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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>3D upper bound limit analysis for masonry arch bridges interacting with backfill</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Limit analysis is a promising numerical framework for a rapid estimation of the collapse load of masonry arch bridges. However, the relevant approaches in recent literature were virtually limited to 2D. The consideration of backfill or spandrel was insufficient. This paper proposes a new 3D upper-bound limit analysis for masonry arch bridges featuring a blend of homogeneous and heterogeneous modeling strategies. Infinitely resistant blocks are employed to model the arch ring, considering the real bond pattern. The backfill and spandrel domains are discretized by means of constant-strain rate elements applying 3D Drucker-Prager plasticity. The formulation is eventually stated as Second-Order Conic Programming (SOCP). The collapse of the straight Bolton Institute bridge is investigated for benchmark purposes. The results are compared to the numerical and experimental references. Then, the possible simplification of the spandrel in 3D analyses is explored. The results indicate a great necessity of using a 3D analysis when investigating the collapse of masonry arch bridges. The load predicted from the 2D approach is underestimated (about 40%) due to the absence of backfill-spandrel interaction. The 3D limit analysis also demonstrates better robustness in capturing the transition of the collapse mechanism when the material parameter varies. Based on the current results, the proposed 3D limit analysis modeling exhibits high reliability with an acceptable computational burden (within 1.5 min). The bias of the collapse load is only 2.5% compared to the experimental results. Additionally, it is not recommended to simplify the spandrel through boundary conditions because it usually leads to inaccurate load and mechanism predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 16:39:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691205</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental and theoretical investigation of the shear strength of frozen coarse-grained soil-rock interfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global warming has significantly accelerated permafrost degradation, leading to increasingly prominent instability issues in binary-structured slopes near railways and roads. The frozen coarse-grained soil (CGS)-rock interface serves as a natural sliding surface. This occurs due to stress concentrations and the low shear strength of interfacial ice compared to intact CGS. Consequently, it exhibits a low peak strength and rapid post-peak strength degradation. A series of direct shear tests were conducted to evaluate the shear mechanics of frozen CGS-rock interfaces. The joint impact of temperature and interface roughness on shear strength was assessed. Observations confirm that increasing the freezing temperature triggers an exponential drop in both the equivalent basic friction angle and the frozen cohesion. Additionally, the interface cohesion increases linearly with interface roughness. Based on the Barton strength framework, a novel temperature- and roughness-dependent shear strength estimation model for frozen CGS-rock interfaces is developed. Moreover, the critical parameters at different sub-freezing temperatures are also determined, including the equivalent basic friction angle, frozen cohesion, and joint wall compressive strength (JCS). The proposed model was independently validated using two different rough interfaces (JRC = 5.44 and 8.72) in the temperature range of −12 °C to −2 °C. A precise mathematical approach is proposed for estimating the shear strength of frozen soil-rock interface in cold regional slopes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 09:10:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690961</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Recycled Materials for Advancing Sustainable Utilization into Transportation Geotechnical Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Depletion of natural resources and increased energy consumption through transportation of materials are the major issues concerning any geotechnical infrastructure project, as they obstruct our way towards sustainable development. Considering the alarming extreme weather events and environmental quality degradation, several transportation agencies across the world promote the incorporation of recyclable and waste materials in place of their virgin counterparts for building infrastructure. Geotechnical structures like excavation support systems and retaining walls have great scope for this as they often involve backfilling huge amounts of high-quality geomaterials. Replacing these with recycled waste materials has positive environmental benefits in addition to the associated economic factors. Safety of soil structures built with these recyclable materials needs to be evaluated, as they might have different strengths when compared to virgin materials. Especially liquefaction-associated lateral spreading is one of the leading causes of failures in such soil structures during earthquakes. In this context, it is extremely important to rigorously characterize these materials both in static and dynamic conditions. For this, the research team attempts to characterize Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates that have great potential to be used as a backfill material. A series of well-programmed simple shear tests are conducted on reconstituted specimens made of 100% RAP and virgin aggregates, both in static and dynamic conditions. Comparison of the findings between RAP and virgin aggregates clearly indicates that replacing virgin aggregate with 100% RAP comes with a cost of relatively low shear strength and low seismic resilience. To overcome this, partial replacement of virgin aggregate with RAP aggregate or using geosynthetic reinforcement to enhance the performance of RAP aggregate could be viable solutions promoting the incorporation of recycled materials into geotechnical infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 16:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678330</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Water Repellent Soils in Geoenvironmental Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water repellency can be intentionally introduced in soils, endowing them with hydrophobic properties. This engineered attribute has proven valuable in various engineering applications, including moisture control in road pavements, foundations, slopes, and expansive soils. Advancements in polymer chemistry and a better understanding of the properties of water-repellent treated soils have accelerated the expansion of their applications, particularly in geoenvironmental contexts. Notably, water-repellent soils possess the capacity to sustain a hydrostatic head and impede water infiltration, making them excellent candidates