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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Transportation infrastructure resilience and safety under climate risks: A global bibliometric and thematic analysis (1995–2025)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681509</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of intensifying climate risks and rapid urbanization, maintaining the safety and resilience of transport infrastructure has become a central challenge for sustainable mobility systems. Although research on transport infrastructure resilience (TIR) has expanded rapidly, it remains conceptually fragmented and insufficiently linked to broader environmental and policy agendas. This study provides a systematic and quantitative overview of global TIR research from 1995 to 2025, based on more than 2000 peer-reviewed publications. Through bibliometric and content analyses, four major research domains are identified: climate adaptation and resilience planning, risk and vulnerability assessment, infrastructure performance and safety enhancement, and governance mechanisms for resilience management. The evolution of TIR scholarship is examined across three developmental phases, revealing a gradual transition from technical assessments toward integrated frameworks that combine safety, sustainability, and digital innovation. Persistent gaps are observed in institutional coordination, cross-system collaboration, and proactive adaptation strategies. Policy implications are outlined with emphasis on nature-based solutions, multi-hazard risk management, and long-term resilience planning. The findings contribute to a more coherent understanding of TIR and offer evidence-based insights for building safer, climate-adaptive, and inclusive transport systems. Taken together, these results provide an evidence-based overview that supports both scholarly positioning and practice-oriented agenda setting for climate adaptive and safety-oriented transport infrastructure resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2026 15:57:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681509</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Materials Sampling and Testing Safety Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Materials sampling and testing technicians work in laboratory, field, and plant site settings that present a wide range of occupational hazards. These hazards may include exposure to hazardous chemicals, airborne particulates, radioactive substances, hot materials, heavy equipment, live traffic, moving plant components, and specialized testing equipment. While safety information is available through product labels, safety data sheets, company policies, agency procedures, and some standards, the information is inconsistent and not always widely available to all workers.

There is currently no standard practice or guide specifically tailored to the transportation materials sampling and testing industry. Many standard practices and test methods state that they do not address all safety concerns and that users are responsible for establishing appropriate safety and health practices. However, safety guidance for some sampling and testing technicians may not exist in a consistent or accessible form. A comprehensive guide would help define and clarify relevant safety requirements, relate existing industry safety practices to transportation materials sampling and testing, and provide a baseline standard that can be applied across state departments of transportation, other public agencies, consulting firms, materials producers, and contractors.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop draft language for a comprehensive safety guide for consideration by the AASHTO Committee on Materials and Pavements (COMP) to help mitigate the risk of harm to materials sampling and testing technicians from occupational hazards. The guide should combine existing safety practices across many industries, guides, and documents and relate them to transportation materials sampling and testing processes. The guide should include recommended safety practices that can be used in laboratory, field, or plant site settings.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 15:00:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Short-Term Highway Traffic Conflict Frequency: Integrating Interaction Effects with Stochastic Components</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The application of traffic conflicts in road safety assessment is increasingly favored, owing to its critical importance in conducting real-time safety analyses and formulating proactive safety management strategies. The study aims to construct an accurate model to predict the frequency and occurrence of traffic conflicts on highways within a short time frame. Utilizing the highD dataset, we construct traffic characteristic indicators as covariates, including traffic volume (TV), speed variation coefficient (SVC), the proportion of large vehicles (PLV), lane-to-lane average speed difference (LASD), and front-to-rear vehicle average speed difference (FASD). Traffic conflict frequency, measured by the time-to-collision threshold of fewer than 4 s, serves as the dependent variable. The study employs zero-inflated Poisson, zero-inflated negative binomial, hurdle Poisson, and hurdle negative binomial models to fit conflict frequency, accounting for interaction effects, random effects, and random parameters. The findings indicate that models incorporating interaction effects yield a better fit than those not considering interaction effects. Furthermore, models considering interaction effects, random effects, and random parameters show superior fit compared to models only considering interaction effects, albeit with increased complexity under the hurdle Poisson and hurdle negative binomial distributions. These results offer valuable insights for managing and controlling highway traffic safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 09:00:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing a Safety Case: Bottom-up Guidance for Claims and Evidence Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As Automated Driving Systems (ADS) technology advances, ensuring safety and public trust requires robust assurance frameworks, with safety cases emerging as a critical tool toward such a goal. This paper explores an approach to assess how a safety case is supported by its claims and evidence, toward establishing credibility for the overall case. Starting from a description of the building blocks of a safety case (claims, evidence, and optional format-dependent entries), this paper delves into the assessment of support of each claim through the provided evidence. Two domains of assessment are outlined for each claim: procedural support (formalizing process specification) and implementation support (demonstrating process application). Additionally, an assessment of evidence status is also undertaken, independently from the claims support. Scoring strategies and evaluation guidelines are provided, including detailed scoring tables for claim support and evidence status assessment. The paper further discusses governance, continual improvement, and timing considerations for safety case assessments. Reporting of results and findings is contextualized within its primary use for internal decision-making on continual improvement efforts. The presented approach builds on state of the art auditing practices, but specifically tackles the question of judging the credibility of a safety case. While not conclusive on its own, it provides a starting point toward a comprehensive "Case Credibility Assessment" (CCA), starting from the evaluation of the support for each claim (individually and in aggregate), as well as every piece of evidence provided. By delving into the technical intricacies of ADS safety cases, this work contributes to the ongoing discourse on safety assurance and aims to facilitate the responsible integration of ADS technology into society.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drone-based Fire Prevention System on Container Terminals - A Theoretical Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents the proposition of developing an innovative fire detection system, based on unmanned aerial vehicles and multiple sensors. The paper contains short review of recent literature related to the topic, current state of fire prevention policy at the container terminals, scoping on the Polish seaports. To prove the necessity of the improvement of fire detection methods it has been described the fire incidents from recent years. The article also outlines the design assumptions of the proposed system as well as the theoretical workflow. Potential issues, further improvements and prospect have been pointed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655575</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An integrated intuitive and deliberative model of expert decision-making in air traffic control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Globally, Air Traffic Control (ATC) faces the dual challenge of meeting rising service demands while enhancing safety performance. While air traffic has steadily grown, safety performance has plateaued over the past 10 to 15 years. Hence, we need new and different ways of looking at ATC to improve safety performance. While air traffic controllers (controllers) operate in a complex socio-technical system, the actual work of controllers can be described as primarily cognitive involving the processing of large amounts of information to make decisions that establish and maintain control over system operations to achieve goals. Thus, the decision-making process is integral to the work of controllers. This paper proposes a new model of expert human performance and decision-making. This model is grounded in action theory and was developed through a series of targeted literature reviews using an iterative abductive search strategy that combined structured data-based searches with backward and forward citation chaining. The model explains the underlying mechanisms that support ‘black box’ models of intuitive decision-making (such as the recognition-primed decision-making model), emphasizes the role of emotion and describes how intuitive and analytical processes work together to regulate decision-making. The model provides a detailed account of ATC decision making that can guide and unify future research and gives new insight into how to enhance training, system design and safety management in ATC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 11:56:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666411</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on the Implications of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships on Maritime Education and Training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global maritime traffic is increasing, and the development of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is progressing. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is developing regulations for the introduction of MASS, and aims to issue a mandatory MASS Code in 2032. In preparation for the increasing realization of MASS, research on Maritime Education and Training (MET) based on International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarers, 1978 (STCW) is being conducted, however studies have not yet been carried out on the implications for MET as defined by various international regulations such as International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) other than STCW. The purpose of this paper is to capture an overview of the changes in MET that are not limited to STCW in regards to the advent of MASS by conducting a questionnaire of professional seafarers in ocean shipping companies. Cooperation was obtained from 100 captains and deck officers to clarify this objective. An analysis of the survey results indicated that "Watchkeeping" was the most selected item for matters related to STCW. Other results showed that Safety Management System, which is specified in International Safety Management Code, and Ship Security Plan, which is specified in International Ship and Port Facility Security Code were major points of consideration for the respondents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 10:20:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Summary of Safety Management System Activity Status</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This technical note presents a review of the Safety Management System (SMS) Draft Standard, v.9, produced by the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) working group. This review shows the concerns about how useful and effective the JPDO draft standard appears to be with respect to implementing SMS requirements by regulated entities such as airlines, repair stations, and manufacturers. In particular, this review examines how the draft standard aligns with the SMS standards implemented by other countries’ regulatory authorities and airlines, with International Organization for Standardization standards, or with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards. This