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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of rejuvenation efficiency and compatibility of rejuvenated asphalts: A framework based on rheology, FTIR and Hansen Solubility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the widespread use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), there is a growing demand for rejuvenators that not only provide efficient restoration of aged binders but also ensure long-term stability. In this study, one petroleum-based rejuvenator and four bio-based rejuvenators were blended with an aged asphalt binder to produce rejuvenated binders. Before and after an accelerated oil exudation (AOE) treatment, the binders were characterized using a combination of rheological testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). On this basis, an integrated evaluation framework was established to assess both the rejuvenation capability and compatibility of the rejuvenators with the asphalt binder. The results show that rheological indices such as the limiting phase angle temperatures T30° and T45°, the Glover–Rowe parameter (GRP), and the rejuvenation index (RI) can effectively quantify the exudation effect. The results further indicate that FTIR cannot reliably characterize non-reactive physical rejuvenation. Differences in molecular structure and chemical composition among the rejuvenators lead to variations in HSPs, and comparison of HSP values before and after exudation provides an indication of the compatibility between the rejuvenator and the asphalt matrix. These findings underscore the need to consider multiple performance indices and to carefully select both the type and dosage of rejuvenator when designing rejuvenated asphalt pavements, particularly for pavements designed for cold regions, where oil-based rejuvenators (often at relatively higher dosages) are frequently used to improve low-temperature performance. consequently, potential oil exudation should be prudently controlled to ensure satisfactory long-term pavement performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2026 07:29:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682540</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Moisture stability enhancement of phosphogypsum filled asphalt mortar based on hydrophobic solubility reduction treatment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the issue of phosphogypsum-filled asphalt pavement becoming easily soluble and softened upon water exposure, this study investigates the hydrophobic and desolubilization treatment of road-use phosphogypsum (PG). The research focuses on the rheological behavior of phosphogypsum-filled asphalt mortar under varying soaking durations and explores the underlying mechanisms of hydrophobic desolubilization. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is employed to assess the rheological properties of the mortar after different soaking times, while computed tomography (CT) scanning reveals changes in microstructure before and after immersion. Microcalorimetry is used to evaluate the heat release of different fillers in various liquids, and molecular dynamics simulations characterize the interactions between filler particles and asphalt. The results demonstrate that modified phosphogypsum significantly improves the water resistance and interfacial properties of the asphalt mortar. Compared to PG, surface-hydrophobic-treated phosphogypsum asphalt mortar (SPG-AM) shows a 39.49 % increase in the viscosity–temperature index, a 96.46 % reduction in the creep recovery rate, and a 68 % slower rate of filler particle loss. Regarding interfacial performance, SPG exhibits a 65.26 % decrease in surface free energy and a 26.04 % reduction in wetting heat, while its adhesion work with asphalt increases by 11.15 %. Molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that the interfacial transition zone of SPG-AM is 6.46 times thicker than that of PG-AM. This enhanced electrostatic compatibility effectively suppresses moisture intrusion and asphalt film delamination, thereby significantly improving mortar durability. These findings offer theoretical support for the broader application of phosphogypsum in road engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Effect of Lanthanum Stearate on the Compatibility of Desulfurized Rubber with Bitumen Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compatibility between bitumen and desulfurized rubber (DR) is the most challenging issue affecting the performance of DR-modified bitumen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, DR dosage, and lanthanum stearate (third component) dosage on the compatibility of DR with bitumen by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this paper, the physical properties of DR–lanthanum stearate composite-modified bitumen were firstly tested, and the effects of temperature, DR dosage, and lanthanum stearate dosage on the compatibility of bitumen with DR were analyzed. Molecular models of matrix bitumen, DR molecules, and composite-modified bitumen were then constructed in Materials Studio (MS) software. The effects of temperature, DR dosage, and lanthanum stearate dosage on the compatibility of DR with bitumen were analyzed by calculating the solubility parameter (d), the interaction energy, and the mean square displacement (MSD) based on a rational model. Finally, the simulation results were compared with those of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The simulation results showed that the optimal compatibility between DR and bitumen was achieved when the temperature was 135°C, the DR dosage was 30%, and the lanthanum stearate dosage was 1.5%, when the difference in the solubility parameters between DR and bitumen was the smallest, and the interaction energy between them was the largest. Also, lanthanum stearate had a significant effect on the MSD of each bitumen fraction. All these changes in the bitumen molecule indicate that lanthanum stearate plays an active role in improving the compatibility of DR with bitumen. