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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Nuclear Moisture-Density Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report constitutes the results of a field evaluation of one of the several portable nuclear gauges for measuring soil moisture and density, namely, the Troxler Soil Moisture and Density Gauge manufactured by the Troxler company of Raleigh, North Carolina. The emphasis here is on the device itself and the results obtained therefrom as compared with the results from the two accepted conventional methods used by the Louisiana Department of Highways, i.e., the volumeter and sand displacement methods. Consequently, very little space has been devoted to theory nor has any attempt been made to determine or compare the relative accuracies of the conventional methods. Further, the work was performed by and under the immediate supervision of laboratory technicians with only general guidance at the professional level, as is ordinarily done for all routine testing and inspection work. Operational characteristics have been described in some detail and calibration curves have been prepared utilizing the theory of least squares as processed by the LDH 1620 IBM Data Processing System. In addition a test method has been prepared for the use of this equipment as an aide to compaction control (LDH designation 424-64T, Appendix). This test method has been prepared as a guide to successful test results, but it should be emphasized that utmost care must be taken in the initial calibration of any of these devices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2015 18:03:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar to Detect the Continuity of Strata around Pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are more attendant problems with China's urban pipeline project developing rapidly, and the density of the formation surrounding the pipeline becomes an important issue. Therefore, the detection of the position and scope of less density and the cavity area around the pipeline have become top priorities of piping. This paper combines the process of a geological radar to detect the stratum around a pipeline in Xi'an to introduce the application of ground penetrating radar to detect less density and the cavity area around the pipeline. The conclusion shows that the amplitude of the radar reflected wave is in an approximate inverse relationship with the density of the stratum.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2014 16:32:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334751</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on Special Frozen Soil Caused by Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aimed at the phenomenon of leakage from the pinhole of a high-pressure buried natural gas pipeline leading to frozen soil, the model of natural gas pipeline pinhole leakage and stationary temperature field was built. An example was analyzed based on fluid and gas dynamics. The model of a transient temperature field was built and an example is analyzed based on Green. The results show that the natural gas pipeline pinhole leakage can lead to frozen soil in a little while. At the beginning, the frozen soil's curtain increases rapidly. As time passes, the curtain increases slowly until it is transient. The higher the density of dry soil, the bigger the frozen soil's curtain. The more water contained in the soil, the bigger the frozen soil's curtain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2014 16:32:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334750</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technical Method of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Detecting Jacking Pipe Defects and Its Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334752</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Loosening of the stratum top of the pipe occurs in the process of jacking pipe, and defects of surface settlement may possibly be caused. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to detect the location and depth of all areas which are not dense and void on the top of the pipe and to make treatment project effectively. Based on the working principle of GPR, this paper combines the process of detection and analysis for a sewage project in Xi'an and introduces the application of GPR to detect the defects of jacking pipe. An important conclusion from model research has been made that the relation between the amplitude of the GPR reflection and the density of the stratum is approximately proportional.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2014 16:32:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334752</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Electrical Density Gauges for Field Compaction Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1229828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the United States, the current state of practice for quality control of soil compaction is based upon measurements of soil density and soil moisture content at the time of compaction. The current approach that is used in the State of Delaware compares measurement of in situ soil density and moisture content with measurements of soil density and moisture content obtained from a standard-energy compaction test approach (1-Point Proctor Compaction). Measurement of in situ soil density and moisture content are typically obtained via measurements from Nuclear Density Gauges (NDGs). NDG test equipment uses a nuclear-based approach to obtain radioactive counts that are correlated to soil densities and moistures. The results of NDG test exhibit significant scatter when compared to previous in-situ density test standards (e.g. sand cone tests, "water balloon" tests, etc). Nonetheless this equipment has become the accepted industry standard for quality control of soil compaction, because tests are much faster and easier to perform than other density-based quality control tests. In addition to inherent inaccuracies with NDG test results, there are significant regulatory compliance issues that are present when dealing with NDG test equipment. The NDG itself contains radioactive material, which is heavily regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Council. This regulation necessitates strict protection standards for employees working with this equipment (mandatory day-long training for all staff using the equipment, mandatory use and monitoring of nuclear dosimeter badges, significant security procedures related to storage of nuclear material/equipment, in-house Nuclear Compliance Regulatory officers, etc). Particularly for large-scale NDG operations, such as those at the DOT, these nuclear regulatory issues can present a significant obstacle to smooth day-to-day operations, and compliance can be difficult. New equipment that uses an electrically-based approach for measuring in situ soil density and moisture content has recently become available. This Electrical Density Gauge (EDG) equipment does not contain any nuclear material, and consequently does not have the same regulatory obstacles that are present with NDG. Additionally, this equipment may allow for more accurate measurements of in situ density and moisture content than those that are currently being made with the NDG (the accuracy of this equipment as compared to NDG is currently unknown). Electrical density gauges have the potential to replace nuclear density gauges for field evaluation of in situ soil density and moisture. Consequently, a study of the accuracy and effectiveness of the Electrical Density Gauge for compaction control of Delaware soils is needed. The program of research proposed will provide the necessary information to assess the benefits of this technology for the DOT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 13:49:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1229828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Evaluation of The Lane-Wells Road Logger</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Lane-Wells Road Logger was utilized primarily to determine the feasibility of employing such a device for moisture and density control in Iowa highway construction. A secondary objective was the use of the Road Logger to obtain information concerning moisture content and density during and after construction. Correlation studies with conventional test results required a small portion of the lease period. Practically all phases of construction and most materials utilized in base and surface courses were surveyed. Results of this study were good, in general, with the Road Logger indicating dry density slightly higher and the moisture content slightly lower than conventional results in most instances. Economic feasibility seemed to pose the greatest problem for the acceptance of the Road Logger as a standard compaction control device. It would appear from the findings of this study that probably only large projects, or several smaller contracts tested simultaneously, could justify the expense of the Logger. A total of about 128 miles were surveyed with the Logger during the lease period. Approximately 16 days of downtime due to minor breakdowns were recorded. Inclement weather forcing construction delays resulted in several idle days in which the Logger's full capabilities were not realized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2011 12:52:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118437</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation of In Situ Strength for Sandy Soils Using CPT Cone Resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/967909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shear strength of soils is key design property that governs the stability of geotechnical structures. For clays, the undrained shear strength is commonly adopted in design, while the friction angle is a soil property that represents the shear strength of sands. Estimation of these properties is a challenging task, and the challenge is even greater for sandy soils since the strength is highly state-dependent and undisturbed soil sampling is difficult. As a result, various empirical correlations based on in-situ test results, such as SPT and CPT, have been proposed. However, further investigation is still necessary for the consideration of the state-dependent dilatancy and soil constitution. In the present study, a CPT-based method for the estimation of the in-situ strength for granular soils is investigated. Various field variables such as fines content, soil density and confining stress are considered. A series of laboratory test results obtained for various soil conditions are used in the analysis and investigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Oct 2010 14:53:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/967909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Geotechnical GIS for Subsurface Characterization with Three Dimensional Modeling Capabilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/918719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The New Hampshire Department of Transportation initiated this research to develop a geographical information system (GIS) that visualizes subsurface conditions three dimensionally by pulling together geotechnical data containing spatial references. It incorporates several geotechnical projects ranging in size from a fairly small roadway project to a much larger roadway by-pass project. The research procedure encompassed taking subsurface data housed on one of the Department’s computer servers and exporting the data as text delimited files into a GIS running a 3D modeling extension. A statewide GIS layer was created to access all the available subsurface data so existing data in close proximity to new projects could easily be recognized. The GIS utilizes the data to observe the existing subsurface conditions three dimensionally. By observing where the least confident data was located, the 3D modeling extension helped to determine where and how many additional explorations were needed to adequately map the subsurface conditions to a defined level of confidence. For each project, soil and bedrock surfaces were identified and the bedrock surface was exported into a CAD system where project cross sections were drawn depicting the bedrock depths along the new roadway centerline. The results of the research indicated that a GIS containing