review also analyzes whether there are sufficient provisions in current regulations for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to require SMS implementation or whether regulatory changes are needed. In particular, several sections of the Federal Aviation Act were analyzed and appear to support the content of the JPDO draft SMS standards because the FAA Administrator is charged with promoting safety and reducing and eliminating accidents. There are also several existing regulations that may be used to justify the imposition of SMS implementation requirements. ICAO safety oversight documents do not specifically describe a requirement for an SMS. However, they do discuss the desirability of a balanced safety oversight system in which both the state and aviation sector share a joint responsibility for safety using a management systems approach. It is also possible that ICAO may include an SMS requirement in an upcoming change to ICAO Annex 6. This may, in turn, drive the FAA to align itself with those requirements. Finally, the report presents several additional issues related to SMS implementation, operation, and oversight. These include how to measure a safety culture, the incorporation of current Internal Evaluation Program advisory material, and the role of the FAA’s Air Transportation Oversight System in SMS implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 17 May 2026 19:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research Report on Safety Management Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694507</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project was to conduct research to determine the degree to which safety management systems have been implemented in a variety of aviation safety oversight systems outside the United States; to determine the basis and characteristics of those systems; and to determine to what degree similarities and differences exist among those systems, as well as the nature of those differences and similarities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 10:25:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694507</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Root cause analysis of airplane technical failures with Rasmussen's risk management framework (RRMF) based human-machine-environment-procedure (HMEP) taxonomy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study developed a taxonomic approach based on 30 technical failure occurrences between 2002 and 2020. This framework extends the author's previous work on human-machine-environment-procedure (HMEP) taxonomy through the application of Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework (RRMF), which can serve as a common framework to aggregate or compare datasets collected by different organizations. This RRMF-based HMEP taxonomy was used to categorize the contributing factors of 30 technical failure occurrences into seven mutually exclusive categories and respective subcategories for statistical analysis and other risk management analysis. The RRMF provided a hierarchical structure for these first-layer categories, including government oversight, manufacturer deficiency, company management, company procedure and documentation, people and activity management, technical failure, and environment. The functional block diagram and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) were applied to translate the technical failures of 12 environment control system failure cases into FMEA tabular statements. Several failure modes had been identified for environmental control system failure occurrences, e.g., sense line leakage, flawed sensor input, duct crack and leakage, broken part (pin and spring), seal degradation, contamination, tube rupture, mechanical joining defect, poor contact, and unanticipated failure instances for electronic centralized aircraft monitor (ECAM). Each failure mode can provide diagnostic information to identify and fix the environmental control system failure problem more effectively. In conclusion, this RRMF-based HMEP taxonomy provided a mental model to guide the data collection during an accident investigation and subsequently derive accident patterns as the core for Safety Management System (SMS) implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 09:11:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Computing in Civil Engineering 2024: Sustainability, Resilience, Safety, and Education</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 112 peer-reviewed papers on sustainability, resilience, safety, and education.  Topics include: human factors in training; smart education; training through virtual reality; accessibility; civil infrastructure; disaster and climate resilience; energy management; green construction; infrastructure systems; sustainable built environment; urban design and planning; water resources; built environment well-being; ergonomics; exoskeletons for worker support; generative artificial intelligence for safety; hazard/risk identification; highway and worker safety; smart safety; wearable safety technologies; and work zone safety.  This collection offers a current overview of the state of computing within the civil engineering space for computing science and civil engineering researchers globally.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 11:19:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-clustering behavior in the time dynamics of maritime accidents for maritime safety management in the Yangtze River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inland waterway transportation on the Yangtze River is vital for regional economic activity, yet maritime accidents remain a critical safety concern. Despite extensive research on accident causes, a gap remains in understanding the non-linear temporal clustering and memory effects of accidents. This study applies the Allan Factor (AF) method to analyze maritime accident time series in the Yangtze River, covering the period from 2011 to 2020, with a longitudinal robustness check extending to 2025. To ensure methodological rigor, the AF results are validated against the Fano Factor and confirmed via surrogate data testing. Findings reveal significant scale-dependent behaviors: the middle reaches exhibit persistent long-term clustering driven by hydrological constraints and traffic density, confirmed by a high scaling exponent, whereas the lower reaches demonstrate strong resilience with rapid dissipation of accident risks. Based on these distinct temporal patterns, precision-based safety strategies are