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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Transformation of dredged silt into fluidized solidified soil for cross-sea bridge scour protection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cross-sea bridge foundations are increasingly constructed in soft marine sediments, where local scour threatens structural safety and long-term serviceability. Meanwhile, large volumes of dredged silt from port and coastal construction create significant environmental and disposal challenges. In this study, a sustainable pathway was proposed to transform dredged silt into a fluidized solidified soil for scour protection of the cross-sea bridge foundations. This cementitious binder, integrating dredged silt with a multi-component solidifier comprising ordinary Portland cement, calcium sulfoaluminate, quicklime, and polyacrylate emulsion (OPC:CSA:CaO:PA = 32:8:1:1), achieves balanced dispersion resistance, fluidity, pumpability, and early strength under seawater condition, with initial and final setting times of 78 and 129 min, respectively. The optimal mix consisted of 90% water content, 15% solidifier, 0.6% polycarboxylate water reducer, 0.3% cellulose ether anti-dispersant agent, and 1.2% early strength agent, providing a coordinated balance among underwater dispersion resistance (20.4 NTU), fluidity (173 mm), pumpability (54 min), and strength (UCS = 245 kPa at 7 days). Microstructural analyses by SEM and XRD indicated the formation of C-S-H and ettringite, which is consistent with the improved stability of the material. Large-scale flume experiments verified that the optimized solidified silt backfill effectively mitigated local scour around a bucket foundation, reducing maximum scour depth by 59–78% under different wave-current conditions. This proposed method shows potential as a sustainable approach for reusing local dredged sediments in offshore foundation protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:35:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701528</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on the mechanical response and mechanism of high-performance mineral-based cementitious materials solidifying discarded ballast in aqueous-saline environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reloading of railway ballast cleaning operations will produce a significant quantity of discarded ballast, and its comprehensive utilization can facilitate the green transformation and advancement of the social economy. To achieve the comprehensive utilization of discarded ballast, this article employs self-developed High-Performance Mineral-Based Cementitious Materials (HMCM) and PO42.5 cement for the industrial production of non-fired bricks. It compares and tests the mechanical properties of these bricks under varying curing and erosion environments, while also incorporating FTIR analysis to investigate the phase transformation behaviors of non-fired bricks subjected to different curing and erosion conditions. The results indicate that: (1) The mechanical properties of standard cured non-fired brick samples improved by approximately 20% compared to those subjected to natural curing. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of HMCM bricks are markedly superior to those of cement-based bricks, exhibiting a compressive strength that can reach three times that of cement bricks within just three days. (2) HMCM bricks exhibit superior resistance to erosion from both clear water and saltwater compared to cement bricks, with a strength loss rate of merely 50% relative to their cement counterparts. Notably, the damage inflicted by saltwater erosion is considerably greater than that caused by clear water, while the anti-erosion performance of standard cured specimens is even more remarkable. (3) HMCM exhibits superior corrosion resistance under standard curing conditions, as it facilitates the transformation of monomer Si-O and Al-O bonds within the reaction system into high-polymerization Si-O-Si and Si-O-Al bonds. This process enhances the degree of polymerization and crystallinity of the cementing system. Furthermore, by developing a compressive strength damage model, the damage evolution patterns of non-fired bricks in erosive environments have been elucidated, thereby validating the practicality of utilizing discarded ballast non-fired bricks and establishing a theoretical foundation for their engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 09:42:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687047</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of research hotspots and future trend prediction of river and lake sediment solidification based on bibliometrics and machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increasing frequency of river and lake dredging, large amounts of sediment are continuously produced, posing significant challenges in resource-efficient, low-carbon disposal. Solidification technology, known for its economic viability, adaptability, and environmental friendliness, has become a key research direction for sediment treatment. Based on publications from the Web of Science, this study combines bibliometric analysis and machine learning trend prediction to explore the development trajectory, research hotspots, and future trends in sediment solidification. Publication volume has steadily increased since 2000, with a notable surge in the past five years. Academic influence has shifted from a few core works to a diversified and mature research system. International collaboration and interdisciplinary integration are growing, with China taking a central role in both publication output and academic influence. Research has evolved from focusing on pollutant migration and environmental safety to addressing mechanical properties and engineering applicability, and more recently, expanding to high-performance solidification materials, micro-mechanism analysis, and intelligent methods. Machine learning models, such as ridge regression and Huber regression, are effective in long-term trend modeling, while ensemble methods capture abrupt changes in trends. Predictions suggest that future research will focus on micro-mechanism analysis, low-carbon material adaptability, multi-pollutant co-solidification, and intelligent formulation optimization. This study provides data-driven insights and methodological guidance for future scientific planning and engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679633</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating Vacuum-Solidification and Machine Learning for Enhanced Solidification of High Water Content Dredged Slurry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study employs an integrated Vacuum-Solidification (VS) approach combined with machine learning based predictive modeling to enhance the efficiency of solidifying high water content dredged slurry. The VS method combines a prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP) with