for use as capillary barriers in landfill covers, liners, and environmental containment systems. This paper offers a review of the key characteristics and studies conducted on water-repellent soils relevant to geoenvironmental applications. It discusses the improved hydraulic and geotechnical properties exhibited by treated soils, which make them highly suitable for various geoenvironmental engineering purposes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 16:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678314</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Efficacy of Construction and Demolition Waste on the Strength Enhancement of Expansive Soil: An Experimental Exploration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction industry continuously erects new structures and dismantles old ones. The rapid increase in demolition waste poses significant environmental and depositional challenges. In addition, black cotton soil (BCS) is known for its limited ability to support heavy constructions. However, there is limited research on the geotechnical behavior of BCS amended with deposition waste. Therefore, it becomes imperative to enhance the physical attributes of BCS for field application in construction to address related issues. One promising way involves utilizing construction and demolition waste (CDW) materials for this purpose, offering a potentially cost-effective and straightforward solution. To evaluate the efficacy in geotechnical engineering, a series of compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on BCS blended with CDW. These tests aimed to identify the optimal CDW material proportion necessary to enhance maximal strength. Moreover, these examinations were carried out on soil samples mixed with varying percentages of construction and demolition waste (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%). The results indicated that including 20% CDW resulted in a notable 8% rise in maximum dry density, alongside a 27% decrease in optimal moisture content. Additionally, the UCS of soil mixed with 20% waste exhibited an approximately 28% increase. Thus, a 20% waste mixture emerged as the optimal composition for enhancing soil strength. The enhanced material properties show potential for diverse applications in the field, such as embankments and pavements, providing a sustainable solution to reinforce soil integrity in the face of construction waste and soil weakness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 16:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678254</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Geo-Congress 2026: Embankments, Dams, Slopes, and Soil Erosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Geotechnical Special Publication contains 59 peer-reviewed papers on embankments, dams, slopes, and soil erosion.  Topics include: embankments; dams; slopes; landslides; soil erosion; slope stability; analysis and control of erosion; modeling and assessment of landslides; and applications of remote sensing.  GSP 378 offers insight into current trends in embankments, dams, slopes, and soil erosion for researchers, practitioners, and members of governmental organizations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 15:37:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deformation Analysis of Long-Deep Foundation Pit Excavation in Ningbo Metro Based Using Hardening Soil Small Strain Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726619</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ningbo soft soil predominantly consists of silt, which is characterized by significant thickness, high natural moisture content, low strength, and slow consolidation. When this soft soil is disturbed, it leads to surface settlement. This study examines a subway deep foundation pit in Ningbo by simulating and analyzing the entire excavation process using the finite element software PLAXIS 3D. The study investigates the lateral displacement of the supporting structure and surface subsidence trends. In addition, it discusses the effects of the diaphragm wall and supporting stiffness on the surrounding ground settlement. The findings indicate that increasing the stiffness of the diaphragm wall or support structure effectively reduces ground settlement during subway excavation. Furthermore, the study confirms that the proposed method for determining the HSS model parameters is suitable and can offer valuable insights for similar projects in Ningbo and comparable regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 08:47:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726619</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing and Constructing Permanent Stable Foundation Layers in Areas of Sulfate Rich Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of a suitable foundation layer plays a significant role in the constructability and long-term performance of pavements. During construction, these layers must provide sufficient support for placement and compaction of subsequent pavement layers, and during service life, these foundation layers play a critical role in the pavement structure by supporting the upper pavement layers and spreading loads to provide long-term pavement performance. When designed correctly, lime stabilized layers have a long history of providing permanent support in areas of plastic soils. However, lime has been removed from recent projects because of concerns over soluble sulfates. The use of select fill and geogrids has not provided projects with the support needed to successfully complete construction, and in some cases even handle construction traffic. These failures cost millions of dollars to fix and result in significant project delays. Adequate and permanent foundation layers are critical to performance of both flexible and rigid pavement structures. The research team will document the effectiveness of current practices for identifying sulfates on construction projects and determine if new or improved technologies exist to more effectively and reliably detect sulfates. The research team will deploy these tools on actual construction projects and document their effectiveness. Using advanced lab testing, the research team will determine treatment alternatives for soils containing sulfates. Based on the findings, the research team will recommend soil treatment or pavement structural design alternatives to provide permanent and stable foundation layers. The findings from this project shall be used to recommend updates to project selection, treatment guidelines, test procedures, specifications, and the Pavement Manual.