proposed. Ultimately, quantifying these time-clustering behaviors provides a scientific basis for shifting from passive response to proactive traffic management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:39:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alternative approaches to network-wide road safety assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EU Directive 2019/1936/EC on road infrastructure safety management introduced a network-wide road safety assessment approach (NWA) to improve the management of road safety across the member states. The methodology combines reactive (crash-based) and proactive (road design-based) analyses. However, its statistical foundation and national-scale application remain limited, particularly in handling statistical uncertainty, low crash frequencies, the integration of heterogeneous data sources and the inability to quantify differences in safety performance. To address these limitations, our study proposes three alternative approaches: the Rate Ratio test, the Bayesian Inference method and the Empirical Bayes method. These approaches were applied to the Czech national dataset of motorways and primary roads comprising 7826 road sections. The beneficial features of the proposed methods have been described. All three methods demonstrated improved performance when compared to the NWA approach. The Rate Ratio test provided formal hypothesis testing and reduced false positives. The Bayesian Inference provided a probabilistic framework, improved reliability for road sections with low crash counts and explicit estimation of the magnitude of safety performance differences. The Empirical Bayes method enabled the identification of the most influential design factors. In conclusion, the proposed methods provide statistically sound and robust alternatives to support road safety management at the national-network level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 16:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Artificial Intelligence for Safety and Resilience in Airport Transportation Systems: A Systematic Review of Operational, Security, and Environmental Risks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are critical nodes in transportation systems and operate as safety–critical, tightly coupled socio-technical environments in which operational, environmental, security, occupational, and human-factor risks interact and can cascade into disruptions that test both safety performance and resilience. This study conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic review, supported by bibliometric analysis, of 81 Scopus-indexed studies published between 2019 and 2025 to synthesize evidence on airport risk management and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) across the risk-management cycle, including hazard identification, risk assessment, and mitigation. The review bridges transportation research perspectives spanning policy, systems operation, and safety behavior. The literature is fragmented and tool-centric. Simulation-based studies and single-airport case analyses dominate, while limited translation is observed into governance mechanisms aligned with ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS). Methodological maturity is stronger for operational and environmental risks, whereas security, occupational, and human-factor risks remain less developed and weakly connected to predictive, system-level safety frameworks. AI shows promise for real-time sensing and forecasting, including foreign object debris detection, pavement-condition monitoring, runway safety prediction, weather-impact forecasting, and surface-movement risk assessment. However, studies frequently rely on narrow datasets, rarely quantify uncertainty and robustness, and seldom address deployment within operational workflows, limiting practical value for transportation safety management. A research agenda is proposed that embeds AI within SMS through explicit operational triggers, enables multi-airport validation via privacy-preserving data sharing, and establishes unified taxonomies, interoperable data standards, and explainable, auditable model requirements to support scalable, governance-ready decision support.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 11:18:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GSI-TOPSIS Method for Quantization of Railway Safety Situation Based on Incident and Accident Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study holds significant theoretical and practical importance for enhancing the safety management and operational efficiency of railway systems. Currently, there is a notable gap in standardized safety-level measurement methods across diverse railway operating entities. Conventional safety assessment approaches predominantly rely on qualitative analysis frameworks, which often fail to comprehensively address the multifaceted risk factors inherent in complex railway operating environments. To address these limitations, this study leverages historical operational data from participating railway companies to propose an advanced integrated quantitative methodology: the Global Safety Index (GSI)-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. This innovative approach quantifies railway safety conditions by systematically analyzing incident and accident data, integrating statistical modeling frameworks, data imputation algorithms, and comprehensive analytical protocols. The method enables detailed examination and interpretation of large-scale operational datasets within railway systems. The implementation of this quantitative framework has demonstrated substantial improvements in the accuracy of safety performance metrics. Furthermore, it offers robust technical support for developing risk mitigation strategies and optimizing safety performance in the railway sector. By employing systematic risk factor identification and data-driven safety quantification, this approach facilitates accident prevention, enhances risk early-warning systems, and provides evidence-based decision-making support. As research progresses and the accessibility of Chinese railway safety data increases, the analytical precision of this methodology can be further refined. Future applications may include in-depth analyses of Chinese railway risk event datasets, thereby offering strong technical support for the continuous elevation of safety standards in China’s railway operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:19:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632987</guid>
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