exploration and utilisation of oceanic resources in remote offshore regions. Traditionally, the maritime domain has faced several threats, such as sea piracy, armed robberies, and illegal drugs. In the twenty-first century, with the rise of China as an important maritime power, geo-strategic competition has increased among great powers. India has long enjoyed a sphere of influence in the Indian Ocean Region has been challenged. The rise of China poses a credible security threat to India in the Indo-Pacific region. This article explores the dynamic backdrop of global, regional, and domestic politics and their effects on Indian foreign policy through the ocean. This article contends that the marine security initiatives and actions observed over the last decade necessitate more comprehensive consideration. In global maritime politics, India and the USA look to each other as partners to counterbalance China. Nevertheless, India is not ready for any military alliance against China based on Indian national interests. Therefore, this paper examines how India has pursued its ‘strategic autonomy’ in the region during the power rivalry between China and the US.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 08:55:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632897</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the possible influence of maritime piracy on African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in Nigeria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime piracy has severely disrupted Nigeria’s maritime domain, undermining the numerous benefits promised by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and posing a significant threat to its successful implementation. As this study highlights, maritime piracy in Nigeria emerges partly as a deviant response to the socio-economic pressures intensified by neoliberalism and globalization. By examining maritime piracy through the lens of Global Anomie Theory (GAT) and civic governance frameworks – supplemented by insights from interviewees – this research offers a deeper understanding of how such criminal activities could jeopardize Nigeria’s ability to fully realize the objectives of the AfCFTA. In doing so, it contributes to the growing body of literature on the intersection of free trade agreements and maritime security challenges. Given the AfCFTA protocols that emphasize Member States’ responsibilities to safeguard their security interests, this study argues that Nigeria must extend its anti-piracy strategies beyond domestic initiatives. Specifically, it recommends that Nigeria strengthen international cooperation mechanisms as a critical step toward ensuring the effective implementation of the AfCFTA agreement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 14:51:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilience Assessment of Urban Agglomeration Transportation Network Based on Complex Network Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban agglomeration transport networks face a variety of risks, including internal failures, natural disasters, and intentional attacks, which can lead to functional fragmentation and hinder the ability to support regional economic and social security development. Enhancing the resilience of these transport networks has become a critical and urgent issue. This paper proposes a model to assess the resilience of transport networks through four stages: initial, destruction, recovery, and stabilization, considering different destruction and recovery scenarios. The model is applied empirically to the highway, railway, and highway-railway composite transport networks of the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration. The findings offer valuable insights and a theoretical foundation for improving the resilience of regional transport systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the construction of effective DRONEWALLS: Technologies and challenges for Counter-UAV systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has exposed various security/safety vulnerabilities in our infrastructure systems. The increased use of drones for military purposes, especially in the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, together with geopolitical tensions, further exacerbate the situation. In September 2025, the European Union has called for a ”drone wall” initiative to build up a robust Counter-UAV (C-UAV) system along the east flank of Europe. Existing research on C-UAV often remains fragmented, with detection, analysis, and neutralization studied in isolation or reviews covering a limited number of papers in community-specific outlets only. Our study introduces the so-called DRONEWALLS framework, a unified approach structured in three phases: Detection (radio frequency/spectrum sensing, radar/LiDAR, optical/thermal imaging, and acoustic/vibration-based), analysis/decision-making (weighted sensor fusion, edge AI/real-time processing, and simulation/benchmarking), as well as action/compliance (neutralization, legal/ethical adherence, and litigation). By synthesizing over 400 studies, nearly three times as many as in existing reviews, we provide an accurate depiction of the state of the art on C-UAV systems and their technological challenges, including systemic integration and adaptive, scalable solutions tailored to both civilian and strategic security needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635961</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Quality-Driven Approach to Engineering Sign-Off for Software and Robust Product Development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive Product Development is a very complex process involving many functions across the organization along with the application of numerous technologies. Generally, most original equipment manufacturers follow a stage-gate process for any new product development. The increasing application of electrical and electronic systems, software and enhanced regulations focusing on overall safety of the eco-system further increases the complexity during development. This paper details the development and implementation of a comprehensive framework designed to enhance the quality and governance of the product development in the automotive industry. As the sector undergoes significant transformation, the need for structured development approach and robust oversight has become critical to success. The paper introduces a newly developed framework for Final Data Judgment (FDJ) and Engineering Sign-Off (ESO), representing a next-generation strategy towards defect free design, robust engineering quality management and product maturity assurance. This