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 16:37:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727387</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilient and Mechanistic Evaluation of Cement-Recycled Glass Treated Lateritic Soil for Sustainable Pavement Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Waste glass has shown promising results when used to stabilize soil, particularly in pavement applications. The elastic behavior of cement with recycled glass powder (RGP) in the lateritic soils has not been investigated yet. This study illustrates the potential use of RGP as a sustainable substitute for soil stabilization in urban pavement layers. The resilient behavior of clayey soils from southern Brazil, treated with high-early strength cement at contents of 3% and 6%, and RGP at contents of 3%, 6%, and 12%, was investigated. Resilient modulus (MR) tests were performed on untreated soil, soil–cement, and soil–cement-RGP specimens. Five MR prediction models were calibrated using data from repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. Using Multiple Layer Elastic Analysis (AEMC) software, the useful life of an urban pavement was estimated, considering the properties of the subgrade, subbase, and base layers. Results showed that adding 3% RGP to cement-soil mixtures significantly improved the MR. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that soil–cement-RGP mixtures C3RGP3 and C3RGP6 performed with a higher service life than cement-soil mixture C3, and soil–cement-RGP mixture C6RGP3 achieved a higher service life than cement-soil mixture C6. These findings underscore RGP’s effectiveness in enhancing pavement material properties. The results align with the integration of geotechnical engineering research and Brazilian national agencies, providing an effective alternative to traditional methods that benefits organizations such as the National Department of Transport Infrastructure, the National Land Transport Agency, the Road Research Institute, and highway contractors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 12:12:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erosion of sandy soils and pavement subsidence induced by drainage pipe leakage: insights from macroscopic experiments and microscopic simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban road collapses caused by leakage of underground drainage pipelines have occurred with increasing frequency. However, the dynamic evolution of particle-scale migration and its implications for pavement settlement under the action of groundwater seepage have not yet been systematically revealed. This study focused on concrete drainage pipes buried in sandy soils under high groundwater conditions. Macroscopic experiments were conducted to investigate the progression and characteristics of soil erosion under varying leakage sizes and locations. Additionally, the continuum-discrete element method (CDEM) − an explicit numerical analysis approach that integrates finite element, block discrete element, and particle discrete element methods − was employed to examine soil erosion, void formation, and pavement subsidence from a microscopic perspective. The results indicate that soil erosion induced by pipe leakage undergoes initial leakage stage, void width expansion stage, and void depth expansion stage. The soil erosion volume, erosion area, and transverse span increase with larger leakage sizes and a shift in the leakage position from the crown to the springline. Under the influence of traffic loads, the maximum subsidence value of the pavement experiences a dramatic increase, with the extent of this increase diminishing as the leakage point shifts. Compared to the absence of traffic load, the maximum pavement subsidence increases by 7.88, 8.70, and 8.42 times for leakage sizes of 10.5 cm, 12.0 cm, and 13.5 cm, respectively, and by 8.70, 6.42, and 5.36 times for leakage positions of 0°, 45°, and 80°, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 09:42:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2687051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable solution for soil cement stabilisation reinforced with fibres – monotonic and cyclic behaviour</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The sustainability-performance paradox in soil improvement is addressed in this study by comparing geopolymer and Portland cement binders reinforced with polypropylene (PP) and sisal fibres. A multi-scale experimental programme was conducted, integrating monotonic and cyclic Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements, and SEM/EDS microstructural analyses. It was found that geopolymer stabilisation yields a significantly denser matrix, dominated by sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels, resulting in a stiffness increase of up to 270% compared to cement. Superior chemical compatibility was exhibited by sisal fibres within the alkaline geopolymer matrix, with a 55.2% increase in strength being achieved. However, a critical performance gap was identified under cyclic loading: despite the high monotonic strength, brittle failure and rapid plastic strain accumulation were observed in geopolymer-stabilized soils within the first 2,500 loading cycles. Conversely, superior resilience to cyclic degradation was demonstrated by cement-stabilized samples through a strain-hardening mechanism, sustaining 5,000 loading cycles at deviatoric stress levels up to 75%. Optimal PP fibre contents were identified as 0.55% for cement (19.8% strength gain) and 1.10–1.65% for geopolymer composites (48.6% and 20,5% strength gain, respectively) to mitigate brittleness. These findings provide a strategic framework for the selection of binders and reinforcements based on the prevailing loading regime, monotonic vs. cyclic, and recommended geopolymers for high-load monotonic applications, such as foundations, and Portland cement for cyclic loading conditions like transportation subgrades.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Empirical Modeling for Improved Ground Failure Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Problem Statement: Numerous bridge approaches and substructures, highway and railway embankments, and particularly roads in low-lying areas adjacent to rivers and their corresponding traffic sign and signal poles are underlain by the silt soils of the Willamette and Columbia River Valleys and below Oregon's coastal communities. These soils are susceptible to liquefaction or cyclic softening during earthquakes and will produce varying degrees of severity in the consequences such as lateral spreading displacement, global instability, and settlement. Settlement of soils will produce drag loads to bridge and traffic sign and signal pole foundations. Such damage has the potential to severely impact our critical surface transportation lifelines and reduce the efficacy of emergency responders and reduce the rate of economic recovery. The risk of seismic ground failure is exacerbated by groundwater table rise, which occurs during short-term, acute events (flooding) and the long-term effects of potential rising sea levels. Application of ground failure models to silty soils that were developed based on the responses of sandy soils can result in over-conservative estimates of the effects seismic ground failure and lead to inefficient use of limited resources as Oregon strives to maintain and improve its current resilience.