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 11:36:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Exhaust Valve Surface Regeneration Results by the Methods of Local Energy Impact</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analysis of methods for restoring the diesel engine exhaust valve clamping cone surface is performed in this paper. The results of the study are based on the most common methods for restoring the surfaces of such parts as electric arc surfacing, gas-vapor and plasma spraying in a protective gas media. The work takes into account the experience of the authors studying various thermodynamic processes in the regeneration of the parts’ surfaces. The article presents the results of micro and macroanalysis of structures obtained after surface regeneration. The evaluation was carried out according to such criteria as adhesion [MPa], microhardness HV, solubility and chemical composition [wt., %]. The advantages and disadvantages of restoring the exhaust valve surface under local energy impact in various ways are substantiated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2025 10:32:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aging behaviour and mechanical characterisation of maltenes and asphaltenes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analysis of bitumen is challenging due to its complex and ever-changing chemical composition. Fractionation techniques based on solubility and polarity properties facilitate the examination process, shedding more light on composition, structure and aging behaviour. However, these separation experiments are often performed post-aging, making it difficult to understand the behaviour and mechanical properties of individual subfractions. Hence, the focus of this study was to separate maltenes and asphaltenes in large quantities and age them at various temperatures (80, 130 and 180°C), followed by analysis with chemical and mechanical methods. Results showed that both maltenes and asphaltenes display viscoelastic properties: maltenes are more viscous, while asphaltenes are more elastic compared to the base binder. Maltenes aged at 180°C became extremely stiff with a nearly temperature-independent phase angle, while asphaltenes aged at 130°C exhibited the stiffest and most elastic behaviour. Decomposition of sulfoxides at high temperatures was observed for both fractions, while additional decarboxylation occurred in the asphaltenes. During the aging of the maltenes, a significant amount of asphaltenes were formed, which most likely originated from both the aromatics and resins fraction. Furthermore, no major discrepancies between oxidation products in bitumen and in the maltenes were detected, indicating that asphaltenes might not crucially influence the qualitative aging process. This study demonstrated a possible approach for obtaining bituminous subfractions in large quantities, allowing for a detailed analysis of their mechanical and aging properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:36:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539935</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) in the selection of highly effective rejuvenators for aged bitumen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539925</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While there is considerable research regarding the recycling and reuse of aged bitumen in terms of the evaluation of rheological properties, there is not much fundamental understanding regarding the underlying mechanisms of the rejuvenation process. Specifically, the rationale behind rejuvenator selection and the efficiency of rejuvenators is not well understood. This paper proposes an approach for rejuvenator selection based on Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP). To fully validate its feasibility, rheological and chemical tests were also performed. The results revealed that highly efficient rejuvenators have similar HSP with bitumen and greater HSP radii. The overlapping ratio between the Hansen spheres of bitumen and rejuvenators could be considered as a reliable tool to screen rejuvenators. Linear correlations were found between the efficiency of rejuvenators and solubility spheres. The rheological and chemical tests using master curve analysis and saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) fractionation further supported using HSP as a basis for rejuvenator selection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:35:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539925</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Different Surfactant and Furan Cosolvents on the Macroscopic and Microscopic Properties of Ethanol-Diesel Fuel Blends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ethanol is considered a clean, cost-effective, carbon-neutral fuel. In this study, the effect of a surfactant (Span 80/Tween 80) and cosolvent (furan) on the macroscopic and microscopic mutual solubility characteristics of diesel-ethanol blending were assessed. At the macroscopic level, the study investigated the impact of compound emulsifier proportions and ethanol volume ratio on the stability of the diesel-ethanol fuel. At the microscopic level, the conductivity and particle size of the blended fuels were analyzed. Additionally, fuel properties such as lower heating value, viscosity, and price per unit volume of fuel were investigated. The results indicated that Span 80 and furan were more effective in enhancing the mutual solubility of diesel and ethanol, reducing the maximum dosage by 98.55% and 92.24% by volume, respectively. Besides, compared with furan-diesel-ethanol, emulsifiers increased the conductivity of the mixture by two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the lower heating value (LHV) of microemulsion produced by Span 80 showed the LHV closest to that of diesel and the cost was even cheaper. Considering the effectiveness of cosolvents and surfactants in stabilizing diesel-ethanol blends and their resulting fuel properties, diesel-ethanol-Span 80 stands out as a promising option for diesel engine applications, showcasing the renewed relevance of traditional emulsifiers in diesel-ethanol blends.