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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Internal Sand Deformation around a Tunnel Boring Machine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1316595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental investigation of internal sand deformation around a scaled tunnel boring machine using transparent soil. Soil deformation and its control is always a critical issue, particularly in urban environments, for protecting adjacent properties and services during tunnel construction. Visualization of an internal soil deformation will improve one's understanding of the influence of tunneling as most deformation measurements available are limited to ground surface settlement due to the opacity of natural soils. A new kind of transparent soil is used in this study, which is made of fused silica and a calcium bromide solution. An optical setup is developed to consist of a laser, a camera, and a computer. The laser is used to illuminate the targeted section around the scaled shield machine. A series of laser speckle images are captured during shield driving. The digital image correlation method is used to calculate the relative displacement between two consecutive images. Two model tests are performed with an overburden cover varying from once to twice the tunnel diameter. The results show that soil deformation changes with tunnel depth increases. The influence zone is changing from a rectangle over a reversed trapezoid shape in the shallower tunnel to a bell over a trapezoid shape restrained within soil mass in the deeper case. The longitudinal deformation extends to the ground surface in the shallow cover case, whereas the influence zone is confined within the soil mass in the deep cover case.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2014 09:06:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1316595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEM Analysis of Stresses and Deformations of Geogrid-Reinforced Embankments over Piles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankment is one of the favorable ground improvement techniques used in the construction of earth structures over a compressible soil when limited construction time is available and limited deformation is permissible. Various methods are available for the design of the geosynthetic-reinforced platform based on various load transfer mechanisms from the embankment to the piles and the compressible soil. The existence of the geosynthetic layer makes the mechanisms more complex. This study focuses on the behavior of geogrid-reinforced embankments over piles compared with the behavior of unreinforced embankments. The numerical simulations of the unreinforced and reinforced pile-supported embankments were conducted using the discrete element method (DEM). The embankment fill was simulated using unbonded graded aggregates of diameters ranging from 9.2 to 20.8 mm and the geogrid was simulated using bonded particles. This study investigated the changes of vertical and horizontal stresses and porosities, the vertical displacements within the embankment fill, and the deflection and tension in the geogrid. The simulation results showed that the coefficient of lateral earth pressure in the embankment fill changed from an initial at rest condition to a passive condition at certain locations after the compression of the compressible soil. The embankment fill dilated during the development of soil arching. The embankment load was transferred to the piles owing to the reorientation of the principal stresses. The results also showed that the geogrid reinforcement significantly reduced the total and differential settlements at the top of the embankment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2012 09:14:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cavity expansion in cohesive frictional soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1194416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Closed form solutions are presented for the expansion of cylindrical and spherical cavities in an ideal, cohesive frictional soil.  An explicit solution for the pressure expansion relationship can be obtained for infinitesimal (small strain) deformations.  For finite deformations it is necessary to adopt a numerical approach to obtain the complete pressure expansion relationship and it is found that the cavity pressure approaches a limiting value for infinite deformation.  It is, perhaps surprisingly, possible to determine the precise value of this limiting pressure analytically.  It is suggested that the small strain solution for a cylindrical cavity is applicable to the interpretation of pressuremeter tests in sand, and that the solutions for limit pressures have application to the problem of pile installation and the end bearing pressure of deep foundations (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 13:53:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1194416</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Failure Envelope of Pipe Pile Foundation under Combined Loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1110243</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many structures, such as bridge bents, offshore platforms, and tall buildings are subjected to significant torsional loads. Therefore the pipe pile foundations of these structures not only are subjected to vertical loading caused by structural weight and horizontal loading due to wind- or wave-induced loading, but also sustain large torque loads. Based on swipe loading test procedure and the probe method of fixed displacement ratio, the three dimensional finite element numerical analyses were conducted to explore the failure mechanisms of pile foundation in different loading plane such as V-H, V-T, H-T and in V-H-T loading space under combined loading. The failure envelopes in different loading spaces were obtained through computational results. Also, the soil deformation mechanism under various combinations of horizontal, vertical and torsional loads is shown. According to the relationship between the actual combined loading and the computed failure envelopes, the stability of pile foundation could be evaluated based on yield design theory. The general purpose finite element program ABAQUS was utilized for this study. Nonlinear analyses were conducted using a simplified elastic-perfectly-plastic model with Tresca yield criterion for undrained clay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Aug 2011 14:24:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1110243</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling of Soil-Structure Interaction in Presence of Large Deformations in Soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In current design practice, soil-structure interaction analysis often assumes linear elastic properties of the soil and uses small displacement theory. However, there are numerous problems which require a more advanced approach. One such problem is the analysis of bridge pier stability under scour conditions where complex interactions occur between the bridge piers with footings and the surrounding soil. This type of problem requires special solution algorithms that account for soil-structure interaction and appropriate constitutive models for soil. This paper presents comparison of the four numerical approaches to modeling soil-structure interaction in the presence of large soil deformations. The commercial code LS-DYNA® was used to investigate the Lagrangian, Element Free Galerkin (EFG), Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) and Multi Material Arbitrary Lagrangian - Eulerian (MM-ALE) algorithms. To establish the accuracy and computational efficiency of