a solidification/stabilization (S/S) binder. The study evaluates the effectiveness of VS technique using MgO-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) binders, incorporating flocculants such as APAM and tartaric acid (TA) as additives. Experimental findings revealed that the VS method utilizing the GGBS-MgO binder (denoted as VP-GM) achieved superior strength development, while the inclusion of TA negatively affected early strength due to its hydration-delaying properties. To predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), three machine learning models such as Random Forest (RF), RF with Principal Component Analysis (RF-PCA), and RF with Singular Value Decomposition (RF-SVD) were developed and evaluated using multiple performance metrics. The results demonstrated that dimensionality reduction techniques enhanced model generalization, with RF-PCA achieving the most consistent performance across both training and testing phases. Sensitivity analysis identified curing time and GM-APAM content as the most influential factors affecting strength development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:01:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Discrete element method analysis on mechanical characteristics and response of prefabricated polyurethane solidified ballasted bed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional ballasted beds (CBB) require frequent maintenance, posing significant economic and durability challenges for railway infrastructure. The prefabricated polyurethane solidified ballasted bed (PSBB) has emerged as a promising alternative, offering enhanced stability and reduced unrecoverable deformation. However, the incorporation of polyurethane foaming agents and prefabricated construction methods alters the mechanical properties of the ballasted bed. The influence of polyurethane module size on these properties and the mechanical response of PSBB under train loading remains insufficiently understood. This study develops a discrete element method (DEM)-based numerical model aligned with the PSBB construction process to investigate the effects of polyurethane module size on mechanical performance. Based on support stiffness considerations, an optimal module size is proposed and evaluated under varying train velocities and axle loads. Subsequent to parameter optimization, the model undertakes an evaluation of both macroscopic responses, including accumulated settlement and dynamic stiffness evolution of the track bed, as well as particle-scale behaviour under cyclic train loading. Compared to the CBB, the PSBB demonstrates reduced unrecoverable settlement and slightly lower dynamic stiffness. Increased train velocities and axle weights lead the PSBB to higher accumulated track settlement while insignificant changes in dynamic stiffness. A thorough examination at the particle level has been conducted, yielding noteworthy findings. The analysis has revealed that PSBB exhibits superior load dispersion characteristics in the vicinity of sleeper ends. This property contributes to a reduction in ballast breakage and track settlement. Above insights offer valuable guidance for the design and implementation of the PSBB in railway systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 09:27:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing road performance of lead-contaminated soil through biochar-cement solidification: An experimental study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effectiveness of cement-based solidification for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soil diminishes at high levels of contamination. To overcome this limitation, the potential of a biochar-cement composite curing agent to enhance the properties of Pb²⁺ contaminated soil was investigated in this study. The permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and leaching characteristics of the biochar-cement composite material were assessed under varying biochar contents. The results revealed that the addition of 1-5 wt% biochar in cement significantly improved the UCS of the solidified soil. However, excessive biochar contents had a detrimental effect on the strength of samples. Additionally, the incorporation of 3.0% biochar reduced the hydraulic conductivity and porosity to 7.75 × 10−9 cm/s and 43.12%, respectively. Moreover, the biochar-cement composite material exhibited remarkable efficiency in treating highly concentrated Pb²⁺ contaminated soil, with leaching concentration decreasing significantly with increasing biochar content, falling below the Chinese hazardous waste identification standard. Overall, the utilization of a biochar-cement composite curing agent in the solidification of heavy metal-contaminated soil could be considered a promising subgrade filler technique.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 08:52:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269861</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on effect of equivalent initial water content on dredged sludge treated by VP-FSCM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2231051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the effect of equivalent initial water content (wei) on the dredged sludge treated by the vacuum preloading-flocculation-solidification combined method (VP-FSCM). The effects of different wei on the deposition, dehydration, strength characteristics, and after-curing water content (wac) of the sludge were studied by the indoor VP-FSCM experiment. The treatment efficiencies of VP-FSCM and curing agent solidified sludge method were compared. The results showed that the deposition and dehydration of the sample were evident in the early and middle stages of VP-FSCM treatment. As wei increased, the deposition, dehydration, and undrained shear strength of the sample gradually increased, and wac decreased first and then increased. After VP-FSCM treatment, the sample exhibited a better curing result than those treated with blast furnace slag (GGBS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) solidified sludge method (GCSM). In addition, the curing effect was significantly enhanced as wei increased from 150% to 250%. This study is expected to provide references for the application of the physical consolidation-chemical solidification combined disposal technology, thus facilitating the utilization of the sludge resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Sep 2023 09:29:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2231051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and application of lead smelting slag eco-cementitious material: Synergistic excitation regulation and heavy metal solidification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2228245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to realise the resource reuse and safety of lead smelting slag (LSS) that contains several harmful heavy metals, LSS eco-cementitious materials (LSSEM) were prepared in this study using