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 10:27:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Photochemical activity of water-soluble organic compounds in motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Particulate matter from motor vehicle exhaust is a type of important atmospheric particulates, which can absorb sunlight affecting its photochemical behavior. However, the photochemical activity of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter has not been explored. Here, the authors applied WSOC in particulate matter from motor vehicle exhaust to investigate the photogenerating ability of its reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its effect based on model phenol photodegradation with the comparison between WSOC in diesel particulate matter and in gasoline particulate matter. The WSOC in diesel particulate matter indicates higher ability to generate ROS. The main active substance produced by WSOC in the presence of light is 3WSOC*, the secondary substance is 1O2, and small amounts of OH and O2 are also produced. Less active material was produced as WSOC photoaging time increases. Furthermore, the WSOC in diesel particulate matter is more sensitive to light exposure compared to WSOC in gasoline particulate matter. The effects of common atmospheric ionic components on model phenol photodegradation were also explored. Whether WSOC of diesel particulate matter or WSOC of gasoline particulate matter, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ferric chloride promote degradation of model phenol, and copper sulfate inhibited model phenol degradation. However, a different trend emerged with the addition of sodium chloride, which promoted the degradation of model phenol in WSOC of diesel particulate matter and inhibited the degradation in WSOC of gasoline particulate matter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Oct 2024 11:46:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acid- and Water-Soluble Chloride Content in Concrete Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2175605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Florida Department of Transportation finds it necessary to investigate the differences between adopting thresholds for water-soluble versus acid-soluble chlorides in concrete to address the industry's concerns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 13:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2175605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acid- and Water-Soluble Chloride Content in Concrete Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169762</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Florida Department of Transportation finds it necessary to investigate the differences between adopting thresholds for water-soluble versus acid-soluble chlorides in concrete to address the industry's concerns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 May 2023 08:35:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169762</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing impact of chemical compatibility of additives used in asphalt binders: A case study using plastics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2053130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Economic and environmental factors mandate the use of engineered materials as well other waste or industrial by-products as an additive or extender in asphalt binders and mixtures. In most cases, the impact of these materials on the long-term performance of asphalt binders and concomitant mixtures is evaluated on an ad hoc basis. This study explores the use of chemical compatibility based on the Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) to better understand and predict the performance of modified asphalt binder blends. Specifically, this approach is applied to the case of plastic materials that are increasingly being evaluated as a value-added extender for binders. In order to investigate the role of chemical compatibility on the macroscopic performance of such modified blends, two different types of polyethylene (PE) plastics with varied compositional characteristics were studied, referred to as PE-1 and PE-2. Additionally, the impact of using elastomeric polymers as co-modifiers with plastics were also examined. From a solubility perspective, the results indicated that PE-1 and asphalt binders show reasonable compatibility, whereas PE-2 was incompatible. Further analyses were conducted to correlate these results using microscopic and rheological tools. PE-1 modified binders were seen to be well dispersed in the binder matrix and had acceptable performance, particularly with the combined use of co-modifiers. On the other hand, all PE-2 modified binders showed poor dispersion and consequently inferior rheological performance. The results also indicated that the addition of co-modifiers will only improve the compatibility of plastics in blends on a selective basis. Overall, the work conducted in this study demonstrates the impact of chemical compatibility on the macroscopic performance of different plastic modified blends. The approach used in this study can also be extended for use with other additives used in asphalt binders to better understand the chemo-mechanics of the different additive-binder blends and impact on performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2022 