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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>CLOSURE ON SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN SLOPE STABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122579</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ONLY A FEW OF THE MANY SPECIAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PREDICTION OR INVESTIGATION OF SLOPE STABILITY WERE PRESENTED.  SATYANARAYANA TOUCHES ON A VERY SPECIAL AND IMPORTANT PROBLEM IN SOIL MECHANICS, SWELLING OR EXPANSIVE SOILS.  THE WRITERS DISCUSS EXPANSIVE SOILS WHICH VARY GREATLY IN ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION.  SWELLING SOILS USUALLY ARE HIGHLY PLASTIC WITH HIGH ACTIVITY RATIOS AND EXHIBIT LARGE PORE-WATER TENSION OR SUCTION PRESSURES AND CONSEQUENTLY EXERT HIGH SWELLING PRESSURES DEPENDING ON THE WATER CONTENT AND LOAD.  A COMPACTED, PARTIALLY SATURATED, AND SWELLING SOIL IN A FILL OR DAM MAY IN TIME BECOME FULLY SATURATED AND EXHIBIT CONSIDERABLE SWELLING.  SOME REMEDIAL MEASURES ARE TO: (1) PLACE THE FILL AT MOISTURE CONTENTS WETTER THAN OPTIMUM, (2) PROTECT EXPOSED SURFACES IN FILLS AND ABUTMENTS AGAINST WETTING AND DRYING BY IMPERVIOUS BUT NONSWELLING SOILS OR BY OTHER MATERIALS AND (3) USE A SURCHARGE OF NONSWELLING SOILS TO REDUCE THE SWELLING. REFERENCE IS MADE TO DISCUSSION OF HEAVE AND SETTLEMENT OF SWELLING SOILS CONDUCTED IN A SYMPOSIUM AND A TEXAS CONFERENCE ON EXPANSIVE SOILS.  CONSIDERING CURRENT KNOWLEDGE, IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE RESIDUAL FACTOR OR THE STRENGTH PARAMETERS TO BE USED IN A STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SWELLING CLAYS AND CLAY SHALES.  FIELD OBSERVATIONS ARE SUGGESTED WHICH MAY YIELD DATA FOR ESTIMATION OF THE RESIDUAL FACTOR OR THE STRENGTH PARAMETERS IN A POTENTIAL FAILURE SURFACE, BUT THESE OBSERVATIONS OR EXPERIMENTS ARE ADMITTEDLY DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE TO PERFORM.  THE WRITERS FEEL THAT A COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF SWELLING OF SOILS DEPENDS ON ACCURATE FIELD SAMPLING FOR IN SITU MOISTURE AND DENSITY VALUES AND ON THE ABILITY TO PLACE GAGES IN THE IN SITU SOIL THAT WILL MEASURE NEGATIVE PRESSURES WITH CHANGES IN MOISTURE ACCURATELY. REFERENCES: SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN SLOPE STABILITY, W.J. TURNBULL, M.J. HVORSLEV, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, PROCEEDINGS PAPER 52328, JULY 1967.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122579</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THEORETICAL BEARING CAPACITY OF VERY SHALLOW FOOTINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE BEARING CAPACITIES OF VERY SHALLOW, PERFECTLY SMOOTH STRIP AND CIRCULAR FOOTINGS ARE OBTAINED BY INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF PLASTIC EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS. THE EQUATIONS ARE INTEGRATED NUMERICALLY BY A FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATION BASED ON THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS. CALCULATIONS ARE CARRIED OUT FOR COHESIONLESS SOILS WITH ANGLES OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF 30 DEGREES AND 40 DEGREES. THE RESULTS ARE LINEARIZED TO OBTAIN BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS AND SHAPE FACTORS FOR A CIRCULAR FOOTING. THE INCREASE OF THE CALCULATED BEARING CAPACITY WITH DEPTH OF BURIAL IS SUFFICIENTLY LARGE TO INDICATE THAT THE SMALL FOOTING SETTLEMENT PRIOR TO FAILURE IS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE LARGE DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTALLY OBSERVED BEARING CAPACITIES. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122574</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF MECHANICAL MANIPULATION ON THE PLASTICITY OF SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A SERIES OF LABORATORY TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON FIVE SOILS: TWO FROM VERY SILTY MATERIALS, THE OTHER THREE WERE CLAYS. A SERIES OF TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE WHAT CHANGES IN THE PLASTICITY CONSTANTS MIGHT OCCUR AS A RESULT OF PROLONGED PHYSICAL MANIPULATION OF THE SOILS. EXPERIMENTS CONFIRM THE OBSERVATION THAT EXTENDED MANIPULATIONS SUCH AS MIXING AND KNEADING OF SOILS IN A WET CONDITION MAY CHANGE THE PLASTICITY CONSTANTS TO GIVE LARGER VALUES OF THE PLASTICITY INDEX. THE ACTION IS MOST PRONOUNCED ON SOILS WITH HIGH SILT CONTENTS WHICH ORIGINALLY WOULD BE JUDGED AS BEING ONLY SLIGHTLY PLASTIC. FIELD TESTS SUBJECTED SOILS TO THE ACTION OF TRAFFIC UNDER A FLEXIBLE MAT AND SHOWED VERY SLIGHT INCREASES IN PLASTICITY INDEX. LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE. THIS STUDY MAY HELP TO EXPLAIN INCONSISTENT TEST RESULTS OBTAINED IN INVESTIGATIONS ON SOILS MANIPULATED REPEATEDLY IN THE COURSE OF EXTENSIVE TESTING.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:42:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE COMPACTIVE EFFORT AND WATER RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SOIL TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON FOUR LOCAL MATERIALS CONSISTING LARGELY OF FINE-GRAINED GLACIAL DRIFT SOILS. THE SOIL TESTED WAS COMPOSED OF A WIDE VARIETY OF MATERIALS RELATIVE TO SOIL TEXTURE, ORIGIN, AND LOCATION. THE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS. SEVERAL TESTS WERE RUN TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE PENETRATION RESISTANCE, PLASTICITY, AND PH OF SOILS. A TOTAL OF 156 COMPACTION TESTS WERE MADE. THE COMPACTIVE EFFORT WAS VARIED FROM 5 TO 90 BLOWS OF THE PROCTOR HAMMER. RESULTS OF THE COMPACTION TESTS INDICATED THAT, FOR MOST OF THE SOILS TESTED, THE USE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE DECREASED THE COMPACTIVE EFFORT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A GIVEN DENSITY OF SOIL. CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN PERCENTAGES UP TO 1.5 PERCENT CONSISTENTLY LOWERED THE PH OF THE SOILS TESTED. TESTS ON THE PLASTICITY OF SOILS INDICATED THAT CALCIUM CHLORIDE LOWERED BOTH THE LIQUID AND PLASTIC LIMITS OF SOME OF THE SOILS TESTED. RESULTS OF THE LOAD-PENETRATION TESTS INDICATED THAT CALCIUM CHLORIDE LOWERED THE PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF THE SOIL A SMALL AMOUNT. CALCIUM CHLORIDE RETARDED THE DRYING OUT OF SOILS WHEN SUBJECTED TO ACCELERATED DRYING. RESULTS OF THE DRYING AND REWETTING TESTS SHOWED THAT THE MOISTURE CONTENTS OF THE SPECIMENS CONTAINING CALCIUM CHLORIDE WERE LOWER AFTER THE DRYING AND WETTING CYCLE THAN THOSE WITH NO CALCIUM CHLORIDE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPROVEMENT OF ASPHALT-STABILIZED FINE-GRAINED SOILS WITH CHEMICAL ADDITIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED OF SELECTED CHEMICAL ADDITIVES UPON THE STRENGTH AND WATER-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT-CUTBACK- STABILIZED SOILS. THE EFFECTS OF FATTY AMINES AND PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE, IN CONJUNCTION WITH ASPHALT, ON SOIL STABILITY WERE STUDIED. THE VARIABLES STUDIED INCLUDED SOIL TYPE AND/OR PLASTICITY ADDITIVE AND ASPHALT CONCENTRATION, MOLDING WATER CONTENT, CURING AND AGING CONDITIONS, ASPHALT ORIGIN AND HARDNESS, CUTBACK COMPOSITION AND SOLVENT. TREATED SOILS WERE MOLDED AND STATICALLY COMPACTED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS, CURED FOR SPECIFIED PERIODS IN AIR WITH CONTROLLED RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND TOTALLY IMMERSED IN WATER FOR PRESCRIBED PERIODS. THE SAMPLES WERE TESTED IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSION, AND THEIR DENSITIES AND VOLATILE CONTENTS MEASURED BY STANDARD PROCEDURES. SUCCESSFUL STABILIZATION WAS ACHIEVED BY INCORPORATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE AND OF FATTY AMINES WITH ASPHALT CUTBACK INTO VERY FINE-GRAINED SOILS WHICH COULD NOT BE STABILIZED WITH ASPHALT ALONE. COARSER-GRAINED SOILS, WHICH DID DEVELOP SOME WET-STABILITY WITH ASPHALT, WERE IMPROVED BY ADDITION OF THESE ADDITIVES. MOLDING WATER CONTENT WAS FOUND TO BE AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE AFFECTING STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANCE. ASPHALT CUTBACKS PREPARED WITH HIGHLY VOLATILE SOLVENTS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER STABILIZERS THAN MEDIUM-CURING CUTBACKS. A WIDE VARIETY OF ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS-BEARING COMPOUNDS, WHEN ADDED IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO CUTBACK-TREATED SOILS, WERE FOUND TO BE EVEN MORE EFFECTIVE STABILIZATION AIDS THAN PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE. GREATEST IMPROVEMENTS WERE OBSERVED WITH BENZENE PHOSPHONIC ACID. A THEORY OF THE MECHANISM OF ASPHALT- STABILIZATION OF SOILS, AND OF ADDITIVE-ACTION WAS DEVELOPED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF APPROPRIATE CHEMICAL ADDITIVES MAY MAKE ECONOMICALLY PRACTICABLE THE SUCCESSFUL STABILIZATION WITH ASPHALT, OF A BROAD SPECTRUM OF FINE-GRAINED, HIGH-PLASTICITY SOILS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN ROAD STABILIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON SOIL MIXTURES FOR ROAD SURFACES ARRIVES FROM PROPERTIES IT IMPARTS TO PROPERLY PROPORTIONED SOIL MIXTURES THROUGH WATER RETENTION, CRYSTALLIZATION, INCREASE IN SURFACE TENSION AND PHYSICAL- CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CLAY COMPONENT. THE SODIUM CHLORIDE IN A STABILIZED MIXTURE ACTS TO CONSERVE ITS WATER CONTENT. CRYSTALLIZATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITHIN THE PORES OF THE COMPACTED MASS AS EVAPORATION SLOWLY PROCEEDS CONTRIBUTES TO ITS STRENGTH AND STABILITY. THE FILLING OF THE VOID MINIMIZES THE CONTRACTION THUS REDUCING SHRINKAGE CRACKING. SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS THE PROPERTY OF CHANGING THE ELECTRIC FIELDS AROUND THE COLLOIDAL CLAY PARTICLES TO PRODUCE FLOCCULATION SO THAT THE TREATED CLAY BECOMES MORE COHESIVE AND THE SOIL MIXTURES BECOME MORE DENSE UNDER TRAFFIC AND LESS PERMEABLE. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE HIGH DENSITIES OF ROAD SURFACES TREATED WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE ARE NOT DUE ENTIRELY TO THE MOISTURE RETAINING PROPERTIES OF THE MIXTURE, BUT IN PART TO THE ELECTROLYTIC ACTION AND INCREASE OF SURFACE TENSION WHICH REDUCE THE THICKNESS OF MOISTURE FILMS, THUS CREATING GREATER COHESION. THE FOLLOWING EFFECTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON STABILIZED ROAD MATERIALS ARE OBSERVED: (1) NO APPRECIABLE EFFECT IS OBSERVED ON THE PLASTICITY INDEX, BUT THE CLAY TAKES ON A STICKY TEXTURE COMPARABLE TO INCREASED PLASTICITY, (2) THE SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF CLAY IS INCREASED, (3) THE FIELD MOISTURE EQUIVALENT IS DECREASED AND THE SHRINKAGE LIMIT INCREASED THUS BRINGING THESE VALUES CLOSER TOGETHER, (4) MOISTURE CONTENT IS CONSERVED, (5) MOISTURE RETENTION PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INCREASE AND MAINTAIN COMPACTION AND SURFACE TENSION IN STABILIZED MIXTURES, (6) WELL COMPACTED AND SEASONED MIXTURES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE TREATED STABILIZED ROAD MATERIALS RESIST THE FREE PASSAGE OF EXCESS MOISTURE EITHER UP OR DOWN IN THE STABILIZED MAT, AND (7) CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION FORMS A DENSE HARD MAT WITH THE STABILIZED MIXTURE. PREPARATION OF THE SUBGRADE IS DISCUSSED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A STABILIZED ROAD. THE CURING PERIOD IS EMPHASIZED AS BEING IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WELL-STABILIZED SURFACE. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES, WATERPROOFING AGENTS, AND POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID ON SOIL STABILIZATION WITH ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121995</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE INFLUENCE OF TRACE-QUANTITY ADDITIONS OF FLUOSILICATE, AMINES, FERRIC CHLORIDE, AND ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE ON THE STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS STABILIZED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID HAS BEEN FURTHER STUDIED. IN A LOW PLASTICITY (PI = 8) CLAYEY SILT, INCORPORATION OF ONLY 0.05 PERCENT BY WEIGHT ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES COMPACTED DENSITY, AND PRODUCES A LARGE (80 PERCENT) INCREASE IN SOAKED STRENGTH. ALTHOUGH ADDITION OF FLUOSILICATE GREATLY ACCELERATES CURE, THIS COMPOUND NEGATES THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE ON DENSITY. AN EXPLANATION FOR THIS PHENOMENON IS OFFERED. A HEAVY, MONTOMORILLONOID SOIL (PI = 38), AT VARIANCE WITH EARLIER REPORTED RESULTS, HAS BEEN FOUND TO EXHIBIT MAJOR IMPROVEMENT IN SOAKED STRENGTH INCORPORATION OF RELATIVELY HIGH (0.5 TO 2.0 PERCENT BY WEIGHT) CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM FLUOSILICATE IN CONJUNCTION WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. A STABILIZING SYSTEM COMPRISING 3 PERCENT ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID, FLUOSILICATE, AND EITHER OCTYLAMINE OR FERRIC CHLORIDE, HAS YIELDED SOAKED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS (AFTER 1 DAY'S CURE) OF AS HIGH AS 140 PSI. A SPECIAL (NON-CATALYTIC) ROLE OF FLUOSILICATE IN MONTMORILLONOID SOILS IS SUGGESTED BY THESE RESULTS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121995</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID FOR STABILIZATION OF FINE- GRAINED PLASTIC SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A LABORATORY STUDY WAS MADE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID IN IMPROVING THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SIX FINE-GRAINED PLASTIC SOILS. THE PROPERTIES STUDIED INCLUDE PLASTICITY, MOISTURE AND DENSITY RELATIONS, VOLUME CHANGE, AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. THE ACID WAS APPLIED AT RATES UP TO 4 PERCENT OF THE WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL. TESTS WERE ALSO MADE USING 0.5 PERCENT OF AN AMINE COMPOUND AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE ACID. IN GENERAL, PLASTIC PROPERTIES WERE MODERATELY AFFECTED, AND THERE WAS LITTLE CHANGE IN MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS. PRONOUNCED INCREASES IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOAKED SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED FOR MOST OF THE SOILS WHEN TREATED WITH ACID ALONE, AND SLIGHT ADDITIONAL INCREASES RESULTED WHEN THE AMINE WAS ALSO USED. VOLUME CHANGE, AS MEASURED FOR FIVE OF THE SOILS, WAS REDUCED TO A LEVEL CONSIDERED SATISFACTORY. USING 2 PERCENT OF THE ACID AND 0.5 PERCENT OF THE AMINE, A COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 184 PSI WAS OBTAINED FOR THE PENN SOIL, WHICH HAD NO STRENGTH BEFORE TREATMENT. ALTHOUGH STRENGTH GAINS FOR TWO OF THE REMAINING SOILS WERE NOT OF PRACTICAL MAGNITUDE, GAINS FOR THE OTHER THREE WERE QUITE SUFFICIENT TO INDICATE THAT PHOSPHORIC ACID OFFERS CONSIDERABLE PROMISE AS A STABILIZER FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF FINE-GRAINED PLASTIC SOILS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FACTORS WHICH HAVE