existing subsurface data running a 3D modeling extension could adequately map bedrock surface elevations with a minimal amount of additional subsurface explorations. It also demonstrates how new and existing soil density and bedrock surface elevation data can easily be observed three dimensionally on a computer screen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2010 16:33:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/918719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Model for Resilient Response of Soils Resulting from Seasonal Changes as Implemented in "Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide"</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/910523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study deals with the revision of the current model in the "Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide" (MEPDG) used to predict the environmental factor for unfrozen unbound materials (F sub U), which is used to adjust the resilient response of soils resulting from seasonal changes. A large database with data from the existing literature and studies at Arizona State University was developed to evaluate the model. The results suggest that the environmental factor is underestimated for fine-grained materials with high plasticity under dry (arid) conditions. However, insufficient data were available to enhance the F sub U models for wetter conditions. Three fundamental factors that may have impacts on the F sub U values were evaluated in this study: stress state, compaction energy (soil density), and soil type. The stress state was found to have little to no impact on the predictions of F sub U. But density changes and soil type were found to be important. The potential for soil index properties to be predictive variables was assessed. Models dependent on enhanced moisture content accounting for the effect of soil type are proposed for nonplastic and plastic materials. The range of predicted F sub U values is in close agreement with the actual measured F sub U values found from laboratory studies. It is recommended that the new models be adopted in the revision of the MEPDG model for the drier conditions described in this report and that research be conducted to enhance the F sub U approach in the current MEPDG for wetter conditions brought on for a variety of reasons (e.g., groundwater table change, increased rainfall, and frost effects).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Mar 2010 06:12:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/910523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BCD: A New Tool for Compaction Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compacted soil is an essential element in the construction of highways, airports, buildings, sewers, and bridges.  Even though soil density is not the most desired engineering property, it is used almost exclusively by the transportation industry to specify, estimate, measure, and control soil compaction because soil density can be easily determined via weight and volume measurements.  However, there is a trend towards using the modulus as a compaction control parameter instead of dry density.  The reasons are that the most common tool which measures the density in the field requires the use of a nuclear radiation source and that the modulus is used for the design of pavement instead of dry density.  The Briaud Compaction Device (BCD) is a new instrument to obtain a soil modulus in only a few seconds.  It consists of  a cyclindrical top case which includes the display and the electric processing unit, a hollow rod which transmits the load from the handles at the top of the plate, the load cell and a 150mm diameter metal plate below the load cell.  This paper describes the tool concept, the field and lab test procedure, the field work reading, the calibration and proposes a recommended procedure to using BCD for compaction project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Dec 2006 08:10:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794175</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Soil Stiffness Gauge for Evaluating Modulus of Granular Base Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/777095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Density has been widely used to specify, measure, and control unbound granular material compaction. However, density is not the most desirable soil parameter for compaction control, nor is it used in the design of pavement structures. A recently developed field test device called soil stiffness gauge (SSG) offers a potential opportunity to assess stiffness or modulus of in-place pavement materials. In this study, full-scale granular base layers of different thicknesses were constructed and soil stiffness gauge tests were performed over a range of water content. Modulus from the SSG is compared with results from plate load tests. The influence of water content and base layer thickness are examined. In addition, material variability and repeatability of SSG measurements are investigated. Study results demonstrate the SSG modulus is sensitive to water content changes for unbound granular materials and is generally linearly related with the modulus from the plate load tests. Results of SSG measurements on 6 in. (15.24 cm), 9 in. (22.86 cm) and 12 in. (30.48 cm) base layers suggest the influence of SSG may be up to approximately 12 in. (30.48 cm). Statistical analysis of repeated soil stiffness gauge tests indicates the measurements are repeatable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2006 14:15:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/777095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Evaluation of Compaction Monitoring Technology: Phase II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/787757</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents an extensive field program carried out to identify the relationships between soil engineering properties, as measured by various in situ devices, and the results of machine compaction monitoring using prototype compaction monitoring technology developed by Caterpillar Inc.  