methodology emphasizes customer-centric deliverables, risk-based assessments, and technical rigor to minimize post-SOP issues and ensure alignment with end-user expectations.The approach prioritizes end-user impact by embedding rigorous quality checkpoints that align engineering outputs with customer expectations. Key elements in this framework include vehicle application-specific signoffs, critical risk identification through DFMEA, requirements management, issue management, component /vehicle level validation, comprehensive feature/function finalization, software validation and laboratory vehicle testing, Importantly, the framework integrates deliverables from critical safety standards—Functional Safety (ISO 26262) and Cybersecurity (ISO/SAE 21434)—with formal assessments embedded at designated review gateways. To further strengthen software assurance, a dedicated Software Quality Gate assessment derived using ASPICE (Automotive Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination) framework has been instituted, establishing structured criteria for software verification, traceability, and process maturity.A pivotal enabler of this approach is the digitization of FDJ/ESO processes within the Requirements Management and Design Verification Validation (RMDVV) tool, enabling centralized data governance, real-time status, and full traceability across stakeholders. This paper demonstrates how the proposed framework drives continuous improvement, elevates product reliability, and aligns with enterprise goals of zero unscheduled service visits and best-in-class customer satisfaction. By embedding stringent checkpoints and digital tools, this process fortifies governance, ensuring alignment with organizational goals to meet elevated standards for quality and reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 16:36:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating European Maritime Infrastructure Resilience through Constructive Simulation and Infrastructure Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648041</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European maritime security is challenged by geopolitical tensions. This development necessitates robust protection strategies for critical infrastructure. Recent events, including suspected attacks on subsea cables and drone sightings near energy terminals, underscore the infrastructure vulnerability. We propose the application of constructive simulation models to evaluate the protection and resilience of maritime infrastructures. Constructive simulation offers an analytical tool for assessing the effectiveness of security measures. These simulations are today used in the defense field, e.g. for informing procurement decisions, optimizing ways on how well these systems are used for countering such threats, and for training practitioners. We see advantages in using this approach also in the civil security field. A simulation to replicate potential threat scenarios enables the evaluation of system capabilities and the development of effective countermeasures. This paper describes a variety of frameworks for the creation of constructive simulations. Each framework offers different advantages. A single simulation often proves insufficient in addressing the complexity of such scenarios. Thus, the use of co-simulations has become a prevalent approach. This concept requires diverse distribution standards, which in turn can be employed to establish a connection between potential simulations and infrastructure models. These standards are further described in this paper. Moreover, integrating detailed infrastructure models, exemplified by a recently developed offshore wind farm model, allows the simulation of infrastructure failures and the assessment of repair logistics. We discuss how this approach allows testing of infrastructure resilience against attacks, in terms of preventing and recovering from them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 16:16:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648041</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public Transportation in Rural Areas and Tribal Communities: Guide for Service Improvements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides a guide to help public transit agencies in rural and tribal communities initiate new or enhance existing public transportation services to improve mobility and accessibility, enhance performance, and consider appropriate innovations. The guide will help transit providers determine the service designs and modes that are most appropriate within their community and support implementation of those services. This guide will be of immediate use to public transportation providers and stakeholders who plan and provide public transportation services in rural areas and tribal communities throughout the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2026 11:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Transit Customer Perception of Personal Security</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ensuring the safety and security of customers is a core responsibility of public transit agencies. Perceptions of personal safety play a critical role in influencing travel behavior, with fear and anxiety about personal safety acting as major deterrents to transit use. These concerns are compounded by a broader societal issue: the increasing visibility in transit networks of individuals experiencing homelessness, which is another factor in customers’ negative perception of transit. These two concerns are contributing to the transit industry’s declining ridership problem. While research has focused on actual crime incidents, minimal attention has been given to how fear, insecurity, and the perception of safety or lack thereof affect transit use. This synthesis documents the current state of the practice related to customer perceptions of safety and security on bus and rail transit. Drawing from a literature review, a national survey of 35 transit providers, and in-depth case examples of five transit providers, this synthesis highlights strategies to improve customers’ outlook, the effectiveness of those strategies, how the strategies are communicated to the public, and the associated change in customers’ perceptions. This report concludes with presenting the findings and outlining areas for future research to inform and support continued development of strategies to improve transit customers’ perception of personal safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Nov 2025 18:26:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis: Assess Hazard and Vulnerability Prioritization for Texas Bridges and Tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent state and national incidents have underscored the need for a comprehensive assessment of hazards and vulnerabilities affecting Texas bridges and tunnels. Accidental and intentional bridge fires, vessel allisions, and other threats pose significant risks to structural integrity, safety, and functionality, leading to costly repairs and potential service disruptions. This research aims to develop a systematic approach to measure and quantify vulnerabilities in existing bridges across the state. The study will begin with a literature review and data collection on past bridge incidents, analysing causes, effects, and current mitigation strategies, including best practices from other states. Recommendations for updates to Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) manuals regarding hazard mitigation in bridge design, maintenance, and management will be developed. A risk assessment and vulnerability evaluation procedure will be created to quantify and prioritize at-risk bridges and tunnels. Using this procedure, high-risk structures will be identified and ranked based on their importance and criticality. The final phase will incorporate these findings into draft language for potential inclusion in TxDOT manuals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 16:02:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Management of the Airport Security Process Based on the Conservation Law of the Object’s Integrity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of aviation and the increase in passenger traffic flow leads to increased threats to the safety of air transportation, which plunges the airport security system into a contradictory situation: it is necessary to reduce the time for detecting and neutralizing security threats with an increasing number of controlled parameters. The composition of the response time to emerging threats to the airport is presented in the study based on a mathematical model of a management decision using the Kolmogorov-Chapman differential equations. The model includes three components: the time of threat formation, the time of threat detection and recognition and the time of threat neutralization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 13:56:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407906</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SG-21. Examining Delivery Models for Law Enforcement on Public Transit
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2576269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit agencies across the United States are working to address security challenges, which have amplified since the COVID-19 pandemic. Shifts in travel patterns have reduced traditional peak-period ridership. Agencies are reporting an increased proportion of riders experiencing mental health and/or substance use challenges, higher levels of fare evasion, greater use of transit systems by unhoused individuals seeking shelter, and an overall increase in behaviors that violate agency codes of conduct.

In response, transit agencies have adopted a range of approaches to address both rider and worker safety. A common theme has been expanded using law enforcement-related strategies. The common models include: (1) dedicated transit police departments; (2) contracted law enforcement services provided by local or regional police departments; and (3) hybrid models that combine sworn law enforcement with contracted security, civilian ambassadors, or other non-sworn personnel.

Transit agencies now face the challenge of determining which enforcement approaches are appropriate, effective, and cost-efficient within their operating environments. While each model presents advantages and disadvantages related to budget implications, transparency and accountability considerations, identifying what works and what’s most effective in reversing this trend is essential – while recognizing that the right approach may not be a one-size-fits-all solution. TCRP has conducted work related to this topic – fare evasion (2022), homelessness on transit systems (2024), customer perceptions of safety and security (2025), and impacts of drug use (2025). However, to date, no TCRP research examined how different law enforcement delivery models are structured, governed, and deployed within transit agencies, nor how these models influence safety, security, and customer and employee experiences.

The objective of this synthesis is to document and better understand how public transit agency’s structure, manage, and utilize law enforcement delivery models to support public safety. The synthesis will examine how transit police departments and other enforcement partners deploy resources; how agencies coordinate with law enforcement and non-law enforcement partners; and how different delivery models influence safety outcomes, code-of-conduct enforcement, and rider and workforce experience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2025 14:36:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2576269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Finding Vulnerabilities of Autonomous Vehicle Stacks to Physical Adversaries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous Driving (AD) vehicles must interact and respond in real-time to multiple sensor signals indicating the behavior of other agents in the environment, such as other vehicles, and pedestrians near the ego vehicle (i.e., the vehicle itself). While autonomous vehicle (AV) developers tend to generate numerous test cases in simulations to detect safety and security problems, to the best of the authors' knowledge, they are not testing for malicious physical interactions from attackers, such as by placing emergency cones in the hood of an AV or driving maneuvers that nearby human drivers or other AVs might perform. The main goal of this project is to develop automatic testing tools to evaluate the safety and security of autonomous vehicle stacks against unanticipated critical physical conditions created by attackers. Specifically, the authors aim to demonstrate adversarial driving maneuvers in different real-world scenarios, highlighting the potential consequences for AV safety and security, build an attack framework in a simulation environment to study the optimal discovery of adversarial driving maneuvers, and contribute to the development of a skilled AV security workforce. In this way, this effort aims to enable the deployment of increasingly trustworthy transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 12:53:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572384</guid>
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