calcium and magnesium sources to excite high-volume LSS (78.125%). The results show that the synergistic effect of dual excitation sources can significantly increase the compressive strength of LSSEM from 13 MPa to 34.44 MPa. Performance enhancement mechanisms were investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Interferometric Radiometer (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TG), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). Introduction of calcium and magnesium sources facilitated dissolution of the active components in the LSS to achieve greater excitation. Leaching experiments showed that LSSEM could significantly solidify heavy metals based on the synergistic action of the dual excitation sources. The solidification ratio for each heavy metal exceeded 70%, and the leaching of heavy metals conformed to drinking water quality standards. The slump of pavement concrete prepared with LSSEM was 130 mm, and its 28-d flexural tensile strength and compressive strength were 6 MPa and 49 MPa, respectively, meeting the requirements for pavement concrete design with light traffic load. A conceptual model of the synergistic stimulatory effect of calcium and magnesium sources on LSS excitation was developed. This study promotes solid-waste recycling and provides complementary cementitious materials with lower energy consumption and CO₂ emissions for the construction industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 2023 11:42:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2228245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Solidification Study of an Organic Fine Sediment Using Geopolymer Binders Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study addresses the characterization of long-term and durability properties for employment in road subgrade construction of geopolymer-treated sediments. Four mixtures are presently selected based on a previous study: untreated sediment, sediment treated with 2% hydraulic lime (L) and 7% ordinary Portland cement OPC, and two geopolymer-treated mixtures using 5% and 10% of ground granulated blast furnace slag/sodium silicate-based geopolymers. Long-term properties are investigated through unconfined compressive strength and tensile strength tests. The resistance of designed materials to weathering conditions is tested through freeze–thaw cycles, humidification–drying cycles, and immersion in water. Sediments treated using 10% geopolymer binder are resistant to weathering conditions and showed long-term properties superior to those of sediments treated using an L/OPC mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Aug 2023 09:09:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227668</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Subgrade Remediation by Materials Improved with Blast Furnace Type B Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In cold regions, the road surface sometimes deforms from frost heaving of the subgrade. For this reason, road construction in the cold regions of Japan is done by using non-frost heaving materials for the layers within the frost penetration depth of the subgrade. In Japan, materials generated at road construction sites are reused in order to make effective use of resources. Measures are taken when the materials generated from construction are unsuitable for use as subgrade materials. One method for improving such soil is by adding a solidifier. To use solidified soil, which is a material improved by the addition of a solidifying agent, for the subgrade in cold regions, such soil must have sufficient strength and must not be susceptible to freezing. Quality control of subgrades made with solidified soil is expense and time consuming. Therefore, a simple method has been called for. To develop such a method, the authors experimentally solidified some poor-quality soil specimens and investigated their strength and frost heave susceptibility by several types of tests. The tests revealed that a strength much higher than that required for ordinary subgrade is needed to use solidified soils as subgrade materials. It was also found that a method involving impact acceleration can be applied for quality control checks of a subgrade made with solidified soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jun 2023 17:09:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Solidification / Stabilization as a Remedial Strategy for PFAS Contaminated Transportation Sites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2026150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that includes PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and many other chemicals. PFAS have been manufactured and used in a variety of industries around the globe, including in the United States, since the 1940s. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), airports, and military installations that use or train with Class B firefighting foams are considerable sources of PFAS to the environment. Strategies to reduce or eliminate the environmental or human health risk are needed to address PFAS contamination in the environment. Solidification and Stabilization (S/S) is a remedial strategy that has been employed at many hazardous waste sites to treat soils, sediments, and liquid waste containing a variety of chemical pollutants. While this strategy does not destroy or eliminate the pollutant it effectively sequesters the material within a solid matrix and eliminates its pathway to environmental or human exposure. This project conducted research to determine the potential applicability of S/S for remediation of PFAS contamination in a soil matrix. S/S utilizes a pozzolanic binder which, when mixed with water and the subject soil, will cure into a solid matrix. Specific binder mixes were developed and tested using PFAS contaminated soils collected from a former aviation site in New Jersey. The results indicate that S/S of PFAS contaminated soils can effectively sequester the chemical within a stabilized soil matrix and there is no significant difference between the two leaching protocols that were used to assess the effectiveness of the process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2022 11:56:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2026150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative study of stabilization/solidification of dredged sediments with ordinary Portland cement and calcium sulfo-aluminate cement in the framework of valorization in road construction material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1769686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stabilization/solidification (S/S) of dredged sediments is an environmentally friendly, low-cost and time-efficient way to manage this waste (according to the European waste classification) in the context of valorization as novel resources. In this study, the main objective was to evaluate the efficiency of using a novel and green binder Calcium Sulfo-Aluminate (CSA) cement to