each method, simulations were performed for the in-situ experiment of a steel loading pad penetrating into silty clay sand. The efficiency of the methods was assessed in terms of preprocessing complexity, robustness and computational cost. Solution accuracy was assessed by comparison to experimental results. The results show that all four formulations can produce reasonable predictions at large penetrations. However, the most reliable and efficient turned out to be the SPH method. This method was further used to investigate failure conditions of the pier of the Oat Ditch Bridge on I-15 in California during the August 2003 flood. The numerical simulations show that scour of the riverbed must have triggered excessive movement of the footing that led to failure of the bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 May 2011 07:15:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation into Artificial Ground Freezing Technique for a Cross Passage in Metro</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/968707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studied a practical application of ground freezing in a cross passage construction of the Nanjing metro in the southeastern China. During the process of the ground freezing, temperature changes in brine, and soil; deformation changes of the ground surface and of a tunnel were monitored. Based on the field measurements, this paper revealed laws of the changes of the above factors and proposed the guidance on ground freezing method for the cross passage construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Oct 2010 10:34:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/968707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaction Effect of Retaining Wall and Existing Foundations in Braced Excavation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/968706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two-dimensional model tests are conducted to investigate the deformation mechanism of the ground and the earth pressure of retaining wall. Numerical simulations with finite element method using FEMtij-2D are also carried out for the same scale of the model tests. Subloading tij model is used in the analyses to model the ground material. Several patterns of the model tests are performed varying the length of the retaining wall and changing the distance between the foundation and wall. It is revealed in this research that maximum surface settlement does not always occur just behind the wall, but mostly at the position of the existing building. The rotation of the foundations depends on the distance between the foundation and wall. The numerical analyses can well simulate the observed earth pressures, surface settlements and deformation mechanism of the ground.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Oct 2010 10:34:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/968706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deformation of Anchor-Sheet Pile Wall Retaining System at Deep Excavations in Soft Soils Overlying Bedrock</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/968689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This contribution gives a case study on the deformations of anchor back-tied steel sheet pile walls and retained soils at deep excavations in soft soils overlying bedrock in Stockholm. Instrumentation results show the deformation of the retained soils is larger than that from similar case histories. The monitored anchor stresses increase quickly in the early stages of excavation and decease gradually to a constant value during later stages, while the lateral displacements of the sheet pile walls increase gradually. The results of both monitoring and numerical analysis show that this dynamic feature becomes weak as the thickness of the underlying soils is small. The decrease of the anchor stresses is mainly due to the flectional behavior of the sheet pile wall and the stress rotation in the retained soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Oct 2010 07:48:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/968689</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Study on the Deformation and Failure of Reinforced Sand Retaining Walls Subjected to the Vertical Load</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/968406</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To gain a better insight into the deformation and failure of reinforced sand retaining walls subjected to the vertical load from the crest and their associated reinforcing mechanisms, the model experimental results from well-controlled fully-instrumented load tests of full-scale reinforced sand retaining wall with sand backfill are simulated by making use of a nonlinear elasto-plastic finite element model considering strain localization. In the finite element method (FEM) analysis, the effects of the following factors for the filled sandy soil are taken into account: (a) the non-linear pre-peak work-hardening and post-peak work-softening; (b) effects of stress history and stress path; (c) the confining pressure dependency and strength anisotropy; (d) the stress-dilatancy characteristics; and (e) strain localization into a shear band(s) with a width proportional to the particle size. The load-settlement relationship obtained from FEM analysis is generally in good agreement with the physical experimental result. It is also found that the progressive failure with a development of shear bands and the horizontal earth pressure on the back of facing and the tensile force in the reinforcement layers can be reasonably simulated by the proposed FEM analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Oct 2010 08:24:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/968406</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using TDR Cables and GPS for Landslide Monitoring in High Mountain Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/900806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is performed as a complement to the monitoring methods in subsurface deformation in slope together with the global positioning system (GPS) to monitor ground deformation of high-altitude landslides in Li-shan. Four TDR cables were installed in drill holes near the monitoring stations in the landslide area. According to the recorded TDR waveforms, there were shear and tensile zones under the B-5, B-9, C-1, and C-2 stations. A comparison of the TDR waveforms with the monitored data and boring log revealed that the subsurface sliding occurred between layers of colluvium and strongly weathered slate. Three GPS receivers were installed to measure ground displacement in the landslide area. The results from the GPS were compared with the surface extensometers data on-site. The two initial baseline lengths were 451,188.10 and 908,212.4 mm, respectively. The optimal data reduction achieved used a 3 h session with moving average for each hour's GPS data. The standard deviation values of the GPS were 2.16 and 2.44 mm, respectively, on-site. The results of TDR and GPS measurements showed their applicability in the deformation monitoring of high-mountain landslides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2009 07:19:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/900806</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Centrifuge Modeling of Earthquake Effects on Buried High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipelines Crossing Fault Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/873824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Permanent ground deformation is a severe hazard for continuous buried pipelines. This technical paper presents results from four centrifuge tests designed to investigate the influence of