A PRONOUNCED INFLUENCE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: THE QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND WATER ADDED, THE DENSITY TO WHICH THE MIXTURE IS COMPACTED, THE LENGTH OF TIME THE SOIL, CEMENT, AND WATER ARE MIXED PRIOR TO COMPACTION, AND THE DEGREE OF PULVERIZATION OF THE SOIL IF IT IS A CLAY. THE INFLUENCE OF THESE FACTORS IS SHOWN ON THE STRENGTH AND THE RELATIVE DURABILITY OF SOIL-CEMENT SPECIMENS AS INDICATED BY THEIR RESISTANCE TO LOSS IN WEIGHT RESULTING FROM ALTERNATE CYCLES OF WETTING AND DRYING AND OF FREEZING AND THAWING IN THE LABORATORY. COMPACTED SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES AS WERE USED PRINCIPALLY FOR BASE AND SUBBASE COURSES IN HIGHWAY AND RUNWAY CONSTRUCTION ARE CONSIDERED. TESTS WERE MADE ON MIXTURES CONTAINING SANDY, SILTY, AND CLAYEY SOILS. THE FOLLOWING SERIES OF TESTS WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS UPON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE: (1) EFFECT OF DENSITY, (2) EFFECT OF MOLDING MOISTURE CONTENT, (3) EFFECT OF LENGTH OF MIXING TIME, (4) EFFECT OF DEGREE OF PULVERIZATION, (5) EFFECT OF AIR-ENTRAINING CEMENT, (6) EFFECT OF THE QUANTITY OF CEMENT, AND (7) EFFECT OF HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CEMENT. DATA ARE ALSO REPORTED FOR THREE FINE-GRAINED SOILS TREATED WITH RELATIVELY LOW PERCENTAGES OF CEMENT AND FOR THREE GRANULAR SOILS TREATED BOTH WITH LOW PERCENTAGES OF CEMENT AS REQUIRED FOR CEMENT-MODIFIED SOILS AND WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGES AS REQUIRED FOR SOIL-CEMENT. TESTS USED WERE THE WET-DRY TEST, THE FREEZE-THAW TEST, AND THE COMPRESSIVE- STRENGTH TEST. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURE AND THE DENSITY TO WHICH THE MATERIAL IS COMPACTED HAVE A GREAT INFLUENCE UPON THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT AFTER CEMENT HYDRATION. THE OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT GENERALLY INCREASES AS THE LENGTH OF MIXING TIME INCREASES. SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES CONTAINING AIR- ENTRAINING CEMENT BEHAVED APPROXIMATELY THE SAME AS THOSE CONTAINING TYPE I CEMENT. THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE OF WETTING AND DRYING AND FREEZING AND THAWING INCREASED AS THE CEMENT CONTENT WAS INCREASED. HIGH-EARLY- STRENGTH CEMENT HARDENS SOIL-CEMENT MIX AT A FASTER RATE THAN TYPE I CEMENT. THE ADDITION OF CEMENT IN QUANTITIES LESS THAN THOSE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE HARDENED SOIL CEMENT MIX REDUCED THE PLASTICITY OF CLAYEY SOILS, THUS REDUCING THEIR TENDENCY TO SHRINK AND SWELL EXCESSIVELY. THE ADDITION OF RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF CEMENT TO SUBSTANDARD GRANULAR MATERIALS REDUCED THEIR PLASTICITY AND INCREASED THEIR STRENGTH. BEARING-RATIO AND SONISCOPE TESTS WERE EFFECTIVE IN MEASURING THE PROGRESSIVE DETERIORATION OF SPECIMENS IN THE FREEZING-AND-THAWING TEST.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOIL STABILIZATION WITH RESINS AND CHEMICALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESEARCH SPONSORED BY THE CAA ON CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION IS DESCRIBED. VARIOUS ADDITIVES AND METHODS USED ARE DISCUSSED. GENERALLY, PORTLAND CEMENT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE SOIL-STABILIZING MATERIAL, BUT ITS CHARACTERISTICS COULD BE IMPROVED. A SUITABLE WATERPROOFING ADDITIVE FOR SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES HAS NOT YET BEEN FOUND. THE RESIN FORMED BY THE INTERACTION OF TWO PARTS ANILINE AND ONE PART FURFURAL IS A VERY GOOD BONDING AGENT FOR SOIL AND THE MOST- EFFECTIVE WATERPROOFING MATERIAL STUDIED. CLACIUM ACRYLATE ACTIVATED BY SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND AMMONIUM PERSULFATE WAS