14:07:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2053130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fundamental investigation of the interaction mechanism between new and aged binders in binder blends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Determining the permissible amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in new pavement mixes is a design challenge for pavement practitioners due to the limited understanding regarding the interaction between the aged and unaged binders in these mixtures. In this study, the solubility related molecular interactions of blended binders comprising of aged-unaged fractions was evaluated using an extension of the Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP) model. Virgin binder was blended with aged binders from two different sources, at proportions of 15%, 30%, and 50%. These binder blends were evaluated using a method of titrations to identify their internal stability and relative extents of intermolecular interactions in terms of dispersive forces, hydrogen bonding, and polar interactions. The results implied that small proportions of aged binders have limited effect on the original stability of the unaged binders. Further Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography tests revealed that the oxidative elements in the blended binders increased with the increasing percentage of aged binders. It is theorized that these fractions will affect the polydispersity of the molecules through increased molecular associations. It is advised that incorporation of higher RAP contents in mixtures should ideally involve some consideration of the chemistries of the intermixing binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 Apr 2022 17:06:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Solubility Analysis of Ethanol and Diesel Oil with Biodiesel (B7) Blends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1833650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The solubility of ethanol in diesel oil with biodiesel is a limiting factor for its use as fuel for compression ignition engines. The stability of blends of ethanol with concentration varying from 5% to 30% in diesel oil containing 7% of biodiesel (B7) was evaluated at temperatures from 16°C to 25°C. The blends were conditioned in graduated glass cylinders and kept at the test temperatures, being observed the blend phase separation percentage in specific time schedules. The results show the stability time of each blend, indicating the maximum storage and use periods for the ethanol concentration evaluated. The results demonstrate that fuel blends with ethanol concentrations up to 15% can safely be used as engine fuels, as far as the tested parameters are concerned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:16:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1833650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrogen Solubility Effects in Galvanized Advanced High Strength Steels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1779533</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advanced high strength steels used in automotive body and structure applications are exposed to hydrogen during several steps of their processing. For galvanized sheet steel, one of these is the continuous galvanizing process, during which the sheet is prepared for coating in a H2-N2 furnace. This paper shows the relationship between hydrogen uptake in DP600 and DP980 grades, together with an IF steel control composition, and galvanizing process conditions. Hydrogen uptake is strongly dependent on the furnace atmosphere and the amount of martensite in the steel but has little dependence on the soaking time, the humidity of the furnace atmosphere, or the temperature within the usual intercritical annealing range. Rapid outgassing was observed during overageing prior to the zinc dipping. Slow strain rate tests showed that there was no loss of ductility in galvanized samples that had been treated in a 5% H2 atmosphere or that had been overaged before the galvanizing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2021 13:03:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1779533</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A new development of ANFIS-Based Henry gas solubility optimization technique for prediction of soil shear strength</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research provides an innovative combination of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model for solving a nonlinear and complex problem related to soil shear strength prediction. The new hybrid model is optimized by an optimization technique i.e., Henry gas solubility optimization (HGSO), called as HGSO-ANFIS. In predicting soil shear strength, the results of liquid limit, specific gravity, clay content, moisture content, void ratio, and plastic limit were considered and used as the model predictors. The HGSO-ANFIS model is implemented based on Henry’s law and can be used in engineering issues. The HGSO algorithm is developed based on the huddling behavior of gas to find the main answers and to avoid being trapped in the local minima. The search space in this model can be presented with a better performance than the base model. The performance of the new hybrid HGSO-ANFIS model was tested with real data to compare the other ANFIS-based models. The performance of the best HGSO-ANFIS model for the testing data was 0.954 and 0.1891 for coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. The model results showed that the new hybrid HGSO-ANFIS model can get higher level of accuracy compared to the other ANFIS-based models and it can be applied for various prediction and optimization problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:43:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852335</guid>
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