pipe-fault orientation on pipe behavior under earthquake faulting. The experimental setup and procedures are described, and the test results are presented. The test results show that, as expected, pipe axial strain is strongly influenced by the pipe-fault orientation angle, whereas the influence of pipe-fault orientation angle on pipe bending strain is minor. The measured pipe strains were shown to follow the trend predicted by the Kennedy model. Also, through a parametric study using the Kennedy model, the experimental data were extrapolated for cases of pipeline with longer unanchored length. By combing the data from strain gauges and tactile pressure sensors, transverse force–deformation relations or p–y relations for the pipe were determined. The data indicates that the underlying p–y relationship varies along the length of the pipe with a stiffer p–y relationship at points closer to the fault and a softer p–y relationship at points farther away. The stiffer p–y relationship, appropriate for locations moderately close to the fault, was compared with the ASCE Guidelines in 1984 and Turner's recommendation in 2004 for moist sand. It was found that the force level for the plastic p–y behavior in the centrifuge tests compared favorably with that in the ASCE Guidelines (1984).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2008 07:34:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/873824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Central Artery/Tunnel Project Excavation Induced Ground Deformations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/873212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estimate of deformations around urban excavations is a primary concern for designers, contractors, owners, and potentially affected third parties. Significant efforts have gone into the development of empirically based methods to estimate deformations relying on a large number of case histories. The construction of the deep excavations for the central artery/tunnel project provides valuable information on observed deformations due to the construction of these excavations. Lateral deformations and surface settlements for three construction contracts are collected and summarized in a form similar to published empirical charts. The stiff support system used in these braced excavation and the embedment of the wall into stiff strata control deformations to minimal levels. The data show that surface settlements, although small, extend farther away from the excavation than previously reported.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2008 06:22:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/873212</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Uplift Mechanisms of Pipes Buried in Sand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/850837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reliable design against upheaval buckling of offshore pipelines requires the uplift response to be predicted. This paper describes a model-scale investigation into the mechanisms by which uplift resistance is mobilized in silica sand, and illustrates how the observed mechanisms are captured in prediction models. A novel image-based deformation measurement technique has been used. The results show that peak uplift resistance is mobilized through the formation of an inverted trapezoidal block, bounded by a pair of distributed shear zones. The inclination of the shear zone is dependent on the soil density, and therefore dilatancy. After peak resistance, shear bands form and softening behavior is observed. At large pipe displacements, either a combination of a vertical sliding block mechanism and a flow-around mechanism near the pipe or a localized flow-around mechanism without surface heave is observed, depending on the soil density and particle size.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2008 10:27:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/850837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design Procedure for Pavements on Expansive Soils: Volume 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Swelling and shrinkage of subgrade soils are critical factors contributing to increases in roughness and degradation of serviceability of highway pavements. Existing procedures for predicting swell are largely based on the potential vertical rise (PVR) procedure developed by McDowell in 1956. While the PVR procedure represents a major development in the design of pavements on expansive soils, instances of apparently over-conservative PVR predictions have led some designers to suggest revision or replacement of the existing procedure. This project reviews the basic assumptions of the existing PVR procedure and identifies the likely sources of the questionable predictions that have arisen in the past. An alternative procedure is presented that features rigorous modeling of both the moisture diffusion process that induces changes in suction within a soil mass and the deformations that occur in response to changes in suction. This alternative procedure includes provisions for measuring and/or estimating soil and environmental input parameters necessary for the predictions. A procedure for predicting the impact of soil deformations on pavement performance is also presented. The proposed procedure is applied to three study sections involving Texas roadways on expansive soils, and parametric studies are presented evaluating the effectiveness of various design measures including moisture barriers, lime treatment, and replacement of in situ subgrade soils with “inert” soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2006 16:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782900</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pile Behavior Due to Excavation-Induced Soil Movement in Clay. I: Stable Wall</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/778475</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A series of centrifuge model tests has been conducted to investigate the behavior of a single pile subjected to excavation-induced soil movements behind a stable retaining wall in clay. The results reveal that after the completion of soil excavation, the wall and the soil continue to move and such movement induces further bending moment and deflection on an adjacent pile. For a pile located within 3  m behind the wall where the soil experiences large shear strain (>2%) due to stress relief as a result of the excavation, the induced pile bending moment and deflection reach their maximum values sometime after soil excavation and thereafter decrease slightly with time. For a pile located 3  m beyond the wall, the induced pile bending moment and deflection continue to increase slightly with time after excavation until the end of the test. A numerical model developed at the National University of Singapore is used to back-analyze the centrifuge test data. The method gives a reasonably good prediction of the induced bending moment and deflection on a pile located at 3  m or beyond the wall. For a pile located at 1  m behind the wall where the soil experiences large shear strain (>2%) due to stress relief resulting from the excavation, the calculated pile response is in good agreement with the measured data if the correct soil shear strength obtained from postexcavation is used in the analysis. However, if the original soil shear strength prior to excavation is used in the analysis, this leads to an overestimation of the maximum bending moment of about 25%. The practical implications of the findings are also discussed in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Apr 2006 14:09:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/778475</guid>
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