This work aims to develop the types of empirical relationships that the geotechnical community are well-familiar with but geared towards transitional silty soils, which can exhibit differing behaviors from the soils which are presently represented in available models. The objectives of this research are to produce specific design guidance, models, and spreadsheet-based tools to: (1) account for the effects of sloping ground on the calculation of the factor of safety against liquefaction/cyclic softening during earthquakes, (2) compute lateral displacements of sloping ground, and (3) calculate vertical settlements of level and sloping ground and any foundations buried within, to (4) culminate in a decision matrix for Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) engineers and their consultants to guide the selection of a particular model when assessing the seismic vulnerabilities of existing surface transportation infrastructure. The decision matrix and specific guidelines for conducting cyclic failure analyses and simplified displacement estimates will guide cost-effective measures to assess and improve existing surface transportation infrastructure and improve community and infrastructure resilience to increasingly combined natural hazards.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 17:38:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726232</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Subsurface Analysis Planning Tool for Cost Reduction, Rapid Emergency Evaluation, And Data Support for Rural Service Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation professionals often make important decisions about system dependability, project design, and emergency response with limited time and data. This is particularly true as it relates to the underlying soil, rock, and groundwater conditions that directly affect the design and repair of critical infrastructure. Typically, designers and engineers rely on drilling boreholes and performing in-situ tests to characterize subsurface conditions and associated problems for applications ranging from bridges to roadways to stream crossings to landslides. Unfortunately, these exploration techniques are expensive, time-consuming, inherently risky, and often accompanied by significant lead times. Further, the complex nature of this data can be very difficult to interpret and the uncertainty difficult to quantify.

This research project will leverage investments from CLiP, Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) SPR786, and SPR808 to improve GOSEP algorithms for predicting subsurface information for planning and emergency response, with a focused aim for extrapolation improvement in rural, data sparse regions. This project also aims to expand the GOSEP database and thereby its capabilities by adding more geotechnical data and parameter datasets as well as by improving the OCR borehole log scanner for archived handwritten borehole logs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 17:34:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2726188</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phase III Wickiup Junction: Diatomaceous Soil Numerical Modeling to Support Design, Performance, and Feasibility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diatomaceous soils exist at many Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) projects in Oregon, including the Wickiup Junction overpass site. Construction challenges have been encountered for ODOT projects on and in diatomaceous soils, including pile freeze, overlength piles, and excessive settlement. Ongoing Wickiup Junction embankment monitoring indicates that these embankments are undergoing continuous settlement at about 1.75 inches per year. Recently, a consultant’s feasibility study estimated that settlement mitigation for future overpass construction will cost $47M to $63M. This high mitigation cost is attributable to extensive deposits of soft and compressible diatomaceous soils that underlay the site. Considering that diatomaceous soils are non-standard geomaterials, limited literature, standards, or case histories exist to guide design and construction in these materials. However, this Wickiup Junction location may provide a prime translational research opportunity to improve engineering practice through development of a case history report with associated design charts for diatomaceous soils.

This highly applied research proposal will investigate the recently released design options at Wickiup Junction using advanced soil numerical modeling as a case study for design in diatomaceous material. This work will build on previous ODOT diatomaceous soil research to develop design tools that can be applied for construction in and on these deposits. Specific objectives include: (1) develop settlement model of the Wickiup Junction Overpass, and (2) develop design charts for diatomaceous soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 13:53:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geo-Congress 2026: Site Characterization, Rock Mechanics, and Unsaturated Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is the fifth volume of seven Geotechnical Special Publications (GSPs) containing papers from Geo-Congress 2026: Geo Tools, Technologies, and Techniques in an Environment of Change, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, on March 9-12, 2026. This GSP contains 55 peer-reviewed papers on site characterization, rock mechanics, and unsaturated soils.  Topics include: engineering geology; site characterization; geophysical engineering; rock mechanics; unsaturated soils; in situ testing; machine learning and data-driven techniques; and non-invasive characterization and monitoring approaches.  GSP 379 offers insight into current trends in site characterization, rock mechanics, and unsaturated soils for researchers, practitioners, and members of governmental organizations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 16:28:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724660</guid>
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