solidified Dunkirk sediments. For comparison, the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) binder was used as a reference. For this purpose, several tests were performed on samples containing various types and amounts of binders. The experimental program included: modified Proctor compaction tests, immediate Californian Bearing Ratio (I-CBR) index tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, measurements of elastic and secant modulus, and mineral and micropore structure analysis. It is realistic to conclude that the compaction performance of the CSA-/OPC-solidified sediments is significantly improves. The mechanical performance of compressive, tensile strength and elastic modulus increases with binder content and curing time. The simple model obtained to relate the compressive and tensile strength with elastic modulus allows predicting easily, for a given suitable set of characteristics, the type or the amount of binder needed. This model allows optimizing the amount of binder to reach a given properties of solidified sediments and hence improves the cost of developed material. The results also demonstrate the ability of solidified sediment to be valorized in road construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2021 10:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1769686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medium-Scale Consolidation of Artificial Ice Ridge – Part I: Surface Temperature, Thickness and Mechanical Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1717677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is describing preparations and methods of medium-scale ridge consolidation experiment and development of ridge and surrounding level ice morphological, thermal, and mechanical characteristics for the experiment, performed in 2017 in Svalbard. It is also providing analysis and modelling of freezing rates and surface temperatures. In February–May of 2017 for 66 days, experiment on ice ridge consolidation was performed in seawater Vallunden Lake connected with Van Mijen Fjord. 55 ice blocks were cut from level ice of 50 cm thickness and placed into the open water basin of 4.9 m by 3.0 m. Both level ice and artificial ridge were equipped with temperature sensors. During 3 visits, manual measurements of uniaxial strength in vertical and horizontal directions, salinity, gas volume, ice and snow thickness were performed for both level ice and ridge consolidated layer. 42 level ice and 25 ridge small-scale compression tests were completed in situ and in laboratory conditions. The surface temperature of level ice was significantly warmer than of the ridge during most of the experiment, while the average snow thickness was higher for the ridge. During the experiment, 717°Cd were accumulated, and level ice grew from 50 cm up to 99 cm while the consolidated layer grew up to 120 cm. The analysis of the difference in consolidated layer thickness from temperature profiles in the ridge voids and blocks is given. The uniaxial compressive strength of the consolidated layer was between vertical and horizontal level ice strength for both in situ and laboratory tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2020 09:12:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1717677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Alkali-Activated Cementitious Materials to Solidify High Organic Matter Content Dredged Sludge as Roadbed Material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1592798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is difficult to treat dredged sludge with high organic matter content by solidification. A new solidification of dredged sludge with high organic matter content was developed, using cement, fly ash, slag, and phosphogypsum as a solidifier and strong oxidant KMnO4 and GH as additives, to improve the engineering performance of dredged sludge and make it as a roadbed material possible. The properties of the solidified samples were determined in terms of unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, toxicity characteristics, water stability, freeze-thaw resistance, and volume stability. The microstructure and hydration products of the dredged sludge after solidification were evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Experimental results showed that the strength of the solidified samples has been significantly improved after treatment by strong oxidants. The effect of GH is better than that of KMnO4. Hydration products (ettringite) were well formed. After solidification by using the binders and strong oxidant GH, the samples had sufficient strength and good water stability performance, freeze-thaw resistance performance, and volume stability performance. The leach liquid of the dredged sludge solidified body meets the standard requirements. So, the dredged sludge after solidification can reach the requirement of the roadbed material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2019 16:15:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1592798</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Solidification of Subgrade Materials using Magnesium Alkalinization: a Sustainable Additive for Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stabilization of problematic soils with chemical additives has become a popular practice globally. However, the mechanical and microstructural characterization of subgrade materials stabilized by alkalinization of raw silty sand, a common soil in British Columbia, Canada, has not yet been studied. This study introduces the novel concept of using an alkaline activator, along with magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), to activate the silica and alumina components of silty sand. Compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were used to assess the mechanical properties of the stabilized soil. The mechanisms that have contributed to the stabilization process are discussed based on the results of microstructural analysis using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. It was found that the chemical additive improved the compressive strength of the soil significantly. The UCS results revealed that a sample mixture containing an alkaline activator (sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide) ratio of 0.5, an alkaline activator to MgCl₂ (<it>L/S</it>) ratio of 0.7, and 3% MgCl₂ by dry weight of the soil was the optimum mix to improve the strength of the silty sand when cured for 28 days. The FTIR result confirmed the formation of the magnesium hydration products. Additionally, the SEM images and EDS data revealed that the stabilization process produced a cementitious gel, consisting of magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) and magnesium aluminate hydrate (M-A-H) compounds, that bonded soil particles together.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:06:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526278</guid>
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