Primary research tasks for this study include the following:  (1) experimental testing and statistical analyses to evaluate machine power in terms of the engineering properties of the compacted soil (e.g., density, strength, stiffness) and (2) recommendations for using the compaction monitoring technology in practice.  The compaction monitoring technology includes sensors that monitor the power consumption used to move the compaction machine, an on-board computer and display screen, and a Global Positioning System (GPS) to map the spatial location of the machine.  In situ soil density, strength, and stiffness data characterized the soil at various stages of compaction.  For each test strip or test area, in situ soil properties were compared directly to machine power values to establish statistical relationships.  Statistical models were developed to predict soil density, strength and stiffness from the machine power values.  Field data for multiple test strips were evaluated.  The R-squared correlation coefficient was generally used to assess the quality of the regressions.  Strong correlations were observed between averaged machine power and field measurement data.  The relationships are based on the compaction model derived from laboratory data.  Correlation coefficients (R-squared) were consistently higher for thicker lifts than for thin lifts, indicating that the depth influencing machine power response exceeds the representative lift thickness encountered under field conditions.  Caterpillar Inc. compaction monitoring technology also identified localized areas of an earthwork project with weak or poorly compacted soil.  The soil properties at these locations were verified using in situ test devices.  This report also documents the steps required to implement the compaction monitoring technology evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Aug 2006 15:56:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/787757</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combined TDR and P-Wave Velocity Measurements for the Determination of In Situ Soil Density--Experimental Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/763612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a new and alternative nondestructive approach that measures soil density and water content. Specifically, it measures the dielectric permittivity and the P-wave velocity in soils as the water content is increased. These values are then related to the volumetric water content, porosity, and skeleton shear stiffness, necessary to back-calculate the density and water content of the tested soil specimens. This alternative approach does not require removal of soil and shows the potential of yielding accurate measurements of in situ density and water content. Results from the preliminary laboratory tests indicate that the measured density by the develop procedure has a difference of around 10% of the calculated density based on weight-volume measurements. Test results show a potential for developing a new device. Electronic equipment and sensors for the proposed device include a Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) system, miniature piezoelectric accelerometers, signal conditioner system, and oscilloscope for data acquisition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Nov 2005 16:31:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/763612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Soil Amendments and Other Practices on the Success of the Virginia Department of Transportation's Non-Tidal Wetland Mitigation Efforts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/757275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction of created wetlands to mitigate for highway impacts requires more than $100,000 per ha of impacts.  A detailed study of soil, hydrology, and vegetation at 10 recently constructed non-tidal mitigation sites indicates excessive soil compaction and a lack of organic matter continue to limit mitigation success.  Detailed hydrologic studies at two mitigation sites (Charles City and Sands Bottom) point out significant differences in their hydrologic regime vs. adjacent natural wetlands related to soil reconstruction procedures.  Results from two compost amendment experiments at Charles City indicate that approximately 100 Mg/ha of organic amendment is optimal for reconstructing hydric soil conditions when natural organic enriched soil materials cannot be returned.  Overall mitigation success would improve from (1) utilization of appropriate organic amendments, (2) tillage/ripping protocols at all sites to meet target density specifications, and (3) reconstruction of a soil-geologic profile that is similar in texture and permeability to natural wetland soils.  These reconstruction guidelines will help ensure that the Virginia Department of Transportation complies with existing mitigation regulations in the most cost-effective manner.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2005 16:30:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/757275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A LASER TECHNIQUE TO QUANTIFY THE SIZE, POROSITY, AND DENSITY OF CLAY CLUSTERS DURING SEDIMENTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a simple, nondestructive, and direct technique to analyze the formation and stability of fine-grained soil fabric. The size, porosity, and density of individual clay clusters are measured during sedimentation. The role of physico-chemical forces on fabric formation can be readily examined for various electrolyte solutions and clay types. A laser-particle counter is adopted to detect size and size distribution for a population of clusters settling in suspension with arbitrary solutions. By measuring the size distribution at a fixed point within the sedimentation column at successive time intervals, a unique relationship is established between cluster size and settling velocity. Cluster porosity and density are back calculated through a simple settling model for porous spheres developed in this study. To demonstrate the experimental procedures/analysis techniques, a series of tests for kaolinite clusters in distilled water and 0.5 M NaCl are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683566</guid>
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