FOUND TO BE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL IN TRANSFORMING WET, PLASTIC SOILS INTO FIRM, DURABLE STRUCTURES. OTHER RESINOUS MATERIALS HAVE SHOWN SOME PROMISE AS SOIL STABILIZERS, BUT THEIR PRINCIPLE VALUE APPEARS TO BE AS ADDITIVES TO NONCONVENTIONAL AND CHEAPER PAVING MATERIALS. RESORCINOL AND PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS HAVE CONSIDERABLY IMPROVED THE SOIL-STABILIZING EFFECTIVENESS OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. SUCH MATERIALS AS CEMENT, LIME, SODIUM SILICATE, ANILINE- FURFURAL, AND CALCIUM ACRYLATE SHOW CONSIDERABLE PROMISE IN REDUCING THE PLASTICITY AND IMPROVING THE SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF DELAYED COMPACTION UPON LIME-STABILISED SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESEARCH CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS RESULTING FROM ADDING VARIOUS CONTENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIME TO A CLAY LOAM SOIL IS REPORTED. THE LIMES STUDIED, ALL HYDRATED, WERE A HIGH-CALCIUM LIME, A DOLOMITIC LIME, AND A CALCITIC SEMI- HYDRAULIC LIME. FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES A PORTLAND CEMENT WAS UTILIZED. FACTORS EVALUATED WERE PLASTICITY, DENSITY AND STRENGTH. STRENGTH SPECIMENS WERE TESTED IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AFTER 7 AND 28 DAYS MOIST CURING. IT WAS FOUND THAT ELAPSED TIME BETWEEN MIXING AND COMPACTING CAUSED CONSIDERABLE DECREASES IN BOTH THE DENSITIES AND STRENGTHS OF CEMENT-SOIL MIXTURES WHEREAS THE STRENGTHS AND DENSITIES OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES WERE RELATIVELY UNAFFECTED. MOST PROMISING RESULTS WERE OBTAINED WITH THE SEMI-HYDRAULIC LIME . LIME ADDITION TO THE CLAY LOAM SOIL RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN WORKABILITY, AS REFLECTED BY PLASTICITY MEASUREMENTS, WHEREAS THE ADDITION OF CEMENT HAD THE CONTRARY EFFECT. WITH CERTAIN SOILS, LIME IS A MORE EFFECTIVE STABILIZER THAN CEMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121866</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BRITISH PRACTICE IN THE DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF CEMENT- STABILIZED BASES AND SUBBASES FOR ROADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CURRENT BRITISH PRACTICE IN THE DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF SOIL-CEMENT FOR USE IN THE BASE OR SUBBASE FOR ROADS IS DESCRIBED. THE COMPOSITION OF THE MATERIAL, THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ROADS INCORPORATING SOIL-CEMENT, AND THE METHODS USED TO CONTROL THE QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL IN PRACTICE ARE PRESENTED. THE SUITABILITY OF A SOIL FOR STABILIZATION IS BASED ON REQUIREMENTS SIMILAR TO THOSE IN THE UNITED STATES, GOOD GRADING, LOW PLASTICITY OF THE FINES, AND FREEDOM FROM DELETERIOUS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. THE PEDOLOGICAL CLASSIFI- CATION OF A SOIL PROFILE IS USED TO ESTIMATE THE DEPTH OF SOIL UNSUITABLE FOR STABILIZATION, BECAUSE OF ORGANIC CONTENT. MEASUREMENTS OF THE PH OF  A SOIL-CEMENT PASTE 1 HOUR AFTER MIXING ARE USED AS A CHECK ON THE PRESENCE OF DELETERIOUS ORGANIC MATTER. SOIL-CEMENT HAS BEEN WIDELY USED SINCE 1945 FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSING ESTATE ROADS AND LOW-TRAFFIC RURAL ROADS. CEMENT-STABILIZED MATERIALS HAVE ALSO BEEN USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN ROADS, IN PARTICULAR AS THE SUBBASE OF CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS- SURFACED ROADS. THE QUALITY CONTROL OF SOIL-CEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION IS BASED LARGELY ON TESTS TO CHECK THE STRENGTH AND STATE OF COMPACTION OF THE LAID MATERIAL.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:40:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121672</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF REMOLDING ON THE PROPERTIES OF A LATERITIC SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LABORATORY STUDY OF A PANAMANIAN LATERITIC SOIL SHOWS THAT REMOLDING OR WORKING BY MECHANICAL AGENTS ALTERS THE SOIL'S PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND STRENGTH PARAMETERS. RESULTS OF GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS AND ATTERBERG LIMITS TESTS INDICATED THAT WORKING CAUSES A BREAKDOWN OF ITS GRANULAR STRUCTURE AND AN INCREASE IN ITS PLASTICITY. THE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS STABILIZING ADDITIVES USING BOTH WORKED AND UNWORKED SOIL SAMPLES WAS INVESTIGATED. RESULTS INDICATED THAT STABILIZATION IS INFLUENCED TO A CONSIDERABLE EXTENT BY THE AMOUNT OF MECHANICAL WORKING. PORTLAND CEMENT WAS THE MOST EFFECTIVE OF THE THREE ADDITIVES TESTED AND YIELDED HIGHER UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS WITH THE UNWORKED SOIL. LIME WAS ALSO AN EFFECTIVE STABILIZER, BUT REACTED MORE FAVORABLY WITH THE SOIL IN THE WORKED CONDITION. THE PRIMARY BENEFIT DERIVED FROM ASPHALTIC STABILIZATION WAS WATERPROOFING RATHER THAN SUBSTANTIAL STRENGTH GAINS. AN EVALUATION OF THE TEST RESULTS LED TO THE POSTULATION THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE CLAY PARTICLES HAS BEEN COATED WITH IRON AND ALUMINUM OXIDE (SESQUIOXIDE) FILMS, AND THAT WORKING BY MECHANICAL AGENTS CAUSES A BREAKDOWN OF THIS COATING ALLOWING THE CLAY PARTICLES TO BEHAVE IN A MORE CHARACTERISTIC FASHION. NEW OR REVISED LABORATORY TESTING TECHNIQUES ARE NEEDED FOR THIS TYPE OF SOIL. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:39:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIMPLE TESTS CAN IMPROVE SOIL-AGGREGATE COMPACTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REASONABLY SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IS PRESENTED BY WHICH DETERMINATION MAY BE MADE WHEN A SOIL-AGGREGATE MATERIAL HAS APPROXIMATELY THE WATER CONTENT NEEDED FOR EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE COMPACTION. THE OPTIMUM WATER CONTENT FOR COMPACTION VARIES WITH COMPACTIVE EFFORT. THE CONTROL OF COMPACTION WATER CONTENT IS MORE CRITICAL WHERE CLAYEY BINDERS ARE PRESENT THAN WHERE THERE IS LITTLE BINDER OR A SILTY BINDER WITH LITTLE OR NO PLASTICITY. BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES IN COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES WITH CLAYEY BINDERS AND THOSE WITH BINDERS HAVING LITTLE OR NO PLASTICITY, THE APPROACH OUTLINED IN THE CHART PRESENTED BEGINS WITH A RATHER SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION AS TO TYPE OF BINDER. SINCE MATERIALS WITH LITTLE, OR WITH A NON-PLASTIC BINDER, ARE RELATIVELY INSENSITIVE TO VARIATION IN WATER CONTENT, AN APPEARANCE KEY ALONE IS CONSIDERED TO BE ADEQUATE. WHERE THE BINDER IS CLAYEY, SEVERAL ADDITIONAL CHECKS MAY BE USEFUL, SUCH AS: (1) CASTABILITY AND APPEARACE OF HAND, (2) SOUND AND/OR FEEL, AND (3) STRENGTH OF CAST WHEN DROPPED FROM ABOUT 18 INCHES. BY USE OF THESE FIELD PROCEDURES, SOIL BINDER CLASSIFICATION CAN BE DETERMINED AND AN APPROXIMATION MADE OF OPTIMUM WATER CONTENT FOR COMPACTION OF SOIL-AGGREGATE MATERIALS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:39:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPACTION OF SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A METHOD HAS BEEN PROPOSED IN THIS PAPER TO ESTIMATE THE OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT AND MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY OF ANY SOIL, WITH THE KNOWLEDGE OF ITS LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